INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

FOR NORTHERN MELBOURNE INSTITUTE OF TAFE

GREENSBOROUGH CAMPUS MANAGE PLANT HEALTH

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR NMIT CAMPUS GREENSBOROUGH

PREPARED FOR CHRIS BERGEMANN & KIRAN BRICKS

SUBMISSION DATE: NOVEMBER 2008 WRITTEN BY: INAMDAR PARTH DAKSHESH

Contents
Contents..............................................................................................................................................4 Mission Statement...............................................................................................................................6 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................7 Policy statement..................................................................................................................................8 Site Analysis.......................................................................................................................................9 Main Entrance...................................................................................................................................10 Low pH Preferencial Garden............................................................................................................12 ......................................................................................................................................................14 Native Garden...................................................................................................................................14 Mixed shrubbery...............................................................................................................................17 Lawn Area: .......................................................................................................................................19 Amphitheatre.....................................................................................................................................21 Child Care Centre.............................................................................................................................23 Car Park............................................................................................................................................25 Staff and Visitors car park (Car park A).......................................................................................25 Staff car park (Car park B)............................................................................................................27 Student Car Park...........................................................................................................................30 Courtyard..........................................................................................................................................31 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)..................................................................................................33 An overview of Integrated Pest Management...................................................................................33 Managing Plant Health.....................................................................................................................34 Applied Controls:..........................................................................................................................34 Host Resistance: ...........................................................................................................................34 WEED MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................................36 Application........................................................................................................................................37 Control Strategies for Pest and Diseases:.........................................................................................38 Appendix...........................................................................................................................................45 Weed List......................................................................................................................................46 ..........................................................................................................................................................48 Reference..........................................................................................................................................49

Mission Statement
Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE (NMIT) has a commitment towards providing a work environment, where students and employees can meet their potential, while thriving in an atmosphere of educational excellence. NMIT acknowledges its obligation to ensuring it adheres and promotes environmentally sustainable and economically viable management practices that reflect industry best practices.

Introduction
The studies regarding the development of the Integrated Pest Management Report initiated by the starting of the year Feb 2008.Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. Greensborough campus is a leading Institute fin providing education and training programme in the west region of Melbourne. The Institute is located 25 km in north-east of Melbourne. This report fulfils the requirement for ground maintenance and Integrated Pest Management of the Greensborough campus and associated Child Care Centre. The grounds are also associated with significant asset along with the training commitment.

Policy statement
Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE recognises the need to design and implement a fully Integrated Pest Management (IPM) policy and program. The Institute will provide the necessary resources to carry out its responsibilities under this policy. NMIT recognises that these responsibilities are primarily to ensure that: No pest management activity adversely impacts on the wider community and the environment; Ongoing investigation and development of alternative, non-chemical means to combat pests are formally adopted into pest management practices.

The policy aims to maximise the use of various strategies and controls. Including chemicals which must play a supportive, rather than a disruptive role. IPM does not mean simply switching from chemical pesticides to organic pesticides. Nor does it mean eliminating the use of all chemical pesticides completely. Underpinning this philosophy is implementing a holistic approach to pest management that consider risks and environmental consequences of our actions.

Site Analysis
The Greensborough campus has been being divided into sites, according to its aesthetic value and perspective use of it. Along with this section of the report it specifies brief description regarding the site and its usage. The Greensborough Campus has been divided into sites based on criteria that includes: Aesthetic value Key Vegetation Size Physical boundaries Maintenance standards

Based for the criteria outline the following sites were established Low pH preferred plants Area Native garden Lawn area Cypress area Main entrance Mixed shrubbery Court yard Amphitheatre Car park

To assist in the development of this IPM plan, a comprehensive site analysis was undertaken. The objective was the site analysis was to determine the accurate status was plant health and maintenance standard and identify potential maintenance problems. Based on the data collected and presented in the following section of the report, strategies have been developed that meet the IPM principle use for the basis of the report.

