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Contents Chapter ExecutiveSummary Background MainFindings Chapter1:Introduction BriefIntroduction ElderAbuseintheWorld SituationinIndia Chapter2:TheProject Purpose Aim Methodology ProfileofRespondents Chapter3:FindingsandDiscussion

iscussion PerceptionofOlderPersonsonElderAbuse ExperienceofAbuse

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ReportingBehavior AwarenessaboutExistingInterventionRedressMechanisms
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Chapter4:ConclusionandRecommendations Annexure1:ElderAbuseRespondentQuestionnaire Annexure2:BriefontheMaintenanceandWelfareofParentsand SeniorCitizensAct Annexure3:ImplementationStatusoftheActintheCountry Annexure4:HelplineNumbers

ExecutiveSummary
Background AsperthelasttworesearchstudiesconductedbyHelpAgeIndiaonElderAbuse,themainperpetratorofElderAbuse inIndiawasfromwithinonesfamily.HelpAgeresearchintheyear2010and2011inmajorcitiesofIndiarevealeda disturbing trend that the maximum cases of Elder Abuse start within the family cutting across all SocioEconomic Categories(SEC).Bothstudiesexploredthenatureandextentofabuse,themainperpetratorsofabuse,awareness onmeasurestopreventabuse,alongwithactiontaken. HelpAgeIndiahastakentheissueofElderAbuseinthecountryforthepurposeofadvocacyonsafetyandsecurityof theolderpersons.Thoughthereisnoauthenticnationalleveldataavailableontheprevalenceoftheproblem,there are estimates and anecdotal evidence to prove that it is a growing problem. With growing urbanization and industrialization,thereisimmensestressontheindividualandsocietyatlargetocopewiththepressuresofmodern daytodayliving.Thisfurtherimpactstheabilitytotakecareofeldersleadingtoabuse.HelpAgehastakenastrong standagainstthisheinousactandisrelentlesslyfightingitwithitsISayNotoElderAbusecampaign.Itisassumed thatElderAbusewillescalateinthefutureduetoincreasinglongevityandtheconsequentriseintheburdenofcare. The2010studycovered100olderpeoplefromeachofthe8majorcitiesidentifiedfromSECA&Bareas.The2011 study focused on 9 major citieswith respondentsfromSEC C & D along with coveringthe aspect of crime against eldersaswell.Individualrespondentswereselectedusingtherandomsamplingtechnique. ThereisaneedtotakethisinitiativeforwardandunderstandtheprevalenceandimpactofElderAbuseon alarger scaleandwhatmeasuresneedtobetakentocombatthisproblem.ThereforetheYear2012studyonElderAbuse inIndiabyHelpAge,spanned20citieswhereHelpAgeIndiaisoperatingElderHelplines,interviewing5600elders (280ineachlocation)coveringSECA,B,C&D.Thecitiescoveredwere:DelhiNCR,Mumbai,Kolkata,Bangalore, Hyderabad,Guwahati,Patna,Chandigarh,Panaji,Ahmedabad,Shimla,Jammu,Kochi,Bhopal,Bhubaneswar, Puducherry,Jaipur,Chennai,Dehradun,&Lucknow. TheStudyexploredthefollowingaspects: Perceptiononwhatconstituteselderabuse Perceptiononprevalenceandmostprevalenttypeofabuse PersonalExperienceofAbuse ReportingBehaviourofolderpersons Suggestionsforeffectivemeasurestodealwithelderabuse Informationaboutcurrentlyavailableinterventionmechanisms

MainFindings
31%ofolderpersonsreportedfacingabuse. Morethanhalfofthoseabusedwerefacingitformorethan4yearsandallthesewerefacingmultiple formsofabuse. 24%olderpeoplefacedabusealmostdaily. 75%ofthosewhofacedabuselivedwithfamilyand69% wereowners ofthehousein whichthey were living. Theprimaryabuserwasthesonin56%cases,followedbythedaughterinlawwith23%cases. Morethan50%ofthoseabused,hadfacedthissituationformorethan5years.33%faceditforupto3 yearsandlessthan1%faceditformorethan6years. 55% of those abused, did not report it to anyone. More that 80% of these did not report the matter to upholdfamilyhonor. 62%olderpersonssuggestedthemosteffectivemechanismstotackleElderAbusewassensitization of children and strengthening of intergenerational bonding and 38% stated it to be economic independence. 18%olderpersonsdidnotknowaboutanyofthecurrentlyavailableredressmechanisms.36%knewabout oneand46%knewtwoorthreeoftheoptions. Theolderpersonsconsidereddisrespect,neglectandverbalabuseasElderAbuse. Disrespect,followedbyneglectandverbalabuse,werethoughttobetheforminwhichElderAbusewasmost prevalentinoursociety. 6%olderpersonsdidnotknowwhatconstitutesElderAbuse. 81%olderpersonsthoughtthatElderAbusewasprevalentinoursociety. Only 22% older persons considered the prevalence rate of Elder Abuse in society to be high an equal proportionconsideredittobelowand56%saiditwasmoderate. Mostoftheabusedolderpersonsexperienceddisrespectneglectandverbalabuse Littlelessthan50%oftheolderpersonshadseencasesofElderAbuseintheirsurroundings Outofthosewhoreportedabuse,49%elderschoseafamilymemberforreporting/confidingaboutit. Police Helplines and services were known to majority of the respondents but were never used, probablyduetolackoftrustortomaintainfamilyhonor. DelhiNCRwitnessedariseinabusefromlastyear,with29.82%elderystatingtheyfacedabuse,as against12%theyearbefore.Mumbai(Maharashtra)followedaclosesecondtoDelhiNCRwith29.46%. Bhopal (MP) ranked the highest in Elder Abuse with 77.12%elders stating they faced abuse, followed closelybyGuwahati(Assam)with60.55%andLucknow(UP)with52%.

Other than Bhubaneswar (Odisha) with 23.31%, Eastern India on an overall basis had high percentage of ElderAbusewithGuwahati(Assam)60.55%&Kolkata(WB)40.93%. Jaipur(Rajasthan) reportedaminiscule1.67%casesofElderAbuse.

11%ofolderwomenand6%oldermendidnothaveanyknowledgeaboutthecurrentlyavailablereporting andredressmechanisms.Noneoftherespondentsknewaboutalltheavailable mechanisms. 19% older women knew about one mechanism as compared to 17% men, and 21% women knew 2 or 3 mechanismsascomparedto25%oldermen.

AquickintercitycomparativegraphonexistenceofElderAbuseinIndia(%)

HelpAgeRecommendationsbasedonviewsoftheOlderPersons:
Thereshouldbenationwideprogrammesinschoolsforsensitizingthechildrentowardsageingandaged. A robust social security system that not only ensures income security for the elderly, but also gives them opportunitiesforincomegeneration. InvolvementofsocietyatlargeinpreventionofElderAbuse.

Chapter1:Introduction
Background
Though the impact of social change on Indianfamilyhas been somewhat slow and complex, butfor the past three decadesthepacehasbeenrapidandfarreaching,resultinginthemetamorphosisofitsstructureandfunctioning.It has been influenced by the new liberal capitalist economic structures and institutions, employment structures, educational and health services. There are an estimated 100 million older people in Indian, by 2050 the figure is estimatedtoriseto326million(UNprojections). TheGovernmentspolicies forDemographicinterventionandforensuringindividualrightsalsohadimplicationsonthe structureandfunctionoffamilyinIndia.Thetraditionalstructureandfunctionwithitsheavydependenceonexclusive utilization of the labour of womenmembers receiveda major blow by the new policies of demographic intervention and related policies of educating and empowering women, with various laws to protect their rights. In the process, patternofbehaviourandcommunicationwithinthefamily,roles,rules,supportsystemsandresourcesavailabletothe family,andthenatureofcopingstrategiesadoptedbyfamilieshavealsotransformed. Violencewithinthefamilyisaresultofthesefactorsthatcausestressandcreatedysfunctionsinthefamilylikelackof cohesion,adaptabilityandnegativecommunicationpatterns. ThelawslikeMaintenanceandWelfareofParentsandSeniorCitizensAct2007serveasadeterrentandalsoasan enablinglawforanybodyinneedofsuchhelp.AspertheAct,aMaintenanceApplicationcanbefiledbyparentsand seniorcitizensabove60yearswhoareunabletomaintainthemselves,againstchildrenorrelativesincasetheyare mistreatedornotlookedafter.UndertheAct,StatesshallformtribunalsfordecidingupontheorderforMaintenance. If,childrenorrelativesorderedbytheTribunaltopayMaintenancetotheelderlyfailtocomply,theyareliabletoafine orimprisonment.Abandonmentoftheelderlyisnowacognizableoffence. Incasethoseresponsibleforlookingafter or protecting the senior citizen leave him/her in any place with the intention of wholly abandoning, they can be punishedandfined.

ElderAbuseintheWorld
ThemagnitudeofElderAbuseisnotknown,butvariousstudieshavegivenvariousestimates.Inareportpublished by National Centre on Elder Abuse, the best available estimates say that between 1 and 2 million older Americans have been injured, exploited, or otherwise mistreated by someone on whom they depended for care or protection. AccordingtoaresearchreportofNationalCentreforSocialResearch,inUK,approximately0.34millionolderpeople weresubjecttosomeformofmistreatmentinthelastoneyear.

SituationinIndia
Inthecontextof thechangingdemographicscene andsocialvalues,thesituationoftheelderlyinIndiansocietyis becomingmorecriticalandoflateabuseandneglectoftheelderlyinthefamilycontextespeciallyisemergingasa significantproblem. ThetraditionalnormsandvaluesofIndiansocietylaidstressongivingrespectandtakingcareofolderpersons.The family has traditionallyfulfilled the needs of the elderly in respect to social, psychological and economic security.In turn the elderly have contributed acquired wisdom, accumulated wealth, and maintained family harmony. In other words, this relationship has been symbiotic. Such a system of mutual support however, is facing headwinds in a modern day society. Assessing the impact of theforthcoming social changes on the status of older persons, many experts apprehend that the transition from an agrarian to an urbanized society would certainly worsen the plight of olderpersons.Giventhistrend,theolderpersonsfaceinnumerableproblemstoadjustto,invaryingdegrees.These problemsrangefromabsenceofincometophysicaldependenceandlossofsocialroleandrecognition.

ElderAbuse
ThedefinitiondevelopedbyActiononElderAbuseintheUnitedKingdomandadoptedbytheInternationalNetwork forthePreventionofElderAbusestatesthat:ElderAbuseisasingleorrepeatedactorlackofappropriateaction, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person. Suchabuseisgenerallydividedintothefollowingcategories: Physicalabusetheinflictionofpainorinjury,physicalcoercion,orphysicalordruginducedrestraint. Psychologicaloremotionalabusetheinflictionofmentalanguish. Financialormaterialabusetheillegalorimproperexploitationoruseoffundsorresources oftheolder person. Sexualabusenonconsensualsexualcontactofanykindwiththeolderperson. Neglecttherefusalorfailuretofulfilacaregivingobligation.Thismayormaynotinvolveaconsciousand intentionalattempttoinflictphysicaloremotionaldistressontheolderperson. HelpAge Elder Helplines across the country, address problems of elders such as abuse, isolation, neglect, they facilitateemergencyresponses,provideinformationonaccesstovariouselderlyschemesandprovideslinkageswith thegovernment,policeandreferralrescue&reliefservicesalongwithcounselling.Theyalsogiveaninsightonthe prevailingconditionoftheelderlyandtheirconcerns.Inyear201112HelpAgereceived974callsrelatingtoAbuse, ViolenceandDisputes. TollfreeHelplineNumber:18001801253(InChennai&Cuddalore(TN)andDelhi,simply1253workswithincity limits).

CallsreceivedbytheHelpAgeElderHelplinesonElderAbuse,Violence&disputes(innumbers)
(Graph1)

Chapter2:TheProject
ThereisadearthofauthenticdataavailableonquantitativeresearchonElderAbuse.Thisstudyisanattempttofill the gap and itsoutcome is expected to provide a better understanding of the status and bring out areasthat need interventionandadvocacy. ThePurpose ToascertainthescaleandexpanseofElderAbuseinourcountry. Tounderstandtheperceptionoftheelderlyonthisissue Theirawarenessabouttheexistingredressmechanisms TheAim Todevelopappropriatesocialandlegalinterventionstrategiestopreventthisanomalousbehaviour. Toprotecttheolderpersonsfromabuseanditsphysicalandmentalconsequences. Todevelopappropriatestrategiesforeffectivelydealingwiththismenace.

MethodologyClusterSampling
A commonly used twostage cluster sampling scheme, the 30 x 7 sample developed by the World Health Organization was used as reference. For this study, a 20 x 40formula was used i.e. 20 cities were selected in the countryandfromeach40interviewsiteswereselectedaccordingtothevariousSocioEconomicCategoriesofpeople to collect the data and from each site 7 older persons were selected randomly for the research. Easily identifiable pointssuchasschools,templesandpolicepostswereusedasstartingpointineachsamplingarea.Sinceitwasnot possibletoincludemorethan20censusblocksinthefirststageofthesample,thenumberofinterviewlocationsin thesecondstagewasincreasedinordertoachievethesameprecisionaswitha30x7design. Inotherwords,800locationswereselectedin20citiestointerview5,600olderpersonstounderstandthereach andexpanseofthischallengetothesafetyandsecurityoftheolderpersons. Thisyeartheresearchstudywasconductedinthecitieslistedbelow (Ref:Table2) whichincluded8citiesthatwere coveredinthepreviousstudiesaswell.Thecitieswere: (Table2) State/Union Territory AndhraPradesh Assam Bihar Chandigarh(UT)

S.No. 1 2 3 4

City Hyderabad Guwahati Patna Chandigarh

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

DelhiNCR(UT) Goa Gujarat HimachalPradesh Jammu&Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra MadhyaPradesh Odisha Puducherry(UT) Rajasthan TamilNadu Uttarakhand UttarPradesh WestBengal

Delhi Panaji Ahmedabad Shimla Jammu Bangalore Kochi Mumbai Bhopal Bhubaneswar Puducherry Jaipur Chennai Dehradun Lucknow Kolkata

An interview schedule with closed ended questions (ANNEXURE 1) was designed to collect data from the older persons.ThedatawascollectedbythestaffofHIandalsothevolunteersofSeniorCitizensAssociationsinallthe cities.

ProfileofRespondents
Atotalof5,600olderpersonswereapproachedfortheresearch.Oftheseresponses5400werefoundvalid.51%of therespondentswerewomen.59%respondentswereintheagegroupof6069years28%intheagegroupof7079 years and 8% in the age group of 80 years and above. In the age group of 6069 there were comparatively more womenthanmenandinothertwocategoriesthereweremorementhanwomen. Theeducationalqualificationsoftherespondentsrangedfromilliteratetopostgraduatewith16%oftherespondents intheformerand13%inthelattercategory.Theproportionofthosewithprimary,matriculationandhighersecondary wasalmostsameat13%and9%respondentshadeducationuptomiddlelevelofschool.

MaritalStatus
65% of the respondents were married. 24% were widows and 9% widowers. 1% divorced and 1% were separated.
(Ref:Chart1) (Chart1)

LivingArrangement
An overwhelming 74% of the respondents lived with the family compared to 8% who lived alone. 15% lived with spouseonly.Anoverwhelming73%oftherespondentswereownersofthehouseinwhichtheylived.

EconomicStatus
Only 7% of the respondents were unemployed. 4% were unskilled labour, 3% skilled labour and almost the same proportion were petty traders. 4% respondents were in private service and 6% had retiredfrom private service 5% wereselfemployedprofessionals.18%werestategovernmentretireesand9%centralgovernmentretirees.5%were inbusinessand26percentwerehomemakers.

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Chapter3:FindingsandDiscussion
TheprevalenceofElderAbuseinsocietieshascomeintothepublicdomainintherecentpastwithcasesofviolence against familymembers resultingfromfar reaching changes in its structure and function. Many countries have well developedsocialandlegalinterventionmechanismsrangingfromsocialwelfareservicestoprotectionlaws.However, intraditionalandtransitionsocietieslikeIndia,itisstillprivate.Therearenospecialservicesforolderpersonsfacing thesechallengesthoughtherearelawstosafeguardthevictim. Whateverlittleis available by way oflaws of theland, islost inimplementation, as there are structural and cultural constraintsinaccessingthem.Evenifsomegrittyolderpersonisabletoapproachthesewelfare/protectionservices they are generally defeated by the elderunfriendly attitude of the implementer and social disdain. It is general experience that cases of mistreatment which are fairly common are beyond the purview of the formal institutions. Theirroleismoreclearlyperceivedanddefinedinthecasesofviolence,whicharemuchfewer. India is on a threshold of a demographic and cultural transition and in the near future we too would be facing the challengesthatageingsocietiesintheWestaregrapplingwithtoday.Therefore,thereisneedtobringthe issue of ElderAbuseonthetableandunderstandtheperception,experienceandapprehensionsoftheolderpersonssoasto deviseappropriatelawsandservicesforthepresentandthefuture. In theWest,formal services for older people are well developed and extensively used. In India, there is still heavy dependenceoninformalsupportstructureslikethefamily.Therefore,theresearchprojecthaslimiteditsscopetoonly violenceandmistreatmentwithinthefamilysettings.

PerceptionofOlderPersonsonElderAbuse
PerceptiononWhatConstitutesElderAbuse Disrespect,neglectandverbalabuse,wereconsideredasthemostappropriatechoicesthatdefineElderAbuse.40% menandalmostsimilarproportionofolderwomenselecteddisrespectasthemostimportantconstituentof elderabusefollowedbyneglectandverbalabuse.Thisperceptiondidnotvarysignificantlyacrossdifferentage andeducationalcategories. Hereitisimportanttomentionthat6%oftheolderpersonsdidnotknowwhatconstitutesElderAbuse.29%ofthese respondents were illiterate, 16% were educated up to primary level and only 6% were post graduates. 61% in this categorywereoldermen. PerceptiononPrevalenceofElderAbuse 81%olderpersonsthoughtthatElderAbuseisprevalentinoursocietyofthis39% wereoldermenand42% olderwomen.Outofthosewhorespondedinnegative,theproportionofmenandwomenwas10%ineachcategory. Intheagegroupof6069years,comparativelymorewomenthanmenthoughtthatelderabuseexistedinoursociety. Inalltheotheragegroups,morementhanwomenheldthisview. Intheagegroupof60to69years82%,whilein7079years78%andintheagegroupof80yearsandabove 79%wereoftheviewthatElderAbuseisprevalentinoursociety. TheolderpersonswereaskedtorateprevalenceofElderAbuseonascaleoflow,moderateandhigh.Accordingto 56%oftheolderpersonstheprevalencerateofElderAbusewasmoderateinoursociety.Outofthis57%wereolder womentherewasmarginaldifferencebetweentheopinionofmalesandfemalesacrosstheothertwolevels(low& high).

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Inthevariousagecategoriesalsothesametrendwasvisibleexceptintheagegroupofoldold(7079years)where 21%ratedithighandonly19%aslow. PerceptiononMostPrevalentTypeofElderAbuse DisrespectwasshownasthemostprevalenttypeofElderAbuseinoursocietyfollowedbyneglectandverbalabuse. 49% older men as compared to 51% older women selected disrespect as the most important constituent of Elder Abuse.52%womenascomparedto48%oldermenstatedneglecttobethenextmostimportantconstituentofElder Abuse. 52% older women compared to 48% men rated verbal abuse to be the third most important constituent of ElderAbuse. 14% illiterate respondents rated disrespect as most prevalent form of abuse compared to 28% in the graduate category. Almost the same proportion stated neglect and verbal abuse to be the second and third most important elementrespectively.

ExperienceofElderAbuse
31%oftheolderpersonshadexperiencedabuse (Ref:Chart2). Ofthetotalrespondentsintheagegroupof80years andabove36%hadexperiencedabuse.Theproportionoftheabusedintheagegroupofyoungoldandoldoldwas comparativelylessintherespectiveagecategories.Ofthoseabused,18% older womenascomparedto 13%men hadexperiencedit. 75% of the abused older persons were living with the family, 11% with the spouse only and 5% were living with relative.9%ofthoselivingalonealsofacedabusemainlyfromthesonwhowaslivingseparately.69%oftheabused olderpersonswereownersofthehouseinwhichtheywereliving. ThosewhofacedAbuseNational(%)(Chart2)

Bhopal (MP) ranked the highest in Elder Abuse with 77.12% elders stating they faced abuse, followed closely by Guwahati(Assam)with60.55%andLucknow(UP)with52%.DelhiNCRwitnessedariseinabusefromlastyear,with 29.82% eldery stating they faced abuse, as against 12% the year before. Mumbai (Mharashtra) followed a close secondt0DelhiNCRwith29.46%.ThebetterstateturnedouttobeJaipur(Rajasthan)whichhadaminiscule1.67% ofElderAbuse.(Ref.:Graph2)

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IntercitycomparativeonexistenceofElderAbuse(%)(Graph2)

EducationalStatusofthosewhofaceabused
20%ofthosewhohadexperiencedabuseweregraduates,19%hadeducationuptoprimaryleveland16%were illiterate.(Ref:Chart3)

(Chart3)

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TypeofAbuseFaced 44%respondentsidentifieddisrespectasthemostcommonformofabuse,30%identifiedneglectasthesecondmost commonformand26%identifiedverbalabuse.(Ref.:Chart4) 11% illiterates identified disrespect as most commonly faced form of abuse as compared to 22% graduates. The proportionwas similarincaseofneglect,butforverbalabusei.e.thethirdmostcommontypeofabusefaced,10% illiterates as compared to 24% graduates faced it. The difference between responses of males and females was minimal. TypeofAbuseFaced(Chart4)

FrequencyandDurationofAbuse More than half of those abused were facing itformore than 4 years, 33% older persons were facing itforup to 3 years and 16% for about a year. In all the categories, more women faced abuse than men. 55% older women comparedto45%menfaceditformorethan4years59%comparedto41%forupto3yearsand58%comparedto 42%forlessthanayear.(Ref:Graph3)

FrequencyandDurationofabuse(innumbers)(Graph3)

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Forthosewhofacedabuseformorethan4years100%facedmultipletypesofabuse.Forthosewhofacedabusefor up to 3 years 55% faced multiple types and 45% single type. For those who faced it for up to a year 55% faced multipletypecomparedto45%singletype. 27% older people faced it once a week and more or less 24% in the other categories ranging from almost daily to onceinafewmonths.Intheagegroupof6069yearsand7079years,28%faceditonceaweekand33%facedit onceinfewmonthsforthoseabove80years. 49%facedasingletypeofabusedailyand50%faceditonceinamonth.36%facedmultipleabusesonceaweek and31%onceamonth.16%ofthosewhofacedasingletypeofabusewereilliteratesand17%graduates.17%who facedmultipleabuseswereilliteratesascomparedto20%graduates.18%illiteratesfaceditdailycomparedto17% graduates.18%oftheabusedrefusedtodivulgedetailsofabuse. PrimaryPerpetratorResponsibleforAbuse In56%casesofabuse,thesonwasidentifiedastheprimaryabusercomparedto23%caseswheredaughterinlaw wasresponsible.30%olderwomencomparedto26%menidentifiedsonastheprimaryabuser.15%ofolderwomen comparedto8%menidentifieddaughterinlawastheprimaryabuser.
(Ref.: Chart5)

20%ofthoseabusedbysonwereilliteratesascomparedto17%graduates.15%ofthoseabusedbydaughterinlaw wereilliteratesascomparedto18%graduates. (Chart5)

ReportingBehaviour
45%oftheolderpersonswhowereabusedreportedit.Outofthetotaloldermenwhofacedabuse,47%reportedit ascomparedto53%whodidnotreportit,whereasforolderwomen,only43%reporteditascomparedto57%who did not report it. In the age group of youngold and oldold the difference between those who reported and not reportedabusewasalmost15%. Incaseofthosewhoreported15%wereilliteratescomparedto21%graduates.Outofthosewhodidnotreport18% wereilliteratescomparedto19%graduates.

