Swinburne'S Test ON D.C. Shunt Machine. (Predetermination of Efficiency of Given D.C.Shunt Machine Working As Motor and Generator)

ELECTRI CAL AND ELECTRONI CS ENGI NEERI NG LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRI CAL AND ELECTRONI CS ENGI NEERI NG

PRAGATI ENGI NEERI NG COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM

1
DPST
SWITCH
H

1. SWINBURNES TEST ON D.C. SHUNT MACHINE.
(PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICI ENCY OF GIVEN D.C.SHUNT
MACHINE WORKING AS MOTOR AND GENERATOR)

AI M :

To conduct the Swinburnes (No- Load) test on the given D.C. shunt machine and
predetermine its efficiency vs. load curve treating it as (a) Motor and b) generator

APPARATUS:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter 0-1A
0-2A
MC 2No
2
Voltmeter
0-300V
0-30V
MC 2No
3 Rheostat 600/1A,
300/1.5A
Wire wound 1
4 Tachometer - Digital 1

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM :

(0-300V)MC

SWINBURNES TEST

300/1.5A

(0-1A)MC (0-2A)MC
Fuse
10A
O O O
1
L
2
L
starter . pt 3
L
A F
A
AA
1
F
2
F
Z
ZZ
V 220
Supply . C . D
A A
+

+
+
V


2
5A
FUSE

(0-2A)MC 300 /1.5A

30V (0-20V)MC
D.C supply

DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE BY DROP METHOD

THEORY:

In this test, the d.c shunt machine is run as a motor at the rated speed applying rated
voltage. The power input to the motor can be easily calculated from the readings of meters
and the constant losses are determined as below.
Power input to the motor =VI
0
, where
V =Rated applied voltage
I
0
=Line current taken by the motor at no load
I
a
=Armature current =I
0
I
f
where I
f
is the field current.
Armature copper loss =(I
0
I
f
)
2
R
0
, Where Ra is armature resistance in Ohms.
Field Copper loss =V I
f
W
c
=Constant losses =VI
0
(I
a
2
R
a
) watts

The constant losses Wc include iron (hystresis and eddy current losses), mechanical
(friction and windage) losses and the field copper loss.
The efficiency of the machine can be found out at a given load as below for (a) motor
and (b) generator.
(a) Motor : Suppose the machine is treated as a motor : Efficiency at full load is
found as below.

Output of the motor at rated full load =VI
L
(I
a
2
R
a
+W
c
)
Efficiency q at full load =(VI
L
(I
a
2
R
a
+W
c
)) / VI
L

The efficiency at full load is found as below.
1
L
2
L
A
AA
A
+
+
V


3
Line current =I
L
/ 2 at half full load.
Filed current (same as above) =I
f

Armature copper at full load Ia =(I
L
/ 2) If
Armature copper losses at full load =(I
L
/2 I
f
)
2
R
a
watts
At half full load =
2 / VI
W R I
2
I
2
I
V
2
C a
2
f
L L
+
|
.
|
\
|

In the same way, described above, efficiency at full load, full load etc., can be
found out.
(b) Generator: If the d.c. machine is treated as generator, efficiency is calculated as
below. For full load,

Output of the generator =VI
L
, where V =rated voltage, I
L
=rated line current.
Wc, the constant losses are the same as determined above.
Armature current Ia =(I
L
+I
f
), I
f
is the same as before
Efficiency at full load =VI
L
/ (VI
L
=I
a
2
R
a
+W
c
)
Efficiency at half full load is determined as below.
Armature copper loss at half full load =((I
L
/2)+I
f
)
2
R
a

Efficiency at half full load =
+
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c a
2
f
L L
L
W R I
2
I
2
VI
2
I V

Determination of Armature Resistance : The resistance of the armature can be determined
experimentally by drop method using the circuit show in fig 2.2. Due allowances must e
given for the temperature rise under running condition. The revised armature resistance,
assuming a temperature rise of 50
0
is calculated.
Let the room temperature be =t
0
0

Temperature under running condition =(t
0
0
+50
0
)
Let the temperature coefficient of copper be
0
o =1/234.5.
R
t0
= R
0
(1 +R
t0 0
o ) Where R
t0
=Resistance at room temperature as determined above.
= R
0
(1 +(1/234.5)t
0
)
R
t0 +50
= R
0

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
0
0 0
0
5 . 234
50 t
1
R
t0 +50
= R
t0

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
0
0
0
0 0
0
t 5 . 234
50 t 5 . 234
ohms
R
t0+50
is called the hot resistance of the armature , which should be used for the armature
copper loss



4

PROCEDURE :

1) Make connections as per the circuit diagram
2) Keep the rheostat (speed regulator) in the field circuit in the minimum position.
3) Switch on the D.C. supply and by means of the 3-point starter, gradually cut of the
starter resistance step by step and keep the starter handle in the ON position.
4) By varying the rheostat in the field circuit increase the speed of the motor to its rated
value.
5) Disconnect the supply and allow the machine to come to rest.
6) Make connections as per the circuit diagram given in fig 2.2
7) Switch on the 30 V d.c. supply and adjust the armature current to its rated value.
8) Take the readings of meters.
9) Tabulate the results in tabular form 2.

Speed =Rated speed =1500 RPM

TABULAR FORM:

S.No. V
L
I
L
I
f
I
a
=I
L
- I
f

TABULAR FORM:
ARMATURE RESISTANCE

S.No. V
a
I
a
R
a



5

CALCULATI ONS AND GRAPHS:

As explained in theory, calculate the hot resistance of the armature. Also calculate the
efficiencies of the d.c. machine treating it as (a) motor and (b) generator, at full, full,
full and full loads and draw graphs.
(a) Efficiency vs. load as motor, and
(b) Efficiency vs load as generator

RESULT:

QUIZ :

1. What are the disadvantages of this rest?
2. Why the Swine Burnes test can not be used for D.C. series machines?
3. Why do you need starter for the D.C. motors?
4. What is the function of n0 volt and over load relays in the starter?
5. Why is a 4 point starter preferred in some motors?
6. What happens when the field circuit of a d.c. shunt motor is
accidentally open circuited while running?



6

2. OC & SC TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.
(PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICI ENCY AND REGULATION AT
GIVEN POWER FACTOR AND DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT)

AI M:
To conduct the open circuit (no-load) and short circuit tests on the 1-phase
transformer and determine.
a) Parameters of the equivalent circuit and
b) Efficiency and regulation at various loads and power factors.
APPARATUS:
S.NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter 0-10A
0-10A
MI
MI
2No
2 Voltmeter 0-150V
0-75V
MI
MI
2No
3 Watt Meter 2A,150V,60W
10A,75V,30W
LPF
UPF
2No

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:

1u VARAIC
230V/ (0-270V)
1KVA
1KVA
10A,75V,30W
UPF Wattmeter
(0-300V)
MI
(0-10A)MI
(0-2A)MI
SUPPLY . C . A , 1
Hz 50
V 230
|
SUPPLY C A
Hz
V
. . , 1
50
230

5A
A
B
E
C
A
V
fuse
fuse
TEST
C S . .
MI ) A 10 0 (
HV LV
V V 115 230
Ph
N

5A

LV
V

MI
V

) 150 0 (
fuse
fuse

C
M L
V

C
M L
V

F T auto
Hz V
/ , 1
50 ), 270 0 /( 230

C
B
Wattmeter LPF
W V A ) 60 , 150 , 2 (
TEST
C O . .
Ph
N
DPST
switch
A
A
V
HV
V V 230 115
E

DPST
switch
1u VARAIC
230V/ (0-270V)


7

THEORY:

The equivalent circuit of the 1-phase transformer referred to primary is given
below.

The approximate equivalent circuit is as given below.

R1 - Primary Resistance r2 - Secondary Resistance
x1 - Primary Leakage reactance x2 - Secondary Leakage
Reactance
R01 - Equivalent shunt resistance referred to primary which represents Iron loss
X01 - Equivalent shunt reactance referred to primary which represents the
magnetizing current.
N1 - Number of Primary turns N2 -Number of secondary turns.
V1 - Primary applied voltage V2 -Secondary terminal voltage
V2 - Secondary terminal voltage referred to primary
E1 - Primary induced voltage.

D
A
O
L
1
V
1
2
V
1
E
C
I
W
I
O
I
2
2
2
1
r
N
N
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
2
1
x
N
N
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
r
1
x
01
R
01
X
D
A
O
L
1
V
1
2
V
2
2
2
1
1 1
r
N
N
r R
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
2
2
1
1 1
x
N
N
x x
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
C
I
W
I
O
I
01
R
01
X


8
O.C. Test :

Suppose the readings of all meters in this test are given below.

Applied Voltage =V1 reading of wattmeter =W0
Current drawn =I0
I
C
, I
W
, R01 are calculated from the above readings as below.
Where I
C
, I
W
are the magnetizing Component, Iron loss (working) component of no load
current respectively.

V
1
I
0
Cos
0
=W
0
;
0
=No-Load p.f. angle.
I
C
=I
0
Cos
0
=W
0
/ V
1
I
0
sin
0
= ) Cos I I (
0
2 2
0
2
0

R
01
= V
1
/ I
C
, X
01
=V
1
/I
m
.
The reading of the wattmeter gives the iron loss of the transformer for the rated
terminal voltage applied in the test.

Iron Loss =W

S.C. Test:
In this test with the secondary / L.V. winding short circuited, a reduced voltage is
applied to the H.V. winding in this till full load current flows. Let following be the readings
obtained.

Applied Voltage =Vs

Watt meter reading =Ws
Current Drawn =Is
R
1
, X
1
and Z
1
are calculated from the readings as below.
R
1
=W
s
/I
s
2
; Z
1
=V
s
/I
s
; X
1
=
2
1
2
1
R Z
Copper Loss at full load i.e., I
full
=W
s

EFFI CI ENCY & REGULATION:

Efficiency of the transformer at a given load I2 and Power factor cos
2
is given
) ) I / I ( W W Cos I V ( / ) Cos I V (
2
full 2 s i 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + | = q
Regulation of the transformer at a given load I
2
and power factor Cos
2
| is found
from the formula.
% Regulation =((E
2
V
2
)/E
2
) x 100, Where E
2
and V
2
are related by the equation E
2
2
=(V
2

Cos
2
| +I
2
R
2
)
2
+(V
2
Sin
2
| +I
2
X
2
)
2
; Where E
2
=Secondary induced voltage
V
2
=Secondary terminal voltage

The approximate formula of the above is given as
E
2
V
2
=I
2
R
2
Cos
2
| +I
2
X
2
sin
2
| .
Note: For all lagging loads
2
| is positive and for leading loads
2
| is negative in the above
formulae.



9
TABULAR FORM:
a) O.C. Test :

S.No

V
OC

I
OC

W
OC

b) S.C. Test :

S,No V
SC
I
SC
W
SC

PROCEDURE:
1) Make connection as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 1 (a) for the O.C. test.
2) Apply rated voltage to the primary of the transformer and note the readings of all
meters.
3) Make connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 1(b) for the S.C. test.
4) By means of the variac, apply a reduced voltage till full load current flows in the
winding. Note readings of all meters.
5) Evaluate R01, X01, R1 and X1 and insert the values in the equivalent circuit.
6) Find the regulation and efficiency of the Transformer at , , and 1of full load
current and at power factors of 0.8 lag, unity and 0.8 leading.
7) Draw the approximate equivalent circuit and insert the values calculated as discussed
in theory.
8) (i) Taking Load current on the x axis draw efficiency vs load current graph at
various power factors.Taking load current on the x-axis draw the regulation vs Load
current curve for various power factors.

RESULT:

QUIZ:

1. Why is the Iron Loss negligible in the S.C. test? Why is the copper Loss
negligible in the O.C. Test.
2. Under what conditions do you get negative regulation for transformer?
3. Using the approximate formula find the power factor for zero regulation?
4. Why are percentage values used more commonly for the resistance, reactance
and impedance of the transformer instead of absolute values?
5. What is the significance of leakage reactance in the transformer?



10

3. BRAKE TEST ON 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.
(DETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS)

AI M:
To conduct the brake test on the given 3-phase induction motor and plot its
performance characteristics.
APPARATUS:

S.NO NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1) Ammeter MI (0-10A) 1
2) Voltmeter M (0-600V) 1
3) Wattmeter UPF 10A/600V/1500W 2
4) Tachometer digital - 1

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:
1

MI
A) 10 0 (
STARTER
DELTA STAR
UPF
W V A 1500 , 600 , 10 / 5
fuse
fuse
fuse
2
W
2
W
2
V
1
V
B
1
L
2
L
TPST
3
L
2
U
1
U
L
I
R
ply sup . C . A
, Hz 50
V 415 , 3 u
2
S
1
S
MI
V) 600 0 (
1
V
2
V
MI
V) 600 0 (
V

C
M L
2
W
1
V
2
V
ROTOR
1
U
2
U
STATOR
2
W

C
M L
V
UPF
W V A 1500 , 600 , 10 / 5
Y


11

THEORY:
Brake test in a direct method of testing. It consists of applying a brake to a water
cooled pulley mounted on the shaft of the motor. A rope is wound round the pulley and its
two ends are attached to two spring balances S
1
and S
2
. The tension of the rope can be
adjusted with the help of swivels. Then,
The force acting tangentially on the pulley =(S
1
S
2
) Kgs.

If R1 is the pulley radius, the torque at the pulley,
T
sh
=(S
1
S
2
) R kg. Mt.

If w is the angular velocity of the motor.
W =2tN/60, Where N is the speed in RPM.

Motor output =Tsh x w =2tN (S
1
S
2
) kg.mt.wt
=9.81 x 2tN (s1 S2) R watts.
Where R=radius of the fully =0.0115m

The motor input can be measured directly as in the circuit diagram 6. For finding the
performance characteristics, the speed of the motor can also be measured by a tachometer.
TABULAR COLOUMN:

S.No S
1
(Kg)

S
2
(Kg) W
1
(w) W
2
(w) V
L
(v) I
L
(a) N(rpm) T n-m S=slip Input Output
q
=
output/input

MODEL CALCULATI ONS:
Slip= N
s
-N/ N
s
N
S
=Synchronous Speed=1500 rpm

T=9.81*(S
1
-S
2
)*R where R=radius of the fully

Input =W
1
+W
2
,

Output =T*W

Efficiency=Output/input



12

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in above.
2. Loosen the rope of the break drum such tat S
1
=S
2
=0.
3. Close the switch S and apply the rated 3-phase a.c. supply to the motor. Note
the readings of all meters.
4. Gradually increase the load by tightening the rope and note down the readings
of all meters and tabulate the results as shown below.
5. Starting from no-load, take the readings as the line current is increased from
, , , and 1 of its full value.
6. The output and input of the motors, Efficiency, Torque and slip can be
calculated and the performance characteristic.
a) Load vs. Efficiency
b) Load vs. Speed
c) Load vs. Torque
d) Load vs. Slip and speed are draw

RESULT:

QUIZ:

1. What are the types of starters generally used for squired cage induction
motors?
2. How is the supply voltage related to the starting Torque?
3. In what respects slipping I.M. superior to squirrel cage?
4. What is the value of rotor resistance, which gives maximum starting torque?
5. For what value of slip, do you get maximum running torque in I.M?



13

4. REGULATION OF 3 ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS
I MPEDANCE METHOD

AI M:
To determine the regulation of the given 3-phase alternator by Synchronous
Impedance method and
.
CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:

Fig (a)

THEORY:

In this experiment the 3-phase alternator is driven by the D.C. shunt motor at rated
speed. The field is excited by a variable d.c. voltage output drawn from a rectifier.
The regulation of the alternator is determined by synchronous impedance method
from the O.C.C. and S.C.C tests.

O.C.Test:

The open circuit characteristic (O.C.C.) or the magnetizing characteristic of the
alternator is obtained by plotting the variation of induced voltage E as the field current is
gradually increased. The shape of the O.C.C. is as shown in Fig. (b). This curve actually
shows a small voltage at zero field current due to the residual magnetism. But this is
neglected and not shown. In the initial stages when the field current is small O.C.C. is a
1
L
fuse
Supply C D
V
.
220
L A F
A
AA
Z
ZZ
A 7 . 1 / 300O
+
A
A
V
X
X
S
S
S
XX
f
I
R
B Y
2
L
switch
TPST
output c d Variable . .
XX
fuse
fuse
RECTIFIER
+
+
fuse
MC ) A 2 0 (
MI ) A 10 0 (
MI ) V 600 0 (
1
F
2
F
DPST
switch
. .
230
C A
V
Ph
N
DPST
switch


14

straight line since the field is unsaturated. With higher field currents E increases slowly and
finally reaches a fixed due to magnetic saturation.
S.C. Test:
In this the machine is run at constant speed and the armature terminals are short-
circuited. A reduced excitation is applied to the field. The S.C.C. is obtained by plotting
armature current I on the y-axis and the field current on the x-axis. This is characteristic is a
straight line as shown in fig. (b).

MODEL GRAPH & CALCULATI ON:
Regulation of alternator at a given load current I
a
and p.f. Cos is an index of the drop of
voltage with load. It is given by

% Regulation =((E-V)/V) x 100 -------- (1)
Where E is the induced voltage in the armature / phase.
V is the rated terminal voltage of the armature / phase.
The phasor diagram of the alternator is given in fig. (c)

Fig. (b)

E
2
=(V COS +I
a
R
a
)
2
+V sin +I
a
X
s
)
2
- - - - - - - (2)
Where E and V are phase values, and
I
a
= Armature current / phase
R
a
= Armature resistance / phase.
X
s
= Synchronous reactance / phase.
Note: For lagging power factor is positive and for leading power factors is negative.
Regulation by synchronous impedance method:
Suppose it is required to find the synchronous impedance and synchronous reactance
of the alternator at a load current of I
a
.
volts in E
ph
. C . C . O
. C . C . S
V
1
E
a
I
fa
I 2 f
I
Current Field


15
For the armature current I
a
, find the field current I
fa
required from the S.S.C. From
the O.C.C. find E
1
corresponding to I
fa
. Then Z
a
the synchronous impedance is given by
Z
s
=E
1
/I
a
.

X
s
, the synchronous reactance of the alternator is given by
Xs =
2
a
2
s
R Z , Where Ra is the a.c. resistance of the armature.
Knowing Ra and Xs, for a given rated terminal voltage V, Regulation at any given load
current and power factor can be found from equation (1) and (2).

Fig. c PHASOR DIAGRAM OF ALTERNATOR

Corresponding to I
fr
, find the induced voltage E from the O.C.C. then regulation at the
given load current and p.f. is given by
% regulation =(E V)/E) x 100

TABULAR COLOUMNS:

a) O.C.TEST:
S.NO. LINE VOLTAGE(V
L
) PHASE VOLTAGE(V
Ph
)=(V
L
) /3

b) S.C.TEST:

S.NO. FIELD CURRENT(If) ARMATURE CURRENT(Ia)

u
a
I
s a
X I
a a
R I
s a
Z I
E


16
PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram for obtaining the O.C.C. or
magnetization curve. Keep the switch S is open.
2. Start the D.C. motor by means of the 3-point starter and adjust the speed of the
set to the rated value.
3. Switch on the rectifier and supply the field current to the field terminals of the
alternator.
4. Starting with zero field current, gradually vary the field current and obtain the
corresponding reading of voltmeter connected across the armature. Continue
this till you get nearly a constant voltage in the armature.
5. Plot the O.C.C. taking I
f
on the x-axis and E-phase on the y-axis. This will be
obtained as shown in fig (b).

6. For obtaining he S.C.C. make connections as per the circuit diagram in fig (a).
Replace all the meters with meters of new ranges.

7. Start the set by means of the 3-pt starter of the d.c. motor and adjust speed to
the rated value by the field regulator.

8. Close the switch S. Switch on the rectifier. Starting with zero field current,
gradually increase the field current and note the corresponding armature
current. Continue this till full load current flows through the armature.

9. The d.c. resistance of the armature is found using the drop method. Allow
20% extra fro the skin effect and find the R
ac
.

10. Calculate Xs the synchronous reactance of the armature at a given Ia and find
the regulation from equations (1) and (2) as explained in theory.

11. Draw the regulation vs. load curve graphs at (a) 0.8 lag (b) unity and (c) 0.8
lead power factors using the above method.

