Construction Technology Lecture-2

Construction Technology -1
Contents Site Analysis Site Investigation Soil Soil Investigation Foundations
Site Analysis
Site Analysis.
prior to purchasing a building site it is essential to conduct a thorough survey to ascertain whether the site characteristics suit the development concept. The following guidance forms a basic checklist:
Site Analysis.
Refer to Survey maps to determine adjacent features, location, roads, facilities, footpaths and rights of way. Conduct a measurement survey to establish site dimensions and levels.
Site Analysis.
Conduct a measurement survey to establish site dimensions and levels. Observe surface characteristics, i.e. trees, steep slopes, existing buildings, rock outcrops, wells.
Site Analysis.
Investigate subsoil. Use trial holes and borings to determine soil quality and water table level. Consider flood potential, possibilities for drainage of water table, capping of springs, filling of ponds, diversion of streams and rivers.
Site Analysis.
Consult local utilities providers for underground and overhead services, proximity to site and whether they cross the site. Note suspicious factors such as filled ground, cracks in the ground, subsidence due to mining and any cracks in existing buildings.
Site Analysis.
Regard neighborhood scale and character of buildings with respect to proposed new development. Decide on best location for building (if space permits) with regard to cut and fill, land slope, exposure to sun and prevailing conditions, practical use and access.
Site Analysis.
Regard neighborhood scale and character of buildings with respect to proposed new development. Decide on best location for building (if space permits) with regard to cut and fill, land slope, exposure to sun and prevailing conditions, practical use and access.
Site Investigation
Site Investigation
Site Investigation For New Works ~ the basic objective of this form of site investigation is to collect systematically and record all the necessary data which will be needed or will help in the design and construction processes of the proposed work.
Site Investigation
Procedures ~ 1. Desk study 2. Field study 3. Laboratory analysis
Site Investigation
Desk Study ~ collection of known data, Include: Ordnance Survey maps historical and modern, note grid reference. Geological maps subsoil types Site history green-field/ brown-field. Previous planning applications/ approvals. Current planning applications in the area. Development restrictions conservation orders. Utilities location of services on and near the site. Aerial photographs. Ecology factors protected wildlife. Local knowledge rights of way. Proximity of local land fill sites.
Soils
Soil..
Most soils consist of a mixture of solid particles, water and air. In addition, the soil near the surface of the ground will also contain organic material and this top soil must never be used as a base for a foundation. It varies greatly in volume due to changes in water content and is very unstable due to the amount of organic material it contains. Before construction commences the top soil (about 150-300mm thick) should be removed from the site or stockpiled for future landscaping or off-site disposal.
Soil..
Below the top soil lies the subsoil (often just referred to as soil) , which actually supports the building. Apart from organic soils and rock there are two broad categories of soil type: cohesive and non-cohesive.
Soil..
Cohesive soils are those, such as clay and silt, with microscopic particle size and which can contain very high levels of water. The shape of the tiny particles makes them cling together trapping water in between and it is this which gives clays their characteristic smooth, sticky feel.
Soil..
Non-cohesive soils such as sands and gravels contain negligible amounts of water and have large particle sizes which are held together mainly by their weight. Unlike clays they do not stick together and the soils can be very loose in structure.
Soil..
Soils under Load Increasing the pressure on a soil by applying the load of a building squeezes some of the water out of the soil causing it to consolidate and allowing slight settlement of the structure above.
Soil..
Cohesive soils such as clay lose their water much more gradually and buildings may slowly settle for many years before equilibrium is reached. The softer clays contain large amounts of water and thus permit extensive settle ment.
Soil..
In non-cohesive soils such as sands, water movements are rapid and a building will normally complete its settlement during its construction. In addition, because sands only contain a very small amount of water any settlement will be minimal.
Soil..
some of the common soils and their suitability for house foundations.
Soil Investigation
Soil Investigation..
Site Investigation ~ this is an all embracing term covering every aspect of the site under investigation. Soil Investigation ~ specifically related to the subsoil beneath the site under investigation and could be part of or separate from the site investigation.
Purpose of Soil Investigation 1. Determine the suitability of the site for the proposed project. 2. Determine an adequate and economic foundation design. 3. Determine the difficulties which may arise during the construction process and period 4. Determine the occurrence and/ or cause of all changes in subsoil conditions.
The above purposes can usually be assessed by establishing the physical, chemical and general characteristics of the subsoil by obtaining subsoil samples which should be taken from positions on the site which are truly representative of the area but are not taken from the actual position of the proposed foundations.
Soil Samples ~ these can be obtained as disturbed or as undisturbed samples.
Disturbed Soil Samples ~ these are soil samples obtained from bore holes and trial pits. The method of extraction disturbs the natural structure of the subsoil but such samples are suitable for visual grading, establishing the moisture content and some laboratory tests. Disturbed soil samples should be stored in labeled airtight jars.
Undisturbed Soil Samples ~ these are soil samples obtained using coring tools which preserve the natural structure and properties of the subsoil. The extracted undisturbed soil samples are labeled and laid in wooden boxes for dispatch to a laboratory for testing. This method of obtaining soil samples is suitable for rock and clay subsoils but difficulties can be experienced in trying to obtain undisturbed soil samples in other types of subsoil. .
Bore Hole Data ~ the information obtained from trial pits or bore holes can be recorded on a pro forma sheet or on a drawing showing the position and data from each trial pit or bore hole thus:-
Trial Pits and Hand Auger Holes Purpose ~ primarily to obtain subsoil samples for identification, classification and ascertaining the subsoils characteristics and properties. Trial pits and augered holes may also be used to establish the presence of any geological faults and the upper or lower limits of the water table.
Trial Pits General use ~ dry ground which requires little or no temporary support to sides of excavation. Subsidiary use ~ to expose and/ or locate underground services. Advantages ~ subsoil can be visually examined in-situ both disturbed and undisturbed samples can be obtained.
Site Investigation
Hand Auger Hole General use ~ dry ground but liner tubes could be used if required to extract subsoil samples at a depth beyond the economic limit of trial holes. Advantages ~ generally a cheaper and simpler method of obtaining subsoil samples than the trial pit method.
As a general guide the most suitable methods in terms of investigation depth are 1. Foundations up to 6 000 deep trial pits/Auger Holes 2. Foundations up to 30 000 deep borings.
As a general guide the cost of site and soil investigations should not exceed 1% of estimated project costs.
Soil Investigation Methods ~ method chosen will depend on several factors 1. Size of contract. 2. Type of proposed foundation. 3. Type of sample required. 4. Type of subsoils which may be encountered.
Soil Classification ~ soils may be classified in many ways such as geological origin, physical properties, chemical composition and particle size. It has been found that the particle size and physical properties of a soil are closely linked and are therefore of particular importance and interest to a designer.
Particle Size Distribution ~ this is the percentages of the various particle sizes present in a soil sample as determined by sieving or sedimentation. BS 1377 divides particle sizes into groups as follows:-
Gravel particles over 2 mm Sand particles between 2 mm and 0 06 mm Silt particles between 0 06 mm and 0 002 mm Clay particles less than 0 002 mm
Particle Size Distribution Chart
classifications can be further divided thus:- The results of a sieve analysis can be plotted as
Site Soil Tests ~ these tests are designed to evaluate the density or shear strength of soils and are very valuable since they do not disturb the soil under test. Three such tests are the standard penetration test, the vane test and the unconfined compression test all of which are fully described in BS 1377; Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes.
Standard Penetration Test ~ this test measures the resistance of a soil to the penetration of a split spoon or split barrel sampler driven into the bottom of a bore hole. The sampler is driven into the soil to a depth of 150 mm by a falling standard weight of 65 kg falling through a distance of 760 mm. The sampler is then driven into the soil a further 300 mm and the number of blows counted up to a maximum of 50 blows. This test establishes the relative density of the soil.
Soil types as per SPT
Vane Test this test measures the shear strength of soft cohesive soils. The steel vane is pushed into the soft clay soil and rotated by hand at a constant rate. The amount of torque necessary for rotation is measured and the soil shear strength
Unconfined Compression Test ~ this test can be used to establish the shear strength of a cohesive soil sample using portable apparatus either on site or in a laboratory.
Laboratory Testing ~ tests for identifying and classifying soils with regard to moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit, particle size distribution and bulk density are given in BS 1377.
Bulk Density this is the mass per unit volume which includes mass of air or water in the voids and is essential information required for the design of retaining structures where the weight of the retained earth is an important factor.
Shear Strength this can be defined as the resistance offered by a soil to the sliding of one particle over another.
Consolidation of Soil this property is very important in calculating the movement of a soil under a foundation.
Foundation Introduction
Foundation -Introduction.
This chapter explains the principles and practice of domestic foundations. The chapter is divided into two sections; the first concentrates on the general factors which affect the choice of foundation and the second considers appropriate solutions for specific ground conditions.
For most houses the design and construction of foundations is a relatively straightforward exercise. The simplest, and most common, form of foundation comprises a strip of concrete under all the load bearing walls. The depth and width of the concrete strip is determined by the nature of the ground and the load of the building.
The foundations of houses must carry the dead loads of the walls, roof and floors etc, together with the imposed loads of occupants and furniture, and transmit them safely into the ground. They must be designed so that settlement is sufficiently controlled to keep any distortion (and possibly cracking) to within acceptable limits.
Foundation Some Definitions
Bearing pressure - The pressure on the soil caused by the building load. Bearing capacity - The load which the ground can carry. Subsidence -Downward movement of the ground caused by the imposition of internal forces, eg water, mining works.
Foundation Definitions ..
Settlement - Downward movement of the ground, or any structure on it, due to soil consolidation, normally caused by the load applied by the structure. Compaction - The act of increasing the density and strength of a material by the application of impact forces, eg a heavy roller.
Foundation Definitions ..
Consolidation -The act of increasing the density and strength of the soil by the expulsion of water and air under self-weight and constant external loading.
Foundation Introduction ..
Building Load For a typical modern threebedroom detached house the total of the dead and imposed loads is about 120 tonnes and most types of ground can easily carry this load using simple foundations.
Thank You
Senarath Bandara

Construction Technology Lecture-2

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Construction Technology Lecture-2

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Construction Technology -1

Contents Site Analysis Site Investigation Soil Soil Investigation Foundations

Foundation Some Definitions

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