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JPEG 2000
2000 JPEG 2000
As stated by the Joint Photographic
Expert Group (JPEG):
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index
Benefits
Profiles by Application B
How JPEG 2000 Works C
JPEG 2000 Implementation D
References - Glossary - Useful Links E
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License-Free 3
Improved Compression Efficiency 4
Mathematically Lossless Compression 5
Graceful Degradation 6
Scalability 7
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 9
JPEG 2000 Scalability and Adaptive Reception 9
Benefits
Robust Transmission 10
Easy Post-Production 11
Region of Interest (ROI) 12
Low Latency 13
Constant Quality through Multiple Generations 14
Encoding - Decoding Processing Power 15
Open Standard 15
Codec’s Comparison Chart 16
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License-Free
The JPEG committee has stated:
“It has always been a strong goal of the JPEG com-
mittee that its standards should be implementable
in their baseline form without payment of royalty and
license fees.
A
[...]
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Improved Compression
Efficiency
ORIGINAL IMAGE COMPRESSED WITH JPEG IMAGE COMPRESSED WITH JPEG 2000
WITH A 100 TO 1 COMPRESSION RATIO WITH A 100 TO 1 COMPRESSION RATIO
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Graceful Degradation
In JPEG 2000 the effect of image compression is a Contrary to JPEG and MPEG compression formats
soft blur on high-frequency areas. there are no visible blocking artefacts in JPEG 2000,
hence its more homogeneous or graceful image de-
gradation at high compression ratios.
IMAGE COMPRESSED WITH JPEG 2000 IMAGE COMPRESSED WITH JPEG 2000
WITH A 2:1 COMPRESSION RATIO WITH A COMPRESSION RATIO OF 400:1
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Quality Progression
Scalability
A coding format is said to be scalable when the user
is able to extract multiple versions out of a single
compressed file. JPEG 2000 offers resolution, color Resolution Progression
component, quality and position progression scalability.
A
COMPRESSION
Position Progression
STORAGE
Component Progression
This scalability provides many benefits, such as:
Easy proxy generation
Region of Interest
Bandwidth optimization and adaptive transmission
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100% ACCESS
64% ACCESS
29% ACCESS
2% ACCESS
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Robust Transmission
JPEG 2000 intrinsic robustness prevents having Furthermore, its intra-frame nature also gives JPEG
dramatic visual impact when some packets are mis- 2000 another advantage to long-GOP formats:
sing or corrupted. it limits the impact of the missing or corrupt packet
to a single frame.
EMBEDDED ERROR OF 16 BYTES SET TO ZERO ON A JPEG 2000 IMAGE: EMBEDDED ERROR OF 16 BYTES SET TO ZERO ON A JPEG IMAGE:
THE RESULT IS A HALF IMAGE CORRUPTED WITH SOFT HIGH FREQUENCIES THE RESULT IS A HALF IMAGE WITH A DRAMATIC LOSS IN COLOR QUALITY
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Easy Post-Production
Easy-Proxy Easy Editing
Resolution scalability facilitates post-production Intra-frame coding enables editors to easily
data flow. access each frame without needing to decode
From a single file depository the editors can entire groups of frames as in the case of long-
easily extract a proxy for editing and color cor- GOP compression formats.
rection and use the full resolution image version A
for the rendering chain.
SERVER
e e
e
ORIGINAL ON LINE RENDERING
e e
EDL CONFORMATION
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LOW QUALITY AREA
1212
Region
of Interest (ROI)
JPEG 2000 is also able to prioritize a user defined
area of the image, to which it will provide the full
quality layer.
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Low Latency
The intra-frame nature of JPEG2000 allows every fra-
me to be encoded independently. Combined with the
scalability by position, it allows latency of less than 1
frame for the full encoding-decoding process.
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Constant Quality
through
Multiple Generations
JPEG 2000 does not introduce image corruption
other than that directly related to the compression
process.
ORIGINAL UNCOMPRESSED IMAGE IMAGE AFTER 100 SUCCESSIVE JPEG 2000 ENCODING-DECODING PASSES
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Successive encoding-decoding passes are usually On the other hand, the MPEG compression-decom-
required throughout the Broadcast and Digital pression process introduces additional degradation
Cinema post-production processing chain. at each step, creating a cumulative deterioration of
the image.
Using JPEG 2000 the image quality is preserved
throughout the production process. Furthermore,
the wavelet based JPEG 2000 compression does
not interfere with the final, usually DCT based,
broadcast format.
A
IMAGE QUALITY
(PSNR)
ORIGINAL QUALITY
INITIAL COMPRESSION LOSS
MPEG ENCODING
JPEG 2000 ENCODING
1 2 3 4 5
NUMBER OF ENCODING/DECODING PASSES
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Codec’s
JPEG
MPEG2
JPEG 2000
MPEG4-AVC
Comparison Chart
LEGEND:
MPEG4-AVC-intra Compression Efficiency
Inter-Frame Coding
intra-Frame Coding
POOR OR NONE Lossless Compression
Error Resilience
Scalability
Graceful Degradation
Region of Interest
MEDIUM
Low Latency
Multigeneration Robustness
Encoder Simplicity
Decoder Simplicity
HIGH
DVD, DVB
DVD, DVB
Production
Still Picture
Main Applications
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by Application
Digital Cinema Distribution 20
Digital Cinema Archiving 21
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Mono 8
Quality HD YUV 4:2:2 10
Resolution 2K XYZ 4:4:4 12 Math Lossless >1Gps
Position 4K RGB 16 Near Lossless Max 1Gps
Component 2K+ RGBA Visually Lossless < 250 Mbps
4K+ Lossy <100 Mbps
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Pre-processing 23
Rate Control 28
Data Ordering 28
Codestream Syntax 29
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PRE- WAVELET
IMAGE COMPRESSION RATE CONTROL DATA ORDERING CODESTREAM
PROCESSING TRANSFORM
Pre-processing C
The pre-processing block mainly deals with color ICT (Irreversible Color Transform)
conversion (or decorrelation; RGB to YUV ): RCT (Reversible Color Transform)
PRE- WAVELET
IMAGE COMPRESSION RATE CONTROL DATA ORDERING CODESTREAM
PROCESSING TRANSFORM
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PRE- WAVELET
IMAGE COMPRESSION RATE CONTROL DATA ORDERING CODESTREAM
PROCESSING TRANSFORM
LL 2 HL 2
L1 LL 1 HL 1 HL 1
LH 2 HH 2
LL 0
H1 LH 1 HH 1 LH 1 HH 1
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Result: 4 subbands with the upper left one containing ... Successive decompositions are applied on the low
all low frequencies. frequencies.
HL2
LOWER VERTICAL
RESOLUTION HL1 HIGH HL1
IMAGE FREQUENCIES
LH2 HH2
C
HORIZONTAL DIAGONAL
HIGH
FREQUENCIES
LH1 HH1 HIGH
FREQUENCIES
LH1 HH1
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Compression of the
Wavelet Coefficients
By itself the Wavelet Transform does not compress Once the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) has been
image data; it restructures the image information so applied, the output is quantified. The quantized data is
that it is easier to compress. then encoded in the Entropy Coding Unit (ECU).
COMPRESSION
PRE- WAVELET ROI ENTROPY
IMAGE RATE CONTROL DATA ORDERING CODESTREAM
PROCESSING TRANSFORM CODING
QUANT. UNIT
C
The Entropy Coding Unit
The Entropy Coding Unit is composed of a Coeffi- the more probable events and longer code-words to
cient Bit Modeler and the Arithmetic Coder itself. the less probable ones.
The Arithmetic Coder removes the redundancy in the The Bit Modeler estimates the probability of each
encoding of the data. It assigns short code-words to possible event at each point in the coding stream.
QUANTIFIED
COEFICIENT
COEFICIENT
BIT MODEL e ARITHMETIC
CODING
COMPRESSED
IMAGE DATA
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Rate Control
Given a targeted bit-rate, the Rate-Control module
adjusts the coding precision of each pixel (actually
small groups of pixels: the code-blocks)
PRE- WAVELET
IMAGE COMPRESSION RATE CONTROL DATA ORDERING CODESTREAM
PROCESSING TRANSFORM
Data Ordering
The data ordering module embeds all groups of In the last ‘data ordering’ block the preferred scala-
pixels in a succession of Packets. These Packets, bility (or progression order) is selected.
along with additional headers, form the final JPEG
2000 code-stream.
PRE- WAVELET
IMAGE COMPRESSION RATE CONTROL DATA ORDERING CODESTREAM
PROCESSING TRANSFORM
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Codestream Syntax
Tile-body (Data)
C
Packet Code-block i Code block n
SOP EPH ...
header Entropic Data Entropic Data
JPEG 2000
Implementation
Implementation
According to the application need JPEG 2000 will be ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) are
implemented in software or hardware. usually used in large volume applications such as video
surveillance.
Software processing is generally used when working
with still or low resolution pictures. FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) com-
bine the flexibility of software processing with
Hardware processing is used where image size,
the power of the ASIC hardware implementa-
image quality, or the number of images to process
tion and are an ideal solution for lower volume
per second requires higher performance.
applications.
Hardware solutions, including ASIC and FPGA, offer
convenient processing platforms.
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Implementation
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References
ISO, JPEG 2000 International Standard Special issue on JPEG 2000, Signal Processing:
Image Communication. Elsevier, Volume 17,
D. Taubman and M. Marcellin: Issue 1, January 2002.
JPEG 2000: Image compression fundamentals,
standards and practice, Boston, Kluwer Acade- Illustrations from pages 6 and 14:
mic Publishers. November 2001. Elephants Dream, the open source animation
movie. http://www.elephantsdream.org
D. Taubman:
High performance scalable image processing Illustrations from pages 4, 8 and 10:
with EBCOT. IEEE Trans. on Image processing. DCI’s Standard Evaluation Material (StEM):
July 2000. http://www.dcimovies.com
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Glossary
Intra-Frame formats: FPGA:
Coding formats that encode each frame inde- Stands for “Field-Programmable Gate Array”;
pendently without taking into account previous a semiconductor device containing reprogram-
or next frames in the sequence e.g. JPEG, mable logic blocks.
JPEG 2000, MPEG-4-AVC intra, etc.
ASIC:
Inter-Frame formats: Stands for “Application-Specific Integrated Cir-
Coding formats that exploit the temporal redun- cuit”.It is an integrated circuit customized for a
dancy of a sequence by using information appea- particular use, rather than intended for a gene-
ring in adjacent frames e.g. MPEG2, MPEG4, ral-purpose use.
MPEG-4-AVC, etc.
GOP:
Stands for “Group Of Pictures” i.e. the number Useful Links
of pictures that an Inter-Frame format needs to
Single chip JPEG 2000 codecs: www.intopix.com
perform the coding.
Joint Photographic Experts Group: www.jpeg.org
E
JPEG 2000 on Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_2000
The open source JPEG 2000 codec:
www.openjpeg.org
Official DCI web site: www.dcimovies.com © intoPIX
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