RESULT:

QUIZ:

1. How is armature reaction considered in the determination of regulation of
alternator?
2. Why synchronous impedance is called fictitious impedance? Is it constant for
all field currents?
3. The regulation determined by synchronous impedance method is called
pessimistic method, . Why?
4. Do you get zero or negative regulation for some loads? Explain.
5. What are the errors in the two methods of finding regulation?



17

5. BRAKE TEST ON D.C.SHUNT MOTOR.

AI M :
To conduct the brake test on the given D.C. Shunt motor and draw its performance
curves.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the equipment type range Quantity
1) Ammeter MC (0-1A),(0-20A) 2
2) Voltmeter MC (0-300V) 1
3) Rheostat Wirewound 300/1.5A 1
4) Tachometer digital - 1

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:

(0-20A)MC
+
(0-1A)MC 300/1.7 A

A
(0-300V)MC

AA

Brake-load
-
Arrangement
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR BRAKE TEST

DPST
Switch
1
L
2
L
L
A F
M
Z
Starter pt. 3
+
V
A
+
Y
1
S
2
S
A
+
Z Z
2
F
1
F
Supply
C . D
V 220


18

THEORY:
The brake test is a direct test on the d.c. motor. Therefore, the performance
characteristics correspond to the actual performance of the motor under running conditions.
This test can be used only for small motors. Because for large machines, dissipation of heat
produced on the pulley is a problem.
It utilizes a brake drum fixed on the shaft of the motor as shown in fig 7.2. A rope is
wound round the pulley and its two ends are attached to two springs balances S
1
and S
2
.
The tension of the rope can be adjusted with the help of handles on the frame. The force
acting tangentially on the pulley is equal to the difference between the two readings of the
spring balances S
1
and S
2
.
Let the radius of the pulley =R meters
Shaft torque T
sh
=(S
1
S
2
) R x 9.81 N M
Motor Output =T
sh
X w =T
sh
X 2N/60 where
W is the angular velocity of rotor in rad / sec. N is the speed of the motor in RPM.
Evidently, the output of the motor is utilized in overcoming the mechanical friction between
the pulley and the belt and heat is produced. Cooling of the pulley is therefore required to
dissipate this heat. The following performance curves can be drawn in this test.
1) Efficiency vs BHP
2) Speed vs BHP
3) Torque vs I
a
.
MODEL GRAPHS:

N
q
KW
q Efficiency
N Speed a
T
sh
T
N
' T ' Torque
' N ' Speed
a
I


19

PROCEDURE:

1) Make connections as per the circuit diagram
2) Start the machine by means of the 3 point starter and adjust the speed of the
motor to its rated value.
3) Take the readings of all meters at no-load. Also note down the readings of
spring balances when the rope is removed from the pulley. Now put the rope
around the pulley and load the motor by gradually tightening it.
4) At each load, note the readings of meters, ad the spring balances. Cool the
brake drum by pouring cold water in the pulley when the motor in on load.
Continue this process till full load is reached. Stop the machine and tabulate
the results as below. Measure the radius of the pulley.

TABLER FORM:

S.No V
L

I
L
I
F
I
A
S
1
(Kg)

S
2
(Kg) N(rpm) T n-m Input Output =output/input

CALCULATI ONS:
V
L
=Line voltage

I
A
=I
L
- I
F

T=9.81*(S
1
-S
2
)*R where R=radius of the fully

Input =V
L
*I
A
watts

Output =T*W where W=2N/60 ,N=Speed of the motor in r.p.m.

Efficiency=Output/input


20

GRAPH:
Calculate the efficiency of the machine and torque at each load current and plot the graphs
a) Efficiency vs BHP
b) Speed vs. BHP
c) Torque vs. Armature current, Ia

RESULT:

QUIZ :
1. Why the iron losses are constant in a d.c. shunt motor ?
2. What is the application of d.c. shunt motors?
3. Why d.c. shunt motor is called constant speed motor?
4. How do the hysteresis and eddy current losses depend on the speed?
5. Why are the armature and pole cores laminated?
6. What is the advantage of this test over the Swine Bernes test ?