Main Entrance

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Bin Light Sign board Water tab Direction Garden bed

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Description The Main Entrance is located to the Northeast of the campus and functions as the main focal point for visitors. It contains reasonably well maintained shrubberies. This garden is made for the aesthetic purpose, i.e. to increase the beauty of the campus, as it is the main entrance the paving would be the most important criteria along with the plants selection. Entry is via a number of access points, servicing the staff car park to the east main road and the car park to the north. Exposed to hot northerly wind during summer. Concrete wall along the western garden may contribute to plant damage caused by reflective heat. Soil properties The pH level of the garden is 6.5, which is good for the plants like this. Soil is not compacted. The soil type is Sandy Clay Loam, with following compositions: Sand 40% Clay 40% Loam 20% Key Vegetation Most of the plants over here are drought and frost tolerant, very well maintained at the priority level. Ophiopogon japonicus Hymenosporum flvum Gazania sp Hemerocallis Santolina chamaecyparissus Nandina domestica nana Coleonema pulchrum Brachychiton acerifolium Plant Health Status: Insects: Some plants are infested by Aphids Diseases: Poplar trees are infested by poplar rust. Weeds: Sonchus oleraceus Oxalis latifolia Polypogon monspeliensis Taraxacum officinale

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Low pH Preferencial Garden

Description It is situated between building A & B. This site is favourable for all the Acid loving soil plants. The garden is flat and it represents the aesthetic value as well as it provides the person a quite time in an outdoor location. The students sitting in the canteen have an attractive view. It is particularly recognized as the focal point between the buildings. As this site has been surrounded by the landscape it provides a very soft look to the site. After the tiring sessions students as well as the staff can relax in this garden. There is cement pathway at the periphery of the garden. And also there is a gravel pathway, which is present in the middle of the acid loving garden, which divides the garden in to two different beds. There is also a sitting arrangement present in the corner of the garden. Its full of acid loving plants as well as there is a pathway for building B to go for cafeteria. As it is situated between the buildings, it is not expose to winds and the full sun, semi shade is present. SOIL ANALYSES: Soil pH is 7.0-7.5 Which is too alkaline for the low pH plants. Preferred soil pH is 6.0-6.5. The infiltration rate is 47mm/55 seconds which is very good drainage of the soil. KEY VEGETATION: Rhododendron macrophyllum Azalea spp. Aspidistra elatior Anemone hupehensis Lagerstroemia indica Nandina domestica Loropetalum chinensis Helleborus orientalis Gardenia augusta

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Plant Health Status Insects: Red spider mite Aphids snails Weeds:Taraxacum officinale Galium aparine Oxalis latifolia Diseases: Powdery mildew

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Garden bed Bin Seat

Bamboo fence Pedestrian path Pedestrian path

Native Garden
Description Native garden is situated near the tools room; on the slope, along the road edge. Native plants being planted for the visual perspective. It is undulating and elevated, with a hard landscaping aesthetic value. There is also a type of crazy paving along with the sitting arrangements for the students, and for the staff. It is an open area with high wind and sun exposure. Best conditions for the native plants to grow. Soil Conditions: The infiltration rate is 5cm in 1min and 30 seconds. The pH level is about 6. Key vegetation: Callistemon vimminalis Eucalyptus caesia Themeda triandra 14

Eriostemon australasius Eragrostis curvula Eremophila maculate Poa labillardieri Corymbia maculata Eriostemon myoporoides Plant health status: Insects : Lerp insects in eucalyptus Scales Snails Disease: Ink Spot in Kangaroo paw Sooty mould in Eucalyptus Weeds: Poa annua Plantago lanceolata Euphorbia peplus Sonchus oleraceus Arctotheca calendula

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Garden bed Bin Pedestrian pathway Direction

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Mixed shrubbery
Description: This garden basically we can say the ornamental bed, the wind runs at a considerable rate. The present condition of the garden is comparatively well maintained. The problem we can say for the mulch, some more mulch needs to be applied. And pruning needs to be done. This area is having full sun, most of the day; the bed gets protection by the buildings. If we talk about the hard landscape features like paving surfaces, there is concrete paving in the middle of the garden. Sitting arrangements are also developed for the students and for the staff members. This comprises of one designed iron bench. Now about the edge treatments, one edge of the garden is attached to the building B, other to a concrete path, all the other side are exposed. As to keep the environment healthy there are also bins being kept at various positions. This area is presently used to increase the aesthetic value of the building and it also helps the students study about different plants and identifies them. Key vegetation Choisya ternate Magnolia grandiflora Correa reflexa Cornus capitata Clivia spp. Nandina domestica Brachychiton acerifolium Monstera deliciosa Aucuba japonica Omalanthus nutans Vitis coignetiae Euphorbia characias Feijoa sellowiana Soil analysis:pH level is 6.5 The soil in this garden is clayey.

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Plant Health Status Insects: Snails Slugs Aphids Beetles Diseases: Poplar rust in poplar trees, Sooty mould in Eucalyptus Weeds: Silybum marianum Plantago lanceolata Oxalis corniculata Taraxacum officinale Arctotheca calendula Sonchus oleraceus

Garden bed Pathway Seat

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Lawn Area:
Description: It is present in front of NMIT campus, very large open area where full sunlight is available, favourable conditions for lawn. It is elevated. It provides ornamental value to the campus; it is mainly used as a hang out area for the students during summer days. Best for the events, and during any campus ceremony. Best place for visual prospective. It is highly infested of all varieties of weeds; this area being divided by cypress plantation, along with this poplars hedge is also present. Too steep for different plantation. Best drainage is provided. Exposure of wind and full sun shine. Very little use of this site because it is too steep, so the boundary of activities are restricted. Used for weed identification. Also used by the student, during summer for a hangout. It has no paving or cement paving features, there is no sitting arrangements for the students. There is Poplar Avenue along the lawn area. Key Vegetation: Eucalyptus maculata Cupressus macrocarpa Acacia elongata Populus nigra Italica Themeda triandra Corymbia maculata Soil Analysis: The pH of the soil is 6, and the infiltration rate of the lawn area is 3-5cm in 3min and 35 seconds. Plant health Status: Weeds: Plantago lanceolata Oxalis corniculata Ehrharta erecta Echium plantagineum Arctotheca calendula Taraxacum officinale Insects: Snails Beetles Leaf hopper Diseases: Poplar rust in poplar trees Cypress canker in cypress trees Sooty mould in Eucalyptus

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Amphitheatre
Description: It is situated at the backside of cafeteria in building A.It is the terraced garden, with variety of plants grown there. The site is highly possessing ornamental value, and it performs the various functional uses such as student activities and events.Best for the events and college ceremony, for students hangout and also for taking lunch and it is the best place for smokers. Best place to sit during summer season. Benches are available to sit with comfort.Paving is not properly designed. Presence of noxious weeds and other types of weeds. Poplars are present around the periphery of the sitting arrangement. Wind exposure is good and semi shade is also available.Mainly used by the students for their lunch. It is also highly preferred by the smokers. For different ceremony and events. Best place for the students to attend or to perform any activities or events. A good place for the students and also for the staff to enjoy the warm summer days. More balanced plantations can be done. Change of variety And all types of modification is possible in this particular site. Soil Analysis: The infiltration rate is about 47mm in 50 seconds. The pH is about 8.5. Key vegetation: Coleonema pulchrum Canna indica Abelia grandiflora Cercis siliquastrum Lavandula dentata Agapanthus orientalis Stachys byzantine Solanum xanthocarpum

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Plant health status: Weeds: Plantago lanceolata Silybum marianum Oxalis corniculata Arctotheca calendula Taraxacum officinale Insects: Snails Slugs Beetles Disease: Poplar rust in poplar trees Sooty mould in Eucalyptus Sooty mould in Cercis siliquastrum