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Out of those who reported abuse, 49% stated other family member as their first choice to report the matter, followedby30%whoselectedarelativeand21%statedmemberofextendedfamilyasthethirdbestoption.
(Ref.:Chart6)

(Chart6)

44%ofthoseabused,reportedmaintainingconfidentialityoffamilymattersasthemostimportantreasonforselecting afamilymember,followedby31%whostatedtheconfidenceintheabilityofthepersontosolvetheproblemasthe reason,assecondchoice.Inotherwords,75%olderpersons weremakingtheirdecisionaboutreporting,basedon theneedtoprotectfamilyconfidentialityandtheabilityofitsmemberstodealwiththedysfunction.25%statedthat they did not know any other way to deal with the problem as the third most important reason for approaching the persontheydid. Outofthe55%whodidnotreportabuse,57%maintainedconfidentialityoffamilymatterwasthefirstmost important reason, as well as 22% stated it as the second most important reason, while the remaining 21% stated lackofconfidenceintheabilityofthepersonoragencytosolvetheirproblem.Inotherwords,familyhonourweighed very heavily in the minds of 79% of the older persons while deciding about reporting abuse. The others lacked confidence in the ability of any person or agency to solve their problem. This attitude cut across gender and educationalcategories. ObservationofActualAbuseintheSurroundings 46%olderpersonshadobservedcasesofabuseintheirsurroundings.Outofthese,48%wereoldermenand52% werewomen. 41% identified disrespect as most prevalent,followed by 31% who identified neglect as the second most prevalent and28%identifiedverbalabuseasthirdmostprevalent.Outofthosewhoidentifieddisrespectasthemostobserved typeofabuse29%weregraduatesand17%werepostgraduates. 80% respondents identified lack of adjustment as the most important reason for Elder Abuse and 20% identifiedeconomicdependenceoftheabusedasthethirdmostimportantreasonforElderAbuse. SuggestionsforeffectivemeasurestoDealwithElderAbuse 62%respondentsidentifiedsensitizingchildrenandstrengtheningintergenerationalbondingasthemosteffectiveway todealwiththechallengeofElderAbuseinoursocietyand38%identifiedincreasingeconomicindependenceofthe abusedtofightthismenace.(Ref.:Chart7)

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SuggestionsforeffectivemeasurestodealwithElderAbuse(%)(Chart7)

AwarenessaboutExistingInterventionRedressMechanisms
11% of older women and 6% older men did not have any knowledge about the currently available redress mechanisms. 19% older women knew about one option as compared to 17% men, and 21% women knew 2 or 3 optionsascomparedto25%oldermen.Noneoftherespondentsknewaboutalltheavailableinstruments. 32%ofthosewhodidnotknowaboutanymechanismswereilliteratesascomparedtoonly6%inthepostgraduate category.Ofthosewhoknewmorethan2mechanisms,19%werepostgraduatesascomparedto8%illiterates. OutofthoseolderpeoplewhodidntknowwhatconstitutedElderAbuse,65%wereawareofpoliceHelplinesand 18% were aware of the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act 2007. 11% knew about HelpAgeIndiasElderHelpline.

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Chapter4:ConclusionandRecommendations
Conclusion
Asperthe2001Census,inIndiathepopulationofolderpersonsconstituted7.44%ofthetotalpopulationandinthe year2011itwasprojectedtobe8.3%ofthetotalpopulationandincreaseto12.4%intheyear2016.Ifwelookat thelifeexpectancyfigures,wefindthatintheyears194150,atbirthlifeexpectancywas32yearsandattheageof 60yearsitwas10.7yearsbutintheyears19911995itwas60.3yearsatbirthand16.2yearsat60years.Toputit simply,alargenumberofpeoplearelivinglonger. This fastest growing segment of the population would require additional resources, both human and material for sustaining a good quality of life. This would burden the formal and informal structures and might result in its weakeningorbecomingdysfunctional. InIndia,familyhasbeenthemainstayofthesocialsupport.Eveninthisageandtime,58%oftheolderpersonsin Indiaarelivingwiththefamily.Thefindingsofthisreportalsoaffirmconfidenceintheabilityofthefamilytocareforits older members. In the sample, an overwhelming majority was living with the family and did not face Elder Abuse. Thoughitistruethatthosewhowerebeingabusedwerelivingwiththefamilybut,theimportanceoffamilycouldbe gaugedfromthefactthatmostofthosewhoreportedabusepreferredtokeepitinthefamilyanddidnotuseanylegal redressmechanisms.Mostoftherespondentsincludingthosewhofacedabusewereoftheviewthatsensitizationof childrenandstrengtheningofintergenerationalbondingwouldbethemosteffectivewayofdealingwiththismenace. The National Policy on Older Persons also has recognised the importance of family for the wellbeing of older personsandhasfollowingprovisions: Programmeswillbedevelopedtopromotefamilyvalues,sensitisetheyoungonthenecessityanddesirability ofintergenerationalbondingandcontinuityandthedesirabilityofmeetingfilialobligations Statepolicieswillencouragechildrentocoresidewiththeirparentsby providingtaxrelief,allowingrebates formedicalexpensesandgivingpreferenceintheallotmentofhouses Shorttermstayinfacilitiesforolderpersonswillbesupportedsothatfamiliescangetsomereliefwhenthey goout. Counsellingserviceswillbestrengthenedtoresolveinterfamilialstresses. TacklingtheissueofElderAbusewithintheparametersoffamilywouldbeasociallyrewardingexerciseasitwould beculturallyappropriateandthemostenduringsolution.Itwouldbebetterthanthelegalandpunitivemeasurethat shouldbereservedonlyasalastresort. ThelawslikeMaintenanceandWelfareofParentsandSeniorCitizensAct2007actlikeasadeterrentandalso as an enabling lawfor those in need of such help.There is an urgent need to follow the provisions of theNational Policy and start services that addressconflict within the family as well asdeal with the external environment of the family.

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Recommendations
BasedontheFindingsofthisResearchStudyHelpAgeIndiastronglyrecommendsthatfollowingactionstobetaken immediatelytopreventElderAbuse: There should be nationwide programmes in schools and colleges for sensitizing children and young adults towardsageingandaged. UtilizingandgarneringsupportfromtheMediathroughInformationdisseminationinfightingAgeism,creating awarenessongeneralissuesofageingandtakingageingintheperspectiveoflifecourse. Legal frameworks, elderfriendly and culturally appropriate implementation processes and agencies, to maximisereachtotheintendedbeneficiaries. InvolvementofsocietyatlargeinpreventionofElderAbuse. Sensitizationofhealthcareworkerstorecogniseanddevelopaprotocolfortreatment. Developasystemthatisabletobenefitthemostvulnerableolderpersons. Arobustsocialsecuritysystemthatnotonlyensuresincomesecuritytotheolderpersonsbutalsogivesthem opportunitiesforincomeearningandincomegeneration.

LongtermstepsforRecommendation:
Elder Abuse has its roots in the culture of any society and some long term steps should also be taken to develop atmospherethatisfreeofageism.Someoftherecommendationsare: Printandelectronicmediatobesensitizedtohighlighturgentconcernsofolderpersonsonaregularbasis. Mediatopartnerwithvoluntarysectororganisationstospreadawarenessaboutageingissues. Industry and employers associations to be sensitised to develop programmes for retraining of retired employeesandretainingoftheemployeesindifferentcapacity. HealthsystemtobesensitizedtorecogniseanddealeffectivelywithcasesofElderAbuse.

@HelpAgeIndiacopyright(June2012)
Contact:Ms.AnupamaDatta/Ms.SonaliSharma Ph:0114168895556.Address:C14,QutabInstitutionalArea,NewDelhi110016,India.

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ANNEXURE1

ElderAbuseRespondentQuestionnaire

Date:

Section1 Locality.City..State.. Q.1.DetailsofRespondent


Name Age Gender Marital Status Educational Status Occupation Monthly Income Living Arrangement Ownership ofHouse

Q.2DetailsifLivingwithFamily
S.No. RelationwiththeRespondent Age EducationalStatus occupation MonthlyIncome

Section2 Q.1.Whataccording toyouamountstoelderabuse?Pleaserankallthegivenstatementsstartingwith1asthe mostappropriate.


Disrespect Beating/Slapping Verbally Abusing Economic Exploitation Unwelcomeor forcibleSexual Contact Neglect Any Other(Pl Specify) Dont Know

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Q.2. Doyouthinkelderabuseinanyformis prevalentinyoursociety?


Yes No

Q.3.Ifyes,thenwhataccordingtoyouistheprevalencerate?
High Somewhat Low

Q.4.Whatistheforminwhichitismostprevalent?Givetopthreechoicesstartingwith1asthemostprevalent.
Disrespect Beating/Slapping Verbally Abusing Economic Exploitation Unwelcomeor forcibleSexual Contact Neglect Any Other(Pl Specify) Dont Know

Q.5.Haveyoueverbeenavictimofelderabuse?InNothenpleasegodirectlytoQNo.14.
Yes No

Q.6.Ifyes,whattypeofabusedidyouface?Rankincaseofmultipleformsstartingwith1asthemostcommon.
Disrespect Beating/Slapping Verbally Abusing Economic Exploitation Unwelcomeor Neglect forcibleSexual Contact Allthose mentioned Any Other(Pl Specify)

Q.7.Forhowmanyyearshaveyoubeenfacingabuse?Pleasegivedetailsofduration.

Q.8.Inthelastoneyearhowmanytimesdidyoufacethissituation?Givedetailsofabusefacedalongwiththe frequency.
AlmostDaily OnceinaWeek Onceina month Onceinafew months Veryrarely

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Q.9.Whowasresponsiblefortheabuse?Givedetails.
Son Daughterinlaw Daughter Soninlaw Relative(Pl Specify) Care Giver/Servant AnyOther(Pl specify)

Q.10.Haveyoumadeanyattemptreporttheseincidents?
Yes No

Q.11.Ifyes,whodidyouapproach?Rankthetopthreeoptionsstartingwith1asthemostfrequentlyusedoption.
Other family Member Extended Family Member Relative Friend Community Leader Social Worker Local Police NGO AnyOther (PlSpecify)

Q.12.Whydidyouapproachthatparticularperson/agency?Ranktopthreechoicesstartingwith1asthemost importantreason.
Confidencein the abilityofthe person/agency tosolvethe problem Didnotknowany otherwaytodeal withtheproblem Tomaintain confidentiality ofthefamily matter Apparent Ineffectivenessof otherwaysand means AnyOther(Pl. Specify)

Q.13. Ifyoudidnot reportthematter,pleasegivereasons. Pleaseranktopthreechoicesstartingwith1asthemost importantreason


Lacked Didnotknowhowto Tomaintain Confidencein dealwiththeproblem confidentiality theabilityofany ofthefamily Apparent FearofRetaliation Ineffectiveness availablechannels AnyOther(Pl. Specify)

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person/agency tosolvethe problem

matter

ofreportingand redress

Q.14. Haveyoucomeacrosscasesofelderabuseinyoursurroundings? Ifno,thengodirectlytoQ.17


Yes No

Q.15.Ifyes,pleasespecifythetype.Rankthetopthreeoptionsstaringwith1asthemostcommonform.
Disrespect Beating/Slapping Verbally Abusing Economic Exploitation Unwelcomeor Neglect forcibleSexual Contact Allthose mentioned Any Other(Pl Specify)

Q.16. Whatdoyouthinkarethepossiblereasonforsuchbehaviour? Pleaseranktopthreechoicesstartingwith1as themostimportantreason.


Economic Economic dependence dependenceof oftheabused theabuser Emotional dependence ofthe abused Lackof adjustment Increasing Longevity CareGivers Excessive Any Stress Individualism Other(Pl specify)

Q.17. Howcanwedealeffectivelywithelderabuse? Pleaseranktopthreechoicesstartingwith1asthemost effectivemechanism.


Increase Economic Independence oftheAbused Developeffective legalreportingand redresssystem Develop effective social reporting andredress system Sensitizechildren andstrengthen intergenerational bonding SensitizeYoung Adults DevelopSelf Any Help Groupsof Other(Pl OlderPersons Specify) toprovide assistanceand intervention

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Q.18. Areyouawareofthefollowingreportingandredressmechanism?
Maintenance TribunalUnder the andWelfareof MWPSCAct) Parentsand SeniorCitizens Act 2007(MWPSC Act) PoliceHelp Line HelpAgeIndias HelpLine AnyOther(Pl Specify)

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ANNEXURE2

MAINTENANCE&WELFAREOFPARENTS&SENIORCITIZENSACT,2007
BACKGROUND: Socioculturalscenario: In the traditional Indian system elderly were respected and they had a great decision making power in the family. Childrenfeltdutyboundtoserveandrespecttheelderlyandtocontributetothefamilyresources.Childrensought the counsel of elders formaking major decisions and placed family resources at the disposal of elders for prudent handling. Duringthelastcenturythissocioeconomicandvaluesystemhasslowlyeroded.Moreandmorecouplesareworking fulltime,familieshavebecomesmallerandnuclear,migrationandconsumerismhavebecometheorderoftheday.At thesametime,lifeexpectancyoftheelderlyhasgoneupfrom32yearsin1947to67yearsin2001.Allthesefactors causepressuresonfamiliesresultinginabuse,neglectandabandonmentoftheelderly.Whilemostelderlyarewell looked after, many suffer from poverty, loneliness, neglect, abuse and abandonment and find it difficult to mobilise resources for their most basic needs as their children are either unable or unwilling to maintain them. Problem of widows,widowersandthechildlesselderlyisevenmoreacute. Legalprovisions: AllIndiancitizensareentitledtofundamentalrightsguaranteedtothembytheIndianConstitution.Seniorcitizensare noexception.Theyarealsoentitledtofundamentalrightstolifeandpersonalliberty,freedomofspeechandequality beforelawbuttheserightsareoftendifficultforthemtoachieveforavarietyofreasons. Most personal laws including the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 recognise duty of the children to maintaintheiragedparentsandtherightoftheparentstomaintenance.Section125oftheCriminalProcedureCode, 1973specificallyprovidesformaintenancefromchildrenifparentsareunabletomaintainthemselvesbutcasesare rarelyfiledbyparentsduetoloveandaffection,fearofstigmaandtimeandmoneyrequiredforthelegalproceedings. AneedhasbeenfeltforlongforasimplerandfastermeansandHelpAgeIndia,aspartofitsworkforthecauseand care of the elderly, has been advocating for provision of care and maintenance of the elderly amongst other measures. MAINTENANCE&WELFAREOFPARENTS&SENIORCITIZENSACT,2007 Government has come to the rescue of the elderly and has brought about An Act to provide for more effective provisions for the maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens guaranteed and recognised under the Constitutionandformattersconnectedtherewithorincidentalthereto.asfollows TitleoftheAct:TheMaintenanceandWelfareofParentsandSeniorCitizensAct,2007. Applicability:ItextendstothewholeofIndiaexcepttheStateofJammuandKashmiranditappliesalsotocitizensof IndiaoutsideIndia. Effective Date: The Act shall come into force in a State from the date fixed and notified by the concerned State GovernmentintheOfficialGazette.

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Provisions: TheActhasprovisionsdetailedunderthefollowingchapters: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Definitions MaintenanceofParents&SeniorCitizens EstablishmentofOldAgeHomes MedicalCare ProtectionofLifeandProperty Offences

SummaryoftheProvisions: WhoisaSeniorCitizen,Parent,ChildorRelativeundertheAct? SeniorcitizenisanycitizenofIndiaof60yearsandabovewhetherlivinginIndiaornot. Parentisthefatherormotherevenifnotof60yearsyet. Childrenareadultson,daughter,grandsonandgranddaughter Relativesarethosewhoareeitherinpossessionofthepropertyoftheseniorcitizenorwouldinheritit. WhocandemandmaintenanceundertheAct? Parentsandgrandparentswhoareunabletomaintainthemselvesfromtheirownincomecandemandmaintenance fromtheirchildrenasdefinedabove. and ChildlessSeniorCitizenswhoareunabletomaintainthemselvesfromtheirownincomecandemandmaintenance fromtheirrelativesasdefinedabove. WhatisMaintenance? Maintenanceincludes provisionforfood, clothing,residence,medical attendance and treatment. Maximumamount which may be orderedformaintenance of a senior citizen bythe Tribunal shall be such as prescribed by the State GovernmentwhichshallnotexceedRs.10,000/permonth. WhoisentitledtoMaintenance? Parents, grandparents and senior citizens who are unable to maintain themselves from their own income and property are entitled to demand maintenance from their children and specified relatives respectively with sufficient means. Whoseobligationisittomaintaintheelderly?: Itistheobligationofthechildrenandspecifiedrelativeswithsufficientmeanstoprovidemaintenancefortheirparents andchildlessseniorcitizenrespectively. HowisanApplicationforMaintenancemadeanddecided? Application for maintenance may be made by the senior citizen or parent to the Tribunal under Section 4 in laypersons language giving names, full details and addresses of the persons from whom they are demanding

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maintenance. If there is more than one child or relative, they may claim maintenance from one or all of them dependingontheirmeansofincome. Maintenance proceedings may be initiated against any child/children or relative in any district where the parent or seniorcitizenlivesorlastlivedorwherethechild/childrenorrelativelive. If such applicants are incapable of making an application themselves, any other person or registered voluntary organisation authorised by him/her can make the application or the Tribunal can take suo motu cognizance and proceed. Upon receipt of the application, the Tribunal would issue notices to the children, conduct hearings, take evidence and order maintenance. Tribunal may also refer the case for reconciliation or pass interim orders for maintenance. Ifthechildrenorrelativesfailtopaytheorderedmaintenancewithoutsufficientreasonfor3monthsafteritsduedate, theseniorcitizencanapproachtheTribunalagainwhomayimposeafineororderimprisonmentofthechild/relative uptoamonthoruntilpaymentismadewhicheverisearlier. What if the elderly themselves and their children and specified relatives do not have sufficient means to maintainthem? State Governments may establish, in a phased manner, sufficient senior citizen homes and maintain the same for indigentorabandonedandneglected(bytheirkithandkin)beginningwithatleastoneOldAgeHomeineachdistrict sufficienttoaccommodateaminimumof150elderly.StateGovernmentmayalsoprescribeschemeformanagement ofoldagehomes,setstandardsandprescribeminimumservicesformedicalcareandentertainmentoftheelderlyin theOldAgeHomes. Abandonment: UnderSection24,ifanybodywhohasresponsibilityforthecareorprotectionofaseniorcitizenleaveshim/herinany place, with the intention of wholly abandoning him/her, such person shall be punishable under the Act with imprisonmentofeitherthreemonthsorfineuptoRs.5,000orboth.Theoffencewouldbecognizableandwillbetried byaMagistrate. ConditionalTransferofProperty: Animportantprovisionhasbeenmadefortheelderlytoclaimtheirpropertybackfromchildren,ifgivenconditionally aftercommencementoftheActonpromiseoflookingaftertheirneedsandamenitiesifsuchpromiseisnotfulfilled. UnderSection23,ifaftercommencementoftheactanyParentsorseniorcitizenshavetransferredtheirpropertyto their children or relatives on the condition that they would provide certainmaintenance and amenities to the senior citizen but subsequently neglect or refuse to do so the parents or senior citizens can get such transfers voided (cancelled)attheiroptionbyhavingsuchtransfertreatedasafraudulentorcoerciveacquisitionandseekreturnof theirpropertysotransferred. GovernmentsRole: ConstitutionofMaintenanceTribunalsandAppellateTribunalsbytheStateGovernmentsinallSubDivisions andStateswithin6monthsofcommencementofthisAct State Governments may make rules for carrying out the purposes of the Act by notification in the Official Gazette. SummarytrialsbytheTribunalsforpassingordersformaintenance. Lawyersexcludedfromtheproceedings. Elderly can choose to seek maintenance either under this Act or under the provisions of the Criminal ProcedureCode1973ifapplicablebutnotunderboththeprovisions. NoCivilCourttohavejurisdictioninrespectofanymattertowhichanyprovisionofthisActapplies NoinjunctionshallbegrantedbyanyCivilCourtinrespectofanythingwhichisdoneorintendedtobedone byorunderthisAct.(Section27)

