Disorders of the Endocrine System

Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Thyroxin
Overactivity (Too much hormone) - Increased metabolic rate - Increased food intake but loss of weight - Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease) - Goitre (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)

Goitre

Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Thyroxin
Underactivity (Not enough hormone)
Hypothyroidism (Hashimotos disease) Reduced metabolic rate Low food intake but gain of weight Myxoedema (when onset in adults) Cretinism (when onset in children) Can also cause a goitre

Myxoedema
Puffiness (swelling) Fatigue Obesity Dry, thickened skin Mental impairment Thin, brittle hair

Cretinism
Protuberant abdomen Short Stature Infertility Neurological impairment Constant Fatigue Obesity

Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Calcitonin Overactivity - Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca - Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or cramps)

Underactivity - Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca - Osteoporosis (brittle bones) - Kidney stones

Parathyroid Glands
Hormone: Parathormone (PTH)
Underactivity - Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca - Tetany

Overactivity - High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca - Osteoporosis

Pancreas
Hormone: Insulin
Overactivity - Low blood sugar level ( BSL) - Hypoglycemia Underactivity - High blood sugar level ( BSL) - Hyperglycemia - Diabetes

Pancreas
Hormone: Glucagon
Overactivity - High blood sugar level ( BSL) - Diabetes

Underactivity - Low blood sugar level ( BSL) - Hyper insulinism

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Hormone: Growth Hormone
Overactive
- Giantism (children - very tall) - Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken)

Underactive
- Dwarfism (very short)

Giantism
The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft, 2.5 inches tall

Acromegaly

Dwarfism
Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism Lorrain and Frohlichs

CHART ANSWERS

Thyroxin increases metabolic rate

Overactive Goitre Hyperthyroidism Graves Disease Underactive Goitre Hypothyroidism Hashimotos Disease Myxoedema (adults) Cretinism (kids)

Calcitonin Inc. Ca uptake by bones and dec. Ca level in blood

Overactive Tetany Underactive Kidney Stones Osteoporosis

Parathormone (PTH) inc. Ca level in blood, dec. Ca level in bone

Overactive Kidney Stones Osteoporosis Underactive Tetany

Insulin dec. blood sugar levels

Overactive Hypoglycemia Hyperinsulinism (insulin shock) Underactive Hyperglycemia Diabetes

Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone

Calcitonin Over Reactivity Blood Ca Tetany Blood Ca Parathormone Blood Ca Osteoporosis Kidney Stones Blood Ca

Under Reactivity

Blood Ca Osteoporosis Kidney Stones

Blood Ca Tetany

Glucagon inc. blood sugar levels

Overactive Hyperglycemia Diabetes Underactive Hypoglycemia Hyperinsulinism

Insulin vs Glucagon
Insulin Over Reactivity BSL Hypoglycemia BSL Glucagon BSL Hyperglycemia Diabetes BSL

Under Reactivity

BSL Hyperglycemia Diabetes

BSL Hypoglycemia

GH - Growth Hormone increases bone growth

Overactive Giantism (children) Acromegaly (adults) Underactive Dwarfism (Frohlichs and Lorrain)

MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone causes color cells (melanocytes) in skin to darken
Overactive Skin darkens Under active Skin will not darken Most severe condition is albinism

LH, FSH, ICTH sex hormones in males and females that aid in sperm or egg (gamete) production
Overactive Unknown Underactive Sterility

Corticoids inc. blood pressure, inc. food metabolism and dec. inflammation
Overactive Cushings Syndrome Underactive Addisons Disease Decreased cortisol and/or aldosterone production