Electrical Engineerig Lab Manual-IIECE

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EEE Dept, BVRIT.
Electrical Engineering Lab
Padmasri Dr B V Raju Institute of Technology Narsapur, Medak (Dt)-502313.
Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual II B.Tech II-Sem (ECE) 2011-2012
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Instructions to the students to conduct an experiment:
1. Students are supposed to come to the lab with preparation, proper dress code and the set of tools required (1. Cutter, 2. Tester (small size), 3. Plier (6-Inches)). 2. Dress code: Boys: Shoe & Tuck. Girls: Apron & Cut shoe. 3. Dont switch on the power supply without getting your circuit connections verified. 4. Disciplinary action can be taken in the event of mishandling the equipment or switching on the power supply without faculty presence. 5. All the apparatus taken should be returned to the Lab Assistant concerned, before leaving the lab. 6. You have to get both your Observation book and your Record for a particular experiment corrected well before coming to the next experiment. Guidelines to write your Observation book: 1. Experiment title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be right side. 2. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations table should be left side. 3. Theoretical and model calculations can be any side as per convenience. 4. Result should always be at the end (i.e. there should be nothing written related to an experiment after its result). 5. You have to write the information for all the experiments in your observation book. 6. You are advised to leave sufficient no of pages between successive experiments in your observation book for the purpose of theoretical and model calculations.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB
II B.Tech II SEM ECE (A&B) 2011-2012 List of Experiments 1. Verification of KCL & KVL. 2. Series & Parallel resonance-Timing, Resonant frequency, Bandwidth and Q-factor determination for RLC network. 3. Time response of first order RC/RL network for periodic non sinusoidal input-Time constant and steady state error determination. 4. Two port network parameters-Z, Y, ABCD and h-Parameters. 5. Verification of Superposition and Reciprocity theorems. 6. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer theorem. 7. Experimental verification of Thevenins and Nortons theorems. 8. Magnetization characteristics of D.C. Shunt Generator. 9. Swinburnes Test on a DC Shunt Motor. 10. Brake test on DC a Shunt Motor. 11 O C & SC Tests on a 1- Transformer. 12. Load test on a 1- Transformer.
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Expt No: 1 Verification of KVL and KCL.
Aim: To verify Kirchhoffs Voltage Law and and Kirchhoffs Current Law theoretically and practically. Apparatus: S.No 1. Name of the equipment Voltmeters Range Type Quantity
2. 3. 4. Theory:
Ammeters
Multimeter Connecting wires as per need
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Circuit Diagram of KVL:
V1 + _ V + V2 _ V + V3 _ V
+ + VS V _ VS
Fig-1
Circuit Diagram of KCL:

I1 + I + _ A I2 + + VS A _ _ A
Fig-2
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Procedure: 1. To verify KVL, Connections are made as shown in the Fig-1
2. Supply is given to the circuit and the readings of the voltmeters are noted down. 3. Kirchhoffs Voltage law can be verified by Vs=V1+V2+V3. 4. To verify KCL, Connections are made as shown in the Fig-2. 5. Supply is given to the circuit and the readings of the Ammeters are noted down. 6. Kirchhoffs Current law can be verified by I=I1+I2. Theoretical Calculations:
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Observations Table: Vs Theoretical Values Practical Values V1 V2 V3 V1+V2+V3 I I1
I2
I1 +I2
Precautions: 1. Making loose connections are to be avoided. 2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.
Result:
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Expt. No: 2 Series and Parallel resonance
Aim: To verify Resonant Frequency, Bandwidth & Quality factor of RLC Series and Parallel Resonant circuits. Apparatus: S.No 1. 2. 3. Theory: Name of the equipment Multimeter Series and parallel resonance kit Connecting wires as per need Range Type Quantity
Theoretical Calculations: Formulae Required. Series Resonance:
1 2 LC XL 2 foL = 2. Quality factor, Q = R R fo 3. Bandwidth, BW = Q Parallel Resonance:

1. Resonant frequency, f o =
1 1 R2 2 2 LC L R R = 2. Quality factor, Q = XL 2 foL f 3. Bandwidth, BW = o Q

1. Resonant frequency, f o =
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Procedure: Series Resonance:
1. Circuit is connected as shown in the fig (1). 2. A fixed voltage is applied to the circuit through function generator. 3. The frequency is varied in steps and the corresponding ammeter reading is noted down as Is. 4. A graph is drawn between frequency f and current Is. Resonant frequency (fo) and Half power frequencies (f1, f2) are marked on the graph. 5. Bandwidth = (f2-f1.) & Quality factor values.
Q = f0 BW
are found from the graph.
6. Practical values of Resonant Frequency, Q-factor and Bandwidth are compared with theoretical
Parallel Resonance:
1. Circuit is connected as shown in the fig (2) 2. A fixed voltage is applied to the circuit through function generator. 3. The frequency is varied in steps and the corresponding ammeter reading is noted down as Ip. 4. A graph is drawn between frequency f and current Ip. Resonant Frequency (fo) and Half power frequencies (f1, f2) are marked on the graph. 5. Bandwidth = (f2-f1.) & Quality factor values.
Q = f0 BW
are found from the graph.
6. Practical values of Resonant Frequency, Q-factor and Bandwidth are compared with theoretical
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Circuit Diagram of Series Resonance:
Function generator
Is
Fig-1
Model Graph:
IS
I max I max
f1
fo
f2
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Circuit Diagram of Parallel Resonance:
A Function generator
Ip
Fig-2
Model Graph:
IP
2 I min
I min
f1 fo f2 f
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Observations:
Series Resonance
S.No. Frequency (f) Current(Is) S.No.
Parallel Resonance
Frequency (f) Current(Ip)
Result Table:
Series Resonance Theoretical Resonant frequency(f0) Bandwidth(BW) Quality factor(Q)

12
Parallel Resonance Theoretical Practical
Practical
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13
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Precautions:
1. Making loose connections are to be avoided. 2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.
Result:
14
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Expt. No:3
Time response of Series RL and RC circuits Aim: To draw the time response of first order series RL and RC network for periodic NonSinusoidal function and verify the time constant. Apparatus: S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Theory:
Function generator Decade Resistance box Decade Inductance box Decade Capacitance box CRO CRO probes Connecting wires
1 1 1 1 1 1 As required
Theoretical Calculations:
Formulae required: For RL Series circuit, Time constant, =

For RC Series circuit, Time constant,
L R
= RC
15
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Circuit diagrams: Series RL Circuit
Function Generator
To CRO
Fig-1
Series RC Circuit
Function Generator
To CRO
Fig-2
Model Graph:
Vin
t VL t
VC t
16
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Procedure:
Series RL Circuit: 1. Connections are made as shown in the fig-1. 2. Input voltage (Square wave) is set to a particular value. 3. The waveform of voltage across inductor is observed on CRO and the waveform is drawn on a graph sheet. 4. The time constant is found from the graph and verified with the theoretical value. Series RC Circuit: 1. Connections are made as shown in the fig-2. 2. Input voltage (Square wave) is set to a particular value. 3. The waveform of voltage across the capacitor is observed on CRO and the waveform is drawn on a graph sheet. 4. The time constant is found from the graph and verified with the theoretical value.
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Result table:
Series RL Circuit Theoretical Time Constant() Practical
Series RC Circuit Theoretical Practical
Precautions:
Result:
18
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Expt. No:4
Two port network parameters (Z, Y, ABCD and Hybrid parameters)

Aim: To obtain experimentally Z , Y, ABCD and h-parameters and of a given two port network. Apparatus: S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
1. 2.
Ammeter Voltmeter
3. 4. 5. 6.
Theory:
Rheostats DC Power Supply Digital Multimeter Connecting wires
as per need
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Formulae required:
Z-Parameters: V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I 2 V2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I 2
Z 11 = Z 12 =
V1 I1 V1 I2
; Z 21 =
I2 =0
V2 I1 V2 I2
I2 =0
; Z 22 =
I1 = 0
I1 = 0
Y-Parameters: I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 I 2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2
Y11 = Y12 =
I1 I ; Y21 = 2 V1 V =0 V1
2
V2 = 0
I1 V2
; Y22 =
V1 = 0
I2 V2
V1 = 0
ABCD Parameters: V1 = AV2 BI 2 I1 = CV2 DI 2
A=
V1 V2
; C=
I 2 =0
I1 V2
I 2 =0
B=
V1 I2
; D=
V2 = 0
I1 I2
V2 = 0
Hybrid or h- Parameters: V1 = h11I1 + h12V2 I 2 = h21I1 + h22V2
h11 = h12 =
V1 I1 V1 V2
; h 21 =
V2 =0
I2 I1 I2 V2
V2 =0
; h 22 =
I1 = 0
I1 = 0
20
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
I1
+
I2
+
V1
A Linear and Passive Network
V2
V1
V2
When I2 = 0:
I1 + _ A
+ V1 V
+ V2 _
Fig-1
When V2 = 0:
I1 + _ A
+ V1 A
+ I2 _
Fig-2 21
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When I1= 0:
I2 _ A +
+ V _ V1
+ V2
Fig-3
When V1= 0:
I2 _ A +
+ A _ I1
+ V2
Fig-4
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Procedure:
1. Open Circuiting Output Terminals (I2 = 0): a) Connections are made shown in fig (1). b) Supply is given to input port. c) The readings of ammeter as I1 and Voltmeter as V2are noted down. 2. Short circuiting output terminals (V2 = 0): a) Connections are made shown in fig (2). b) Supply is given to input port. c) The readings of ammeters as I1&I2 are noted down. 3. Open circuiting input terminals (I1 = 0): a) Connections are made shown in fig (3). b) Supply is given to output port. c) The readings of ammeter as I1 and Voltmeter as V1are noted down. 4. Short circuiting input terminals (V1=0): a) Connections are made shown in fig (4). b) Supply is given to output port. c) The readings of ammeters as I1& I2 are noted down. 5. The Z, Y, ABCD, Hybrid parameters are calculated using formulae and verified with theoretical values.
23
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Observations:
When I1=0 S.No. V1 I2 V2
When I2=0 S.No. V1 I1 V2
When V1=0 S.No. I2 I1 V2
When V2=0 S.No. V1 I1 I2
Result Table:
Z Parameters Z11 Theoretical Practical Z12 Z21 Z22 Y11
Y Parameters Y12 Y21 Y22
ABCD Parameters A Theoretical Practical

25
Hybrid Parameters D h11 h12 h21 h22
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Precautions:
Result:
27
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Expt No:5
Superposition theorem and Reciprocity theorems Aim:To verify Superposition and Reciprocity theorems theoretically and practically. Apparatus : S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
1. 2.
Ammeter Rheostats
3. 4. 5.
DC Power Supply Multimeter Connecting wires Digital as per need
Theory: Superposition Theorem Statement
In any linear bilateral network containing two or more energy sources the response at any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual sources. While considering the effect of individual sources, the other ideal voltage sources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuits respectively, across the terminals. This theorem is valid only for linear systems.
Reciprocity Theorem Statement
In any linear bilateral network containing the response at any branch (or) transformation ratio is same even after interchanging the sources.i.e. V/ I1 = V/ I2
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Procedure: Superposition Theorem:
1. The circuit is connected as shown in fig (1). 2. Both the voltages V1 and V2 applied and the current through load resistor is noted as IX. 3. Supply voltage V2 is replaced with short circuit and V1 is applied as shown in fig (2) and the current through load resistor is noted down as IY. 4. Supply voltage V1 is replaced with short circuit and V2 applied as shown in fig (3) and the current through load resistor is noted down as IZ. 5. It can be verified that IX = IY + IZ theoretically and practically which proves Superposition theorem.
Reciprocity Theorem:
1. The circuit is connected as shown in fig (1). 2. The ammeter reading is noted down as I1. 3. Now the source and ammeter are interchanged as in fig (2). 4. The ammeter reading is noted down as I2.. 5. It can be veried that Vs/ I1 = Vs/ I2 theoretically and practically which proves Reciprocity theorem.
29
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Circuit Diagrams of Superposition Theorem:
+ IX + VS1 A _ + _ VS2
Fig-1
+ IY + VS1 A IZ _ A
+ _ + VS2 _
Fig-2
Fig-3
Circuit Diagrams of Reciprocity Theorem:
+ I1 + VS A _ + I2 A _ VS
Fig-1
Fig-2
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Observations: Superposition Theorem When both the sources are acting: fig (1)
When V1 source alone is acting: fig (2)
VS1
VS2
Theoretical IX
Practical IX
VS1
VS2
Theoretical IY
Practical IY
When V2 source alone is acting: fig (3)
VS1
VS2
Theoretical IZ
Practical IZ
Reciprocity Theorem: Before interchanging the sources: fig (1)
Theoretical values Vs I1 Vs/ I1
Practical values I1 Vs/ I1
After interchanging the sources: fig (2)
Theoretical values Vs I2 Vs/ I2
Practical values I2 Vs/ I2
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Precautions:
Result:
32
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Expt. No.6
Maximum power transfer theorem Aim: To verify maximum power transfer theorem on DC with Resistive load theoretically and practically. Apparatus : S.No 1. Name of the equipment Ammeter Range Type Quantity
2.
Voltmeter
3. 4. 5. 6. 6.
Rheostats DC Power Supply Multimeter Double Pole Double Throw Switch Connecting wires Digital as per need
Theory: Theorem Statement
It states that the maximum power is transferred from the source to the load, when the load resistance is equal to the source resistance.
Formulae required: Theoretical I L =

Vth R L + R th
33
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Circuit Diagrams:
VS
RL
Rth
DMM
Fig-1
Fig-2 IL
+ _
DMM
RL
VS
+
+
VS
V
Fig-4
Vth _
Fig-3
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IL
+ _
DMM
RL
VS
Fig-5
Model Graph:
PL Pm
RL corresponding to Pm
RL
35
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Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in fig (1). 2. RL is varied in steps and the reading of ammeter IL is noted down in each step. 3. The circuit is connected as shown in fig (2) and the effective resistance Rth is measured with the help of digital multimeter. 4. Power delivered to load PL is calculated in each step. 5. A graph is drawn between PL Vs RL and RL corresponding to maximum power is found from it. 6. It can be verified that RL corresponding to maximum power from the graph is equal to the Rth (which is nothing but source resistance RS) which proves the maximum power transfer theorem.
36
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Observations:
Tabular column:
Theoretical values S.No RL

IL = Vth RL +Rth
Practical values IL PL= IL2RL
PL= IL2RL
Model Calculations:
37
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Precautions:
Result:
38
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Expt. No.7
Experimental verification of Thevenins & Nortons theorems Aim: To verify Thevenins and Nortons theorems theoretically and practically. Apparatus: S.No Name of the equipment 1. Ammeter 2. Voltmeter
Range
Type
Quantity
3. 4. 5. 6.
Theory:
Rheostats DC Power Supply Digital Multimeter Connecting wires
as per need
Statement of Thevenins Theorem:
Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of voltage source Vth in series with an impedance, Zth., where Vth is the open circuit voltage between the load terminals and Zth is the equivalent impedance measured between the two terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal impedances.
Statement of Nortons Theorem:
Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of a Current source IN in parallel with an impedance, ZN., where IN is the short circuit current across the load terminals and ZN is the equivalent impedance measured between the two terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal impedances.
39
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Circuit Diagrams:
+ + VS A _ RL IL
Fig-1
+ VS A
+ IN _
Fig-2
+ + VS V _ Vth
Fig-3
40
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DMM
VS= 0
Rth
Fig-4
Rth
A + Vth
ILI RN
A IN
ILI
_
RL
RL
Fig-5 Fig-6
41
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Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit shown in fig (1). 2. DC voltage is applied to the circuit and the current IL flowing through the load is noted down.
3. Circuit is connected as shown in fig (2). DC voltage is applied the reading of Ammeter is noted down as IN. 4. Circuit is connected as shown in fig (3). DC voltage is applied the reading of Voltmeter is noted down as Vth. 5. The circuit is connected as shown in fig (4) and the effective resistance Rth / RN is measured with the help of a multimeter.
6. Thevenins equivalent circuit is connected as shown in fig (5) and the ammeter reading is noted down as IL1 . 7. Thevenins theorem can be verified by checking that the currents IL and IL1 are equal. 8. Nortons equivalent circuit is connected as shown in fig (6) and the ammeter reading is noted down as IL1 . 9. Nortons theorem can be verified by checking that the currents IL and IL1 are equal.
42
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Observations:
Thevenins Theorem:
Theoretical values Vs IL Vth Rth IL 1 IL
Practical values Vth Rth IL 1
Nortons Theorem: Theoretical values Vs IL IN RN IL 1 IL Practical values IN RN IL 1
Precautions:
Result:
43
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Expt No: 8
Magnetization Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator Aim: To conduct an experiment on a D.C Shunt Generator and draw the magnetization characteristics (Open Circuit Characteristics or OCC) and to determine the Critical Field Resistance (RC) and Critical Speed (NC). Apparatus: S. No 1 Apparatus Voltmeter Type M.C Range 0-500V Qty 1
2 3 4
Ammeter Rheostats Tachometer
M.C Wire wound Digital
0-2A 400/1.7A -
1 1 1
Name plate details:
Theory:
Open circuit characteristics or magnetization curve is the graph between the generated emf (Eg) and field current (If) of a dc shunt generator. For field current is equal to zero there will be residual voltage of 10 to 12V because of the residual magnetism present in the machine .If this is absent then the machine can not build up voltage. To obtain residual magnetism the machine is separately excited by a dc source. We can get critical field resistance (RC) and critical speed (NC) from OCC.
Critical field resistance: It is the value of field rresistance above which the machine cannot build up emf. Critical speed: It is the speed below which the machine cannot build up emf.
44
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Circuit diagram:
3 point starter DPST Switch

+
DPST Switch +
+
230 V DC Supply
400/ 1.7A F A M AA FF
(0-300)V MC
A V A G AA FF
(0-2)A MC DC Exciter
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Fuse Fuse
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Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Motor is started with the help of Three Point starter and brought to its rated speed by varying the field rheostat. 3. The Eg for If =0 is noted and the DPST switch on the DC Exciter side is closed. 4. The DC Exciter is varied in steps and the values of Field current (If) and corresponding generated voltage (Eg) are noted down in each step, in both ascending and descending orders. 5. Average Eg is calculated from ascending and descending orders. 6. A graph is drawn between Eg & If. From the graph (OCC), Critical field resistance (RC) and Critical (NC) speed are calculated.
Model Graph:
Eg(V) R Rf A
If(A)
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Tabular column:
S.No Field current If (A)
Generated Voltage (Eg) Ascending order Descending order
Average Eg (V)
Calculations:
From the graph: Critical field Resistance, R C = Critical Speed, N C =
OA OC
PQ N rated PR
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Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided. 2. Readings are taken without parallax error.
Result:
48
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Expt No : 9 Swinburnes test
Aim: To perform no load test on a DC shunt motor and to predetermine the efficiencies of the machine acting both as a motor and as a generator. Equipment:
S.No 1 2 3 4
Apparatus Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Rheostats
Type MC MC MC Wire wound Wire wound
Range 0-250V 0-5A 0-2A
Qty 1 1 1
400/1.7A 1 1 100/5A
Name plate details:
Theory:
49
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Circuit diagram:
DPST Switch
+
(0-5)A MC A
3 point starter L A F
400/ 1.7A V (0-250)V MC A F M AA FF
230 V DC Supply
+ (0-2)A A MC
Fuse
Circuit diagram to find out Ra:

DPST Switch + 400/ 1.7A
230 V DC Supply
+ A (0-2)A MC
+ M
AA
(0-250)V MC
Fuse
50
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Procedure:
1. Connections as made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Field rheostat is kept in minimum position and the motor is started with the help of 3-Point starter, and is brought to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat. 3. The readings of both ammeters and voltmeter are noted down. 4. The efficiencies of the machine both as a motor and as a generator are calculated. 5. Graphs are drawn between output Vs efficiency for the Machine acting as a generator and as a motor.
Model Graph:
(%) Generator Motor
Output
51
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No-Load Test Observation table:

If V N
IL0
Calculations: From No-Load Test:
No - Load input = VI L0 =
No - Load Armature current = I L0 I f =
No - Load Armature Cu loss = I a0 Ra = Constant loss, WC = No - load input No - load Armature Cu loss = VI L0 I a0 R a =
2
WC =
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Machine acting as Generator: V=230V, WC =

, Ra= ,If= .
S.No
Voltage, Load current, V (Volts) IL (A)
Efficiency Input, Output, Armature Current, Armature Cu Loss Total Loss, 2 2 (%), WT = WC + I a R a Pout = VIL I a = I L + I f I a Ra Pin = Pout + WT P = out 100
Pin
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Machine acting as Motor: : V=230V, WC =

, Ra= ,If= .
S.No
Voltage, Load current, Input, V (Volts) IL (A)
Armature Current, Armature Cu Loss Total Loss,
Pin = VI L I a = I L I f
Output,
2
I a Ra
WT = WC + Ia Ra
Efficiency (%),
= Pout 100 Pin
Pout = Pin W T
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Model calculation: To Predetermine the Efficiency as a Motor:
Let IL=
Motor input = VI L =
Total loss = WC + I a R a = WC + (I L - I f ) 2 R a =
Motor Output = Motor input - Total loss =
Efficiency, = Output 100 = Input
To Predetermine the Efficiency as a Generator:
Let IL=
Generator Output = VI L =
Total loss = WC + I a R a = WC + (I L + I f ) 2 R a =
Generator Input = Generator output + Total loss =
Efficiency, = Output 100 = Input
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Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.

2. Readings are taken without parallax error. Result:
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Expt No: 10
Brake test on a DC Shunt motor Aim: To conduct Brake test on a DC Shunt motor. And to draw its performance curves. Apparatus: S. No 1. 2. 3 4 5. Equipment Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Rheostat Tachometer Range 0-250V 0-20A 0-1/2A 400/1.7A Type M.C. M.C M.C Wire wound Digital type Qty 1 1 1 1 1
6.
Connecting wires
Name plate details:
Theory:
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Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Field rheostat is kept in minimum position and the motor is started with the help of 3-Point starter, and is brought to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat. 3. By varying the load in steps, readings of ammeters, voltmeter, tachometer, spring balances, are noted down. 4. Performance curves are to be drawn after completing the calculations.
Model graph:
Ia VS N N VS Torque Ia VS
Output VS
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Circuit diagram:
(0-20)A MC A
3 Point Starter L A F
DPST Switch
+
400/ 1.7A V (0-250)V MC A M AA
S1 (0-2)A MC
S2
230 V DC Supply
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FF
Fuse
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Calculations Table:

r= Speed, N (rpm) . Spring balance readings (Kgs) S1 S2 Torque, T=9.81( S1~ S2)r (N-m)
S.No
Voltage, V (Volts)
Line current, IL(A)
Output,
Pout = 2 NT 60
Input,
Pin = VI L
Efficiency (%),
= Pout 100 Pin
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Model calculation:
Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.

2. Readings are taken without parallax error. Result:
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Expt No: 11
OC & SC tests on 1- transformer Aim: To conduct OC & SC tests on the given 1- Transformer and to calculate its equivalent circuit
parameters and predetermine its Efficiency & Regulation.