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StateGovttodesignateDistrictSocialWelfareOfficeroranequivalentofficerasMaintenanceOfficer. MaintenanceOfficercanrepresentaparentorseniorcitizenifhe/shewants. StateGovernmentmayestablishandmaintainsufficientseniorcitizenhomesforindigentorabandonedand neglected(bytheirkithandkin)beginningwithoneineachdistrictsufficienttohouse150elderly. State Government may prescribe a scheme for management of old age homes, setting standards and minimumservicesnecessaryformedicalcareandentertainmentoftheelderly StateGovernmenttoestablishspecificmedicalfacilities,allocatedoctors/hospitalbeds,expandtreatmentfor chronic,terminalanddegenerativediseasesandconductresearchonailmentsoftheelderlyandageing. StateGovernmenttotakeallmeasurestosensitiseandorientthepoliceandjudiciaryregardingprotectionof lifeandpropertyoftheelderlyandprovisionsofthisact

ThisisamodelLegislationpassedbytheCentralGovernmentforadaptationandapplicationbytheStates.TheAct willapplyinaStatefromthedatefixedandnotifiedbytheStateintheofficialgazette. ForafullcopyoftheactkindlylogontothewebsiteoftheMinistryofSocialJustice&Empowerment: http://socialjustice.nic.in/oldageact.php

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ANNEXURE3 ImplementationStatusoftheMaintenance&WelfareofParentsandSeniorCitizensAct2007inthecountry
22Statesandall(7)UnionTerritories(UTs)havenotifiedtheAct.TheActisnotapplicabletothestateofJammuandKashmirand HimachalPradesh(whichhasasimilarstateAct).TheStatesthathavenotnotifiedtheActare:Bihar,Meghalaya,SikkimandUttar Pradesh. StatesandUTswhichhavenotifiedtheActarerequiredtotakethefollowingmeasurestoforeffectiveimplementationof theAct: FrameRulesundertheAct AppointMaintenanceOfficer/s ConstituteMaintenanceTribunal ConstituteAppellateTribunal

ThestatusofthestepstakenbythenotifyingStatesandUTsason3.2.10isasunder: Stateswhichhavetakenallthesteps: Gujarat Kerala MadhyaPradesh Orissa TamilNadu Tripura WestBengal

StatesandUTsyettotakeallthenecessarysteps: States:AndhraPradesh,ArunachalPradesh,Goa,Maharashtra,Manipur,Mizoram,NagalandandUttarakhand UTs:Andaman&NicobarIslands,Dadra,NagarHaveli,Daman&Diu,LakshadweepandPuducherry. StatesandUTswhichhaveframedtheRules: States:Gujarat,Haryana,Karnataka,Kerala,MadhyaPradesh,Orissa,TamilNadu,TripuraandWestBengal UT:Delhi StatesandUTswhichhaveappointedMaintenanceOfficer: States: Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and West Bengal UT:Delhi StatesandUTswhichhaveconstitutedMaintenanceTribunal: States: Assam, Chhattisgarh,Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, TripuraandWestBengal UTs:DelhiandChandigarh StatesandUTswhichhaveconstitutedAppellateTribunals: States: Chhattisgarh,Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura andWestBengal UT:Chandigarh The other provisions of the ACT have not been implemented. There is a proposal under consideration whereby the Central GovernmentispersuadingthePlanningCommissiontoallocateresourcesundertheXIIFiveYearPlan(201217)forthepurpose ofsettingupoldagehomesinstatesandUTs.

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ANNEXURE4

HelplineNumbers
a)HelpAgeIndiaElderHelplinesNumbersNationwide
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. City Delhi Mumbai Kolkata Chennai Ahmedabad Bengaluru Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh StateCoverage NCTofDelhi Maharashtra WestBengal TamilNadu Gujarat Karnataka MadhyaPradesh Odisha Punjab TamilNadu Uttarakhand Assam AndhraPradesh AndhraPradesh AndhraPradesh Rajasthan Kerala UttarPradesh Goa Bihar Puducherry(UT) HimachalPradesh JammuandKashmir TollFreeHelplineNumber 18001801253 18001801253 18003451253 18001801253&1253 18001801253 18001801253 18002331253 18003451253 18001801253 1253 18001801253 18003451253 18001801253 1253 1253 18001801253 18001801253 18001801253 18001801253 18003451253 1253 18001801253 18001801253

10. Cuddalore 11. Dehradun 12. Guwahati 13. Hyderabad 14. Vijaywada 15. Eluru 16. Jaipur 17. Kochi 18. Lucknow 19. Panaji 20. Patna 21. Puducherry 22. Shimla 23. Jammu

b) AlzheimersandRelatedDisordersSocietyofIndia(ARDSI)NationalHO,Kerala:09846198473/09846198471/098461 98786 c) BangaloreHelpline:9342730959,9342730936 d) DelhiHelpline:26922940,64533663,09810270497 e) Mumbai:02223742479 f) CansupportHelpline:0112610285126102869Email:cansup_india@hotmail.com

g) DelhiPoliceHelpline:1091,1291orwriteto:PoliceCommissioner,DelhiPolicePostBoxNo.171GPO,NewDelhi h) DignityFoundationHelplines:Chennai+914426473165Kolkata+913324741314Mumbai+912223898078 i) MumbaiPoliceandHelpAgeElderLine:1090

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j)

GreaterHyderabadMunicipalCorporationandHelpAgeHelpline(AASARA):1253

k) Bangalore:NightingalesandtheBangaloreCityPolice:1090/22943226NightingalesMedicalTrustEldershelpline: 23548444 l) Mumbai:ShreeManavSevaSangh:24081487SilverInnings:info@silverinnings.com

m) Kolkata:DignityFoundationshelplineforseniorcitizens:24741314SeniorCitizenHelpline:09830088884 n) Hyderabad:HeritageHelpline:23390000SatyamHMRI104

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