Garden bed Fence Bin Cigarette bin Seat Tree Light 22

Child Care Centre

Description: The Child Care Centre is located at the Southwest side of the campus. From the entrance it is on the left hand side of the Civic Drive. The elevation of the site is from North to South and the key vegetation of the site is the native plants. It provides aesthetic value as well as enhances the visual perception for people arriving on campus as well as on Child Care Centre. Key vegetation: Correa baeuerlenii Chefs Cap Acacia cognate Lambertia formosa Correa alba Leptospermum rotundifolia Grevillea lanigera dwarf Melaleuca fulgens Prostanthera rotundifolia Rosa spp. Callistemon vimminalis Pulchrum aurea Soil Analysis: pH is 6. The infiltration rate of garden soil is 8 mm in 5 mins. Plant Health Status: Weeds: Plantago lanceolata Arctotheca calendula Sonchus oleraceus Silybum marianum Insects: Aphids in Rosa spp. Thrips Snails Diseases: Black sooty mould Black spot in rose

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Car Park
Description: The following car park can be divided in to three different areas such as: 1. Staff and Visitors car park (Car park A) 2. Staff car park (Car park B) 3. Student car park (Car park C)

Staff and Visitors car park (Car park A) Description: This car park is located at the Northeast side of the campus near the main entrance. This parking is only for the campus staff and visitors. It is exposed to sun and it possess the hedge of Cypress trees. Soil analysis: The soil pH is 6.5 in planting area. The infiltration rate of soil is 47 mm in 50 seconds. Clay loam soil

Key Vegetation: Cupressus macrocarpa Eucalyptus maculata Populus nigra Italica Agapanthus orientalis Plant Health Status: Weeds: Hypochoeris radicata Plantago lanceolata Sonchus oleraceous Oxalis corniculata Insects: Snails Scales Diseases: Poplar rust in Populus nigra Italica Cypress canker in Cupressus macrocarpa 25

Garden bed Light Sign board of Give Way

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Staff car park (Car park B) Description: This car park is located at the north side of the Campus. This car parking is adjoining both entrance of Campus . This parking area is for students, campus staff and disabled persons. It is exposed to the cool southerly winds and screening with Cypress trees and with concrete edging. Soil Analysis: Soil pH is 6.0 in planting area. Clay loam soil Key Vegetation:

Artemisia arborescens Santolina spp. Cupressus macrocarpa Calendula officinalis Rosa spp. Eschscholzia californica Rosmarinus officinalis Acacia floribunda

Plant Health Status: Weeds: Sonchus oleraceous Insects: Aphids in Rosa spp. Snails Diseases: Cypress canker in Cupressus macrocarpa

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B Light Sign board of Give Way

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Student Car Park Description: This car park is located at the Southwest side of the campus. It is near the entrance from Civic Drive. This parking area is divided in four terraced sections. This parking area is for students. Its a low profile area, surrounded by Cypress tress, elevation is from North to South. Soil Analysis: Clay loam soil in garden beds, 6.0 6.5 pH in planting area. Key Vegetation: Cupressus macrocarpa Populus nigra Italica Eucalyptus maculate Plumbago auriculata Coleonema pulchrum

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Courtyard
Description: It is just situated behind the student lounge of building B. We can also consider it as student lounge garden by the car park. It is a flat ornamental garden, with lots of varieties of ferns and hanging plants. This site is specifically is in good situation In comparison to other sites. Lots of ornamental plantations is being done. Sitting arrangements are pretty well for the students as well as for the staff members. There are several hanging pots present on this site. There is also a small water feature, in this site. Semi shaded area and also less exposed to wind. Mainly used by the students for their lunch. Key Vegetation: Gingko biloba Omalanthus nutans Nephrolepis cordifolia Agave attenuata Viola hederacea Pistia stratiotes

Soil Analysis: Soil pH is 6.0-6.5 in planting area

Plant Health Status: No major Weeds or Diseases are detected. Insects: Snails Slugs Aphids Beetles

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

It is strategy which encourages the reduction of pesticide use by employing a variety of pest control options in combination to contain or manage pests below their economic injury levels. These options include:

Biological control Cultural control Varietal selection Chemical control.