21

1.MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C. SHUNT
GENERATOR , DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL FIELD
RESISTANCE & CRITICAL SPEED

AI M: To draw the magnetization characteristics of the given D.C.Shunt generator and
determine the 1) critical resistance 2) critical speed

APPARATUS:

S.NO NAME OF THE
APPARATUS
RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter (0-1A) MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300V) MC 1
3 Rheostat 1200/0.5A,
300/1.5A
Wire wound 2
4 Tachometer - Digital 1

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:

Fuse
10A F
1

AA
3 pt Starter
+
+
(0 300 V
(0 1 A )
MC
+
L
1

L
2

L
AA
Z
Z
Z
Z
Supply C D
V
.
220
2
F
DPST
switch
V
A
A 1 / 600
A 1.5 / 300
A
A F
A
MAGNETI SATI ON CHARACTERI STI CS OF D.C SHUNT GENERATOR
1200/0.5 A


22

THEORY:
Magnetization characteristic of DC shunt generator is defined as The flux Vs
Field current graph at constant speed. Since, the induced e.m.f. in a dc shunt generator is
directly proportional to the flux , at constant speed, induced e.m.f. Vs field current can be
defined as Magnetization characteristic

The magnetization characteristic can be divided into the following sections

ab: The induced voltage oa corresponds to the value at zero field current. This value is equal
to the induced voltage due to residual magnetism. In the section ab, the flux produced and
hence the induced voltage increases in proportion to the field current and therefore the
characteristic is a straight line.

bc: At b called the knee point, the core of the field starts getting saturated and the increase in
flux or induced voltage is not in proportional to the field current thereafter.
At the point C, the core is almost saturated and any further increase in field current does
not produce a change in the flux or EMF.
The critical resistance of the field winding is defined as the max. resistance of the field
above which the generator fails to excite at a given speed. This is obtained by drawing a
tangent to the magnetization or open circuit characteristics of the machine (o.c.c) shown in
fig.

The slope of the straight line od drawn in fig represent a particular value of the field
resistance. With this reistance increases the slope and the point d goes lower and finally
od becomes a tangent. This corresponds to the tangent to the magnetization characteristic.
Thus the resistance of the field corresponding to the gives the critical resistance.

For the given resistance of the shunt field corresponding to od, suppose the speed of the
machine is decreased. Evidently all the points in the magnetization move lower and for a
particular speed, od becomes a tangent to it. This speed is called speed of the generator.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram in fig 1.1
2. By means of the 3-point starter, start the set and adjust the speed to the rated value.
3. With the switch S open, note the reading of voltmeter (E). This gives the voltage induced
in the armature due to residual magnetism.
4.Close the switch S and gradually increase the field current by moving the jockey.At each
value of field current I
f
, note the corresponding changes in the induced voltage in the
armature (E) , ensuring constancy of speed throught.
5.Cotinue the procedure given in 4 above, till the induced voltage becomes nearly constant.
6.Repeat the procedure from 2 to 5 with decreasing values of field current.
7. Tabulate the results below.

Rated Speed =1500rpm



23

TABULAR FORM:

S.No I
f
(Amps)
increasing
Eo(V)

MODEL GRAPH:

TYPICAL PLOT OF E.M.F E VS I
F
OF A DC SHUNT GENERATOR



24

CALCULATI ONS AND GRAPHS:

1.Plot E V
s
I
f
both for increasing and decreasing values of field currents.
2. Find the critical resistance of the field and the critical speed as explained in theory.

RESULT:

QUIZ:

1. State three causes for d.c shunt generator to fail to excite.
2. What is armature reaction? What is its effect in a dc generator.
3. What is the function of interpoles.
4. What type of connection is used(lap or wave) for
(a) High current and low voltage
(b) Low current and high voltage
5. In a dc generator, the load current is 100amps. If the number of poles is 4, what is the
current in the armature conductors if it is
a) Lap wound
b) Wave wound.

Swinburne'S Test ON D.C. Shunt Machine. (Predetermination of Efficiency of Given D.C.Shunt Machine Working As Motor and Generator)

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Swinburne'S Test ON D.C. Shunt Machine. (Predetermination of Efficiency of Given D.C.Shunt Machine Working As Motor and Generator)

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ELECTRI CAL AND ELECTRONI CS ENGI NEERI NG LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRI CAL AND ELECTRONI CS ENGI NEERI NG

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