Name plate details:
1- TRANSFORMER Capacity I/P voltage I/P current O/P voltage O/P current Frequency
Apparatus required:
3KVA 115V 26A 230V 13A 50Hz
S.No 1 2 3 4
Apparatus Voltmeters Ammeters Wattmeter Auto T/F
Range 0-150V, 0-75V 0-2A, 0-15A 2A, 150V, 60W, LPF 15A, 50V, 600W, UPF 230V/0-270V
Type M.I M.I Dynamo meter
Qty 1, 1 No 1, No 1, 1 No 1 No
1- wire wound
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Procedure: OC Test:
1. Connections are done as per the circuit diagram. 2. Supply is switched on and rated voltage is applied to the LV side by varying the Auto transformer. 3. The readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter are noted down.
SC Test:
1. Connections are done as per the circuit diagram. 2. Supply is Switched on and rated current is set through the HV winding by varying the Auto transformer. 3. The readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter are noted down.
Model graphs:
%Regulation %Efficiency
Power factor
Output power
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Electrical Engineering Lab OC test circuit diagram

(0-2)A MI A 2A, 150V, 60W, LPF
M L V C
Ph
DPST
115V
230V
1- 230V 50 Hz AC Supply
(0-150)V MI
Open Circuit
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Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0-270)V Fig -1
1 -Transformer 3KVA, 230V/ 115V
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DPST (0-15)A MI A
Electrical Engineering Lab circuit diagram

230V
L V C
15A, 50V, 600W, UPF

M
115V
Ph
(0-50)V MI
Short Circuit
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Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0-270)V Fig -2
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Observations: O.C test: S.C test:
V0
I0
W0
VSC
ISC
WSC
Calculations:
Cos0 =
W0 = V0 I 0
X 02 = Z 02 R02 =
IW = I 0Cos0 =
K=
N 2 E2 = = N1 E1
I m = I 0 Sin0 =
R0 =
V0 = IW
X 01 =
X 02 R = ; R01 = 02 = 2 K2 K
Efficency =
Xm = V0 = Im
xV2 I 2Cos 2 100 xV2 I 2Cos 2 + Wi + Wsc

2
Where, x = Fraction o f Full loa d current Wi = Iron losss = Wo , W sc = Cu loss = x Wsc
Note: The Transformer is taken as step up Transformer.
% Re gulation =
R02 =
Wsc = 2 I sc
I 2 R02Cos2 +I 2 X 02Sin2 100 V2
(+ for Lag pf , for Lead pf ) Where, Cos2 = Load pf
Z 02 =
Vsc = I sc
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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Calculations Table: Predetermination of Efficiency: I2= 13A

Load
; V2= 230V
Cu losses
WCu = x 2Wsc
; R02=
Total Losses
; Wi=
O/P power
; Let Cos2=0.8
I/P power (%)
WT = Wi + WSC
= xV2 I 2 Cos 2
= Output + WT
POutput PInput
100
x=0.1
Full load(x=0.25) Full Load(x=0.5) Full Load(x=0.75)

Full Load(x=1)
Predetermination of Regulation: I2= 13A ; V2= 230V

% Regulation lag lead
; R02=
; X02=
Load pf 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
% Re gulation =
I 2 R02Cos +I 2 X 02 Sin 100 V2
(+ for Lag pf , for Lead pf ) Where, Cos = Load pf
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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Equivalent Circuit:

Considering the Step up transformer and Referred to LV side.
Ph Ro1 Xo1
Ph
V1
Ro
Xo
Model Calculations:
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Precautions:
1) The Dimmer stat should be kept at minimum O/P position initially. 2) In OC test, rated voltage should be applied to the Primary of the Transformer. 3) In SC test, the Dimmer stat should be varied up to the rated load current only. 4) The Dimmer stat should be varied slowly & uniformly.
Result:
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Expt No: 12 Load test on a 1- transformer
Aim: To conduct Load test on the given 1- Transformer and to calculate its, Efficiency & Regulation. Name plate details:
1- TRANSFORMER Capacity I/P voltage I/P current O/P voltage O/P current Frequency
Apparatus required:
3KVA 115V 26A 230V 13A 50Hz
S.No 1 2 3 4
Apparatus Voltmeters Ammeters Wattmeter Auto T/F
Range 0-150V, 0-75V 0-2A, 0-15A 2A, 150V, 60W, LPF 15A, 50V, 600W, UPF 230V/0-270V
Type M.I M.I Dynamo meter
Qty 1, 1 No 1, No 1, 1 No 1 No
1- wire wound
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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. By varying the Auto transformer, rated voltage is applied to the input side of the transformer and should be maintained constant throughout the experiment. 3. By varying the load in steps, readings of ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter are noted down in each step. 4. Efficiency and Regulations are calculated in each step and tabulated. 5. Graphs are drawn Output Vs Efficiency and
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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Circuit Diagram
20A, 150V, 60W, LPF Ph DPST

M L V C
115V
230V
(0-15)A MI A
(0-150)V MI
(0-300)V MI
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Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0-270) V Fig -1
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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Calculations table: Rated Secondary Voltage, V2=230V
S.No Secondary Voltage
V2
(V)
Secondary Current, Input Power I2(A) (Watts)(wattmeter reading)
Output Power =V2I2(Watts)
, Efficiency
% Re gulation V2 V2 100 V2
I
P Output PInput
100 =
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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Model calculation:
Precautions:
1. The Dimmer stat should be kept at minimum O/P position initially. 2. Rated voltage should be maintained on the Primary of the Transformer. 3. The Dimmer stat should be varied slowly & uniformly.
Result:
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EEE Dept, BVRIT. Important Viva-voce questions:

1. What is the principle of operation of a DC Generator? 2. What are the main parts of a DC Generator and their functions? 3. What is the function of a DC Generator? 4. What are the different types of a DC Generator? 5. What is the principle of operation of a DC Motor? 6. What is the function of a DC Motor? 7. What are the different types of a DC Motor? 8. What is the purpose of a Three point starter? 9. What is the purpose of a fuse? 10. Why the field rheostat should be kept in minimum position?
11. What is the purpose of changing the voltage level in AC Transmission? 12. What is the principle of operation of a Transformer? 13. What is the function of a Transformer? 14. What are the different types of a Transformer? 15. What are the different parts of a Transformer? 16. What are the different types of measuring instruments? 17. What is meant by Pre determination with respect to electrical machines? 18. What is meant by efficiency and regulation? 19. Can we start the motor without using three point starter? If so, how? 20. What is the purpose of Auto transformer(or Dimmerstat)?
Note: In addition to the above, students are supposed to know the basic theory and things related for
the conduct of a particular experiment.
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Electrical Engineerig Lab Manual-IIECE

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EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

Padmasri Dr B V Raju Institute of Technology Narsapur, Medak (Dt)-502313.

Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual II B.Tech II-Sem (ECE) 2011-2012

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

Multimeter Connecting wires as per need

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

Circuit Diagram of KCL:

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

Theoretical Calculations: Formulae Required. Series Resonance:

1 2 LC XL 2 foL = 2. Quality factor, Q = R R fo 3. Bandwidth, BW = Q Parallel Resonance:

1 1 R2 2 2 LC L R R = 2. Quality factor, Q = XL 2 foL f 3. Bandwidth, BW = o Q

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

are found from the graph.

are found from the graph.

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

Circuit Diagram of Series Resonance:

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

Series Resonance Theoretical Resonant frequency(f0) Bandwidth(BW) Quality factor(Q)

Parallel Resonance Theoretical Practical

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

Formulae required: For RL Series circuit, Time constant, =

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

Series RL Circuit Theoretical Time Constant() Practical

Series RC Circuit Theoretical Practical

EEE Dept, BVRIT.

Electrical Engineering Lab

Two port network parameters (Z, Y, ABCD and Hybrid parameters)

Rheostats DC Power Supply Digital Multimeter Connecting wires

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Electrical Engineering Lab

Z-Parameters: V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I 2 V2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I 2

Y-Parameters: I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 I 2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2

ABCD Parameters: V1 = AV2 BI 2 I1 = CV2 DI 2

Hybrid or h- Parameters: V1 = h11I1 + h12V2 I 2 = h21I1 + h22V2

EEE Dept, BVRIT.