An overview of Integrated Pest Management

Understanding pest life cycles Monitoring pest population levels Predicting pest population levels Natural controls Biological control Cultural control Host resistance Physical control Chemical control.

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Managing Plant Health

Whenever you try to control a pest, you will want to achieve one of these three goals or a combination of them: 1) Prevention - keeping a pest from becoming a problem. Prevention is possible where pests are predictable under certain circumstances. 2) Suppression - reducing pest numbers or damage to an acceptable level. Suppression is a common goal in many situations. The intent is to keep the number of pests below an acceptable level to prevent damage. 3) Eradication - destroying an entire pest population. Eradication is very difficult and often impossible in outdoor situations. Often, prevention and suppression are applied together to control a pest. Applied Controls: Host resistance Biological control Mechanical control Chemical control

Host Resistance:
1) Chemicals in the host repel the pest or prevent the pest from completing its life cycle; 2) The host is more vigorous or tolerant than other varieties and thus less likely to be seriously damaged by pest attacks, and; 3) The host has physical characteristics that make it more difficult to attack. Biological control: Involves the use of natural enemiesparasites, predators, and pathogens. Biological control usually does not eradicate a pest. The degree of control fluctuates. There is a time lag between a pest populations increase and a corresponding increase in natural control. But, under proper conditions, sufficient control can be achieved to eliminate the threat to the plant or animal to be protected. Mechanical control: Alter the environment, the host plant or animal, and the pest through use of physical controls. Traps, screens, barriers, fences, nets, radiation, and electricity sometimes are used to prevent the spread of pests. Lights, heat, and refrigeration can alter the environment enough to suppress or eradicate some pest populations. Altering the amount of water, including humidity, can control some pests, especially insects and disease agents.

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Chemical control: To destroy pests, control their activities, or prevent them from causing damage is commonplace. Some pesticides either attract or repel pests. Chemicals that regulate plant growth or remove foliage also are classified as pesticides. Disinfectants and other common household chemicals are classified as pesticides as well. Pesticides are generally the fastest way to control pests.

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WEED MANAGEMENT
Weed management is the most important feature that is being taken in to consideration in the report along with the Pest management, because weed is one of the major pest can be found easily. Many procedures and methods are available to manage the effects of weeds.

The most effective means of weed control are Prevention, Early detection, Eradication, In the event that weeds become established, procedures and methods for weed control are available to reduce their impact.

Once the initial infestation is controlled, follow-up monitoring and control is required to ensure that reinfestation does not occur. The most effective method of dealing with weeds. Once a weed has entered an area and become established, eradication is far more expensive. The first step in weed prevention--- preventing the entry of weed. One should take the steps well in advance for the control of the weeds. The steps should be taken early in the stages when their is less number of weeds are present.

Early detection and eradication requires an awareness and understanding of the factors that favour the establishment and spread of weeds, and applying appropriate management practices that can prevent or reduce the risks

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Application
A pest is defined anything that causes, nuisance or annoyance. One should understand the level of impact caused by the pest and think, that whether the following procedure is worth or not. The problem always vary, sometimes it can be expensive and dangerous while on the other hand it can be with much less priority. The problem with higher priority, it demands quick effective control.

Monitoring: Regular observation is the cornerstone of IPM. Visual inspection, insect and spore traps, and other measurement methods are used to monitor pest levels. Record-keeping is essential.

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Control Strategies for Pest and Diseases:

Aphids They are the common pest in gardens. They are the sap sucking insects, and they develop the colonies within short period of time. Aphids mainly affect the parts of plants like flower buds, shoots and defoliation of the plant. Cultural Control The fertilizer with low nitrogen percentage should be sprayed. The frequency of the application for the fertilizer should be lowered. Forceful spray of water is often enough. Squashing a few aphids around the infested plants releases chemical signal makes the other aphids drop from the plants.

Biological Control Ladybirds are the natural predators for the aphids. The another biological control agent is Aphidius colemani The other predators such as, hoverflies and their larvae, Lace wings and small birds.

Chemical control Try a barrier of Powder Charcoal, Calcium dust, Bonemeal. Use spray made from tea of tomato or potato leaves and water. Bayer Confidor Plant Insecticide Aerosol, plants absorb the chemical and it is transported to the other parts of plants, and it controls the other pest and insects. Yates Folimat Garden Insecticide, it is not appropriate to spray during rain or forceful winds.

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Snails and Slugs They affect the tubers, leaves, plant seeds and often result in death of the plant. Cultural Control It is recommended to collect them in a plastic bag and crush them. Seal them and dispose them off. By collecting snails it will make an immediate dent in their population. Late evening is the best time to collect them. They prefer moist area out of the sun. You can create a barrier for them, by copper tape or copper plate, they hate to overcome copper.

Biological Control For the biological control some beetles are considered to be beneficial at certain stage. For the Better control of the snail, ducks are considered to be one of the best biological control agents.

Chemical control Thrips They are visible to the naked eyes; their colour varies from white to yellow to black. Size of the thrips is 0.5-15mm. Cultural Control Pruning and regular weeding will keep thrips away from the plant. For Higher priority situation, Iron Phosphate is recommended, although it took longer time for the result. Use of the organic spray should be used.

Biological Control Megaphragma mymaripenne and Ceranisus sp. are the parasites to kill thrips Spiders will also attack the thrips.

Chemical Control 39

The spray of petroleum oil will affect the thrips. Yates Bug Gun is a low toxic insecticide based on natural pyrethrum daisy extract to control thrips. Spray as soon as insects are visible and repeat at weekly intervals or as required.

Scale Scale insects are typically small, averaging about 2-3 mm in length. They feed by sucking sap from plant tissue, Severe infestations of scale insects can result in defoliation and retardation of the plants growth and even in the death of the plant. They affect the plants including ferns, conifers and flowering plants Cultural Control Spray oil or soap water. Remove the affected part of the plant. Wipe the affected part of the plant, by using the cloth.

Biological Control The Scale Eating Ladybird (Rhyzobius lophanthae) and lacewings are also used to control scales. The wasps Aphytis melinus, Aphytis lignanensis, and Comperiella spp. are used to control scale insects.

Chemical Control Natrasoap is a soap spray made from potassium derived from vegetable oils. It works by blocking the insects breathing pores and dissolving its outer covering, resulting in dehydration. Do not apply, when temperatures are above 30C. Application rate is 10-20 ml per litre of water.

Red Spider Mite They affect the plants by feeding the chlorophyll, they are yellowish-green with two dark spots on their back, while in autumn it turns reddish-orange, thei common name is red spider. Cultural Control Prune the affected part of the plant, and remove it if it is highly infected. Use the high pressure water spray and also with appropriate irrigation. Shack the shoots regularly.

Biological Control 40

To control it large numbers of predators are present such as,

Phytoseiulus persimilis Typhlodromus occidentalis Hoverflies Black ladybird Stethorus spp. Predatory Thrips Chemical Control Use dormant oil at regular intervals Spray of insecticidal soap water to the affected area of the plant, 3-4times a week.

Beetles They are responsible for severe physical disorder of the plant, such as die back and and defoliation of the plant. Cultural Control Remove infested plants Manual handling is preferable for the easy knock off for the beetles. Dont do planting in the infested soil.

Biological Control Predators like flies feed on them.

Chemical Control Use Confidor (imidacloprid) and dimethoate at( 400g/L) to control beetles.

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Leaf hopper Leafhoppers are sapsuckers which feed on the leaves, twigs and branches of the host tree. Cultural Control Water plants properly.

Biological Control Predators such as tree-climbing lizards, spiders, hoverflies, assassin bugs, lacewings and ladybird beetles feed on leafhoppers. Eggs and nymphs are parasitized by tiny Chalcid wasps.

Chemical Control Small trees can be spray with a contact spray such as endosulphan. Sever infestations on large trees can be controlled by injecting the trunk with dimethoate.

Black Spot This diseases is mainly found in Roses. The diseas is mainly found on leaves of the plants. Cultural Control Prune the infected branches/part of the plant. Remove the diseased fallen leaves Over fertilizing can reverse the effect for the plant. At the early stages, clean up the garden. Remove the dead leaves, by this the ability for the fungus to breed will be denied. Biological Control Grow resistant varieties of the plants. Chemical Fertilizer The spray of dormant oil or sulphur oil is recommended. Along with it, baking soda along with the soap water is also used. Do not rely on only one spray for rose protection, but continue to use several in rotation. We can also use Yates Rose Gun Chemical spray for this. 42

Sooty mould In this plant is covered by this fungus all over it. Cultural Control Clean the garden, dont leave any plant debris. Forceful water spray will clean the surface of the plant and it will help the plant to produce more food, and the resistance will increase. Clean the plant surface with water, or any other nontoxic and less poisonous spray. Keep the infected plant or the wooden, away from the plants. Biological Control Remove the Infected parts of the plants. Grow resistant varieties.

Chemical Control Bayer Confidor can be used. We can put Glue or the plastic around the trunk of the plant. Spray the oil that is available to the market for the pest and the insects.

Poplar Rust This disease is mainly found in poplars. The yellow orange pustules 1-2mm are found on the leaf of Poplars. Cultural Control Remove the infested fallen leaves. Growing resistant varieties. Prune the infected branches.

Cypress Canker This disease particularly affects the branches of the tree. The symptoms of this disease are as follows; die back of the branches, Yellowing of the foliage and sometimes it results death of the plant. Control Prune the infected part of the plant. Remove the infected foliage. Use the sterilized tools. 43

Powdery mildew The following plants are affected by this diseases; azalea, begonia, chrysanthemum. Cultural Control Maintain the distance between the plant canopy, for the exposure of the foliage to sunlight. Prune the infected part of the plant. Destroy infected foliage.

Biological Control Use resistant varieties. Ladybirds are one of the natural predators for powdery mildew.

Chemical Control Use of the Fungicide Mancozeb Plus Lime sulphur

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Appendix

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Weed List

BOTANICAL NAME Oxalis corniculata Pennisetum clandestinum Plantago lanceolata Poa annua Polygonum aviculare Rumex sp. Solanum nigrum Sonchus oleraceus Taraxacum officinale Trifolium repens Cynara cardunculus Echium plantagineum Ehrharta erecta Oxalis latifolia Poa annua Rubus fruticosus

COMMON NAME Creeping Oxalis Kikuyu Ribwort plantain Wintergrass Wireweed Dock Black nightshade Sow thistle Dandelion White Clover Artichoke Thistle Patersons Curse Panic Veldt Grass Fishtail Oxalis Winter Grass Blackberry

LIFE CIRCLE Perennial Perennial Biennial Annual Annual Perennial Annual Annual Perennial Annual Perennial Annual Perennial Perennial Annual Perennial

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Material Safety Data Sheet

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Reference

Books Reference: Integrated Pest Management Plan City of Calgary Plant Protection 1 Pests, Diseases and Weeds Plant Protection 2 Methods of Control Websites Reference: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. www.google.com www.yates.com.au/produts/pestcontrol www.multicrp.com.au/pest www.greenharvest.com.au/pestcontrol/scale www.abc.net.au/gardening www.dpi.qld.com.au www.pir.sa.gov.au/forestry/leafhopper www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/fcp/sc/tree http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_pest_management#How_IPM_works www.science.org.au/nova/041/041key

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