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TabletWeavingStructures TheoryandHistory SarahGoslee 12March,2004 Thereareafewtabletweavingstructurescommonlyrecognizedbyweavers, includingwarptwining,doublefaceand3/1brokentwill.Othersareknown frompremedievalandmedievalcontexts,butarelessoftenused,andmany morestructuresarepossible.Inthisarticle,Ipresentasystematicmethodfor classificationandanalysisofallpossibletabletwovenstructures.By "structures",Imeanonlythephysicalformoftheband,regardlessofthecolor patternsthatmayappear.Decorativecolorpatternsareanessentialfeature determiningtheappearanceofatabletwovenband,buttheyarenota structuralcomponentthestructurewouldbethesameevenifthewarpswere allidenticallycolored. Thestructureoftabletweavingisdeterminedbyfivemaincharacteristics: theshapeornumberofholesinthetablets. whichoftheholescontainwarpthreads. thethreadingdirectionofthewarp. theturningpattern. whetheradjacenttabletsaresetupthesameway. Eachofthesewillbeconsideredinmoredetailbelow. Basics Allofmyexplanationsassumeacommonframeofreference,the"standard setup"usedbymosttabletweavers(Fig.1).Thishastheweaversittingatthe clothendofthewarp,andtheotherendattachedfartherawayfromthe weaver.Ialsoassumethattheweaverislookingatthewarpfromtheright side.Ifyouprefertoworkinadifferentarrangement,youmayneedtomake mentaladjustmentswhilereading.Iusethisarrangementbecausethenin diagramstheweavingprogressesfromlefttoright,inthedirectionEnglish speakersareusedtoreading.Loomweaversmaybeusedtolookingatdrafts writtenintheoppositedirection. Figure1.Standardpositionofweaver,warpandtablets.weaver/clothend warpend weaver / cloth end warp end

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TabletShape Thevastmajorityofweavingtabletsaresquare,withfourholes,oneper corner.Triangulartabletshavebeenfound,andthereisevidencefortheuseof sixandeightholedtabletsaswell.Thestructuralclassificationherecanbe appliedtotabletsofanyshape,butIamonlygoingtoworkwithsquaretablets inthisarticlesincetheyareuniversalamongmoderntabletweavers. Whiletherearenearlyasmanyschemesforlabelingtheholesofatabletas thereareweaversusingthem(oratleastauthorsandmanufacturers),Iam goingtouseaparticularsysteminthisarticle.Thisistheonethatseemsmost logicaltome.Ifyoulookattherightfaceofthetablet,theholesofthetablet arelabeledABCDmovinginacounterclockwisedirectionstartingwiththe topholenearesttheweaver(Fig.2).Thisarrangementmeansthatwhena tabletisturnedforward,firstthewarpinAcrossesoverthetopandisseen, thenthewarpinB,followedbyCandD. Figure2.LabelsIusefortheholesofatablet,asseenfromtheright.
A B D C

Many(most?)commercialtabletsarelabeledinaclockwisedirection.Inthat case,justputthelabeledfaceontheleftsideofthepackinsteadoftheright sidesothattheADlineisontop.ForeverythingI'm goingtotalkabouthere, theonlyimportantpartisthatAisthetopholeclosesttotheweaver,andBis thebottomholeclosesttotheweaver. Even4holetabletshavetwodifferentsetsofsheds:theusualsingleshed createdwhentabletsareusedflat,andthepairedshedcreatedbytabletson theirpoints.I' monlygoingtoconsidertabletsusedflat,asinFig.3a. Figure3.Possibleshedscreatedbyfourholetabletsusedflat(a)orontheir points(b).
a. b.

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TabletThreading Evenwithfourholetablets,thereareseveralpossiblethreadingarrangements, sincenotallholesneedtocontainwarpthreads.Afourholetabletcancontain 4,3,2or1warpthreads,andtwoarrangementsoftwothreadsarepossible (Fig.4). Figure4.Possiblewaystothreadasquaretablet.

a. b. c. d. e.

Notethattherearetwowaystothreadatabletwithtwowarpthreads.I' monly goingtodiscusstwoofthesepatterns,aandc,whichappeartobethemost commoninhistoricalfinds.Ialsouseexampleswithonethreadpertablet(e) asexamples,butthesearenotreallyusefulforactualweaving. Threadingtwoadjacentholescreatespossibilitiesbeyondthescopeofthis article,sinceanywovenstructurecanbecreatedwithtabletsthreadedthis way.Inanyformofweaving,therearefourpossiblearrangementsforadjacent warpthreads:bothonthesurface(Fig.5a),bothunderneath(Fig.5c),one aboveandonebeneath,andthereverse(Fig.5bandd). Figure5.Allpossibleshedscanbecreatedusingatabletwithtwoadjacent warpthreads.
a. b. c. d.

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ThreadingDirection Thewarpthreadsenterthetabletononesideandleaveontheother,butwith aflattablettherearetwopossibledirections.Usingtermsborrowedfrom spinning,onedirectionistermedSandtheotherZafterthedirectionsoftheir centralstrokes(Fig.6). Figure6.SandZthreadingoftabletsfromthetopandfromtherightside. Fromthetop,thewarpfollowsthesamedirectionasthecentralstrokeofanS oraZ.

S Z
Thisisthedefinitionusedbymostweaversandauthors,butthereare exceptions,soaswithtabletlabels,alwayscheckforthesourceyouareusing. Tabletweavinghasthepotentialtocreatewarptwininginthefinishedband.If atabletisturnedcontinuallyinonedirection,thefourthreadsfromthattablet willtwisttogetherintoacord.Thiscordisboundtoadjacentcords(fromother tabletsinthepack)bytheweft.Thereareotherwaystoproducewarptwining, butitspresenceinaband,especiallyintheselvages,stronglysuggeststhat tabletweavingwasused.Thedirectionoftwistinthecordcanalsobe describedasSorZ.AnSthreadedtabletturnedforwardwillcreateaZtwined cord,andanStwinedcordifitisturnedbackward.AZthreadedtabletwill produceanStwinedcordifturnedforward,andaZtwinedcordifturned backward(Fig.7). Structurally,anSthreadedturnedforwardisidenticaltoaZthreadedtablet turnedbackward.(Thisisimportant!)

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Figure7.Therelationshipbetweenthreadingdirection,turningdirectionand theresultingcord.Onlyoneholepertabletisthreadedsothatthecourseof thewarponthebackoftheband(ingray)canbeseen.

a. S-threaded, turned forward: Z twining b. S-threaded, turned backward: S twining

c. Z-threaded, turned forward: S twining

d. Z-threaded, turned backward: Z twining

Thisrelationshipispossiblythehardestthingfornoviceweaversto understand,andevenexperiencedweaversoccasionallyhaveproblems.While workingonthisarticle,Icameupwithatrickforgettingsmoothdiagonal lines.Thedirectionofcoloreddiagonalsneedstomatchthedirectionofthe twiningofthecord,butIcanneverrememberhowtosetupthethreadsinthe tabletstogetthedesiredeffect.Ifyoulookatthetopofapairoftablets,the changeincolorsequencebetweenthemmustfollowthesamedirectionasthe threadingdirectionofthetabletstogiveasmoothdiagonalcolorlineinthe oppositedirection(Fig.8). Figure8.Trickforgettingsmoothdiagonals.Thecolorpatternmatchesthe threadingdirectionbutgivesadiagonalintheoppositedirection.
a. S-threaded b. Z-threaded

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TurningPattern Thewaythetabletsarewarpedcontrolsthepossibilitiesofaband,whilethe turningpatterndetermineswhatisactuallyproduced.Apackoftabletscanbe turnedeitherforwardorbackward.Thinkbicycleaforwardturnisinthe samedirectionthatabicyclewheelturnswhenthebikeismovingforward(Fig. 9). Figure9.Forwardandbackwardquarterturnsofatablet.

a. Forward quarter turn b. Backward quarter turn

Quarterturnsarethemostcommon,buthalfandwholeturnscanalsobe used.Eighthturnsmaybeusediftabletsstandontheirpointsandontheir flats.Sometimestabletsidleandarenotturnedatall. Iwanttointroducetheideaofa"turningunit",asetofanynumberofturnsin anydirectionandofanysizethatmovesthetablets,creatinganewshed,then returnsthetabletstotheiroriginalposition.Thecomplementofaturningunit swapstheforwardandbackwardturns,andisstructurallyidenticalifdone withtabletsthreadedtheoppositeway,andamirrorimageifdonewiththe sametablets. Table1.Someexamplesofturningdirectionsandtheircomplements."f"and "b"denoteforwardandbackwardquarterturns,and"F"and"B"describehalf turns. ffff fffbbb ffbb fb bbbb bbbfff bbff bf ffF ffB FF FB bbB bbF BB BF

Turningunitsarerepeatedindefinitely.Becauseofthisrepetition,fbbfis identicaltoffbbsincebothwillproducethesequenceffbbffbbffbbffbb.In practice,bandsusuallyhavesomeinterruptionintherepeatedturningunit, forexampletocreatecolorpatternsinaband.

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AdjacentTablets SofarI' veonlytalkedaboutsingletablets,buttabletweavingwithonlyone tabletwouldbeveryboring.Mostbandsuseatleastseveraltablets,andsome usehundreds.Allcouldbesetupidentically,butmoreoftenadjacenttables mustbedifferenttoproduceaparticularstructure.Therearetwopossibilities: differenceinthreading,anddifferenceinpositionwithintheturningunit. Tabletweavingstructuresareoftenbasedaroundunitsoftwoorfouradjacent tablets.Thatgivesriseto3basicthreadingpossibilities:SSSS,SSZZand SZSZ.SwappingSandZwouldgiveamirrorimage,notanentirelydifferent structure.Similarly,asetoffouradjacenttabletscouldallbeinthefirst positionoftheturningunit(1111),couldbeonestepoutofsequenceinthe firstandsecondpositionsbypair(1122),oralternatelyoutofsequence(1212). Tabletscanbetwosteps(ahalfturn)outofalignmentbypairsoralternately: 1133and1313.Threestepsoutofalignmentiseffectivelythesameasone step.Fouradjacenttabletscanalsobeinallfourpossiblepositionsinturn (1234). StructuralNotation Allthesetraitstogethercanbeusedtodescribetabletwovenstructuresinan unambiguousway.I've chosentostringtogetherallthedescriptorsinthis order: 1. Numberofwarpthreads 2. Placementofthosethreadsintheholesofthetablet(notnecessaryfor4 holestructures). 3. Turningsequence 4. Startingpositions(byblock,either4adjacenttabletsorminimum necessary). 5. Threadingdirections(byblock,either4adjacenttabletsorminimum necessary). Here's anexampleofa4holestructure: 4-ffff-1111-SZSZ Thisdescribesawarptwinedbandwith4warpspertabletandalternatingS andZthreading. A2holedescriptionisverysimilar,butyouneedtospecifywhichholesthe warpsarein(note,insteadofwritingACACACACorBDBDBDBD,I' mjust goingtowriteAAAAorBBBBtocutdownonlengthsincethosearetheonly twopossibilities). 2-AABB-ffbb-1111-SZSZ Thisisamorecomplexstructure.Thefirsttwotabletsarethreadedthrough

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AC,andthesecondpairthroughBD,theturningsequenceisffbb,thetablets allstartinposition1,andthreadingisalternatelySandZ. StandardStructures Havingdescribedindetailthefivetraitsoftabletweavingthatdeterminethe structure,IcandefinewhatIconsidertobe"standard"structures: squaretabletsusedontheflat. warpedwithfourthreadsorwithtwoinoppositecorners(twopossible startingpositions).Fortwothreadedtablets,thestartingpositionmatters (whetherthewarpsareinACorBD),soblocksAAAA,AABB,ABAB,BBBB canformdifferentstructures. threadedinblocksofSSSS,SSZZ,orSZSZ. turnedinrepeatingunitsmadeupofforwardand/orbackwardquarter turns(thefirstcolumnofTable1). alignedoroutofphaseinblocksas1111,1122,1212,1234,1133,1313. Fourholetablets:1warpsetupsx3threadingsequencesx4turningunitsx6 alignments=72structures! Twoholetablets:4warpsetupsx3threadingsequencesx4turningunitsx6 alignments=288structures! Becauseofcorrespondencesbetweencertainsetups,notallofthese combinationsproduceuniquestructures.Onceduplicates,mirrorimagesand shiftsareeliminated,therearereallyonly31structureswith4holetabletsand 118usingtwoholetablets.Still,thatshouldbeenoughtokeepanyweaverout oftroubleforquitesometime. (Notethatthereisnohistoricaldocumentationformostofthese,andasfaras IknowI' mactuallytheonlyonetoeverusemanyofthem!) ExploringTabletwovenStructures Justreadingmyexplanationsprobablyisn' tenoughtofullyunderstandthese differentstructuresyoureallyneedtotrythemout.Evenafteryearsoftablet weaving,andmuchthoughtandstudy,Istillfindnewaspectsoftablet weavingstructures. Iputtogethera"reusablestructureanalyzer"fortabletweaving.It' ssimpler thanitsounds.Setupashortwarpwitheighttabletsthreadedidenticallywith fourdifferentcolors.Eighttabletsisenoughtosetuptwocompletefourtablet blocks,butisn'tlarg eandcumbersome.Foreaseofcomparison,youmight

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wanttousethesamecolorsusedinmystructurediagrams.Uselarge,cheap andsturdyyarn.Thewarpdoesn'tneed tobeverylong.Mineisaboutafoot long.Iusecheapbambooskewersasweft.Thisallowsmetoslidethecords aparttoexaminetheinternalstructureoftheweaving,andtoslidethecords togethertogetanideaofwhatthebandwouldactuallylooklike.AfterI' m done,Icanpulltheskewersoutandstartover.Ihaveanothersamplewarp withtwothreadspertabletthatIuseinthesameway. Belowaredescriptionsofthefourmostcommonturningunits.Theassociated diagramsareincludedintheseparatefiguresfile. ffff(34hole;112hole) Warptwiningisfamiliartomosttabletweavers.Thefirst4diagrams demonstratewhathappenswithasinglewarpthreadstartingineachofthe fourpossiblepositions.Thecourseofeachthreadonthereverseofthecordis showningray.Forcontinuousforwardturning,theonlydifferenceisthe positionalongthecordofthedifferentwarpthreads.Thesameistrueforthe twopossiblestartingpositionsofthe2warptablets:theyareidenticalbut offset.The2and4warpdiagramsarebuiltupfromtheappropriate1hole patterns. Addingintheothercomponentsofstructure,for4holetabletsthreading direction(SandZ)istheonlythingthataffectsthestructure.Thatmeansthat therearereallyonly34warpbasicstructures(allcalledwarptwining). For2warpweaves,startingpositionandthreadingdirectiondetermine structure.Notethat2ACinposition1isthesameas2BDinposition2,and soon.Acoupleofbasicstructuresaresimilarinaggregatebecausetheywrap around(1122=1221ifrepeatedacrosstheband)butsomethatlooklikethey shouldwraparounddon'tb ecausethepositionswrapbutnottheS/Z threading(1122SSZZ!=1221SSZZ). Variousexamplesofwarptwininghavebeenusedhistorically,includingas selvagesonbandswithotherstructures.Theverycommonmodernffffbbbb variantwasnotusedinmedievaltimes,tothebestofourcurrentknowledge. fffbbb(184hole;722hole) Therearenosynonymsforthisturningsequence,andsomeveryodd structures!Idon'tk nowofanymedievalorearlierbandsusingthese structures.

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ffbb(104hole;492hole) Noneofthesestructureshaveanywarptwining.Insteadofdeterminingthe directionoftwining,theSandZthreadingdeterminethesideonwhichthe warpslie(rightorleft).Becausethereisnowarptwining,allthesebasic structurescanbewovenonbandlooms. Historicalapplicationsforthe4holeversionincludefavoritesofrecreationists, includingbothdoublefaceand3/1twill.PebbleweaveandHochdorfweaveare includedinthe2holestructures.Themethodsusedtoproducecolorchanges inthedoubleface,3/1twillandHochdorfweavesallcreatewarptwining,and soarediagnosticoftabletweaving.Pebbleweavewastraditionallynotwoven ontablets,andcolorchangesdonotinvolvewarptwining. Someofthe2holestructurescan' tbewovenasiswithout4holeselvages:2 AAAAffbb1111SSSSpullsouteveryotherweft,effectivelycreatingahalfturn insteadofquarterturnstructureunlesstheselvagescatchtheweftthreads. Earlyexamplessometimesusedoneselvagetabletonitspoint(seeFig.3)to createasolidedge. fb(04hole;32hole) Theonlystructuresthatdon'tin volveunattachedwarpthreadsarethe2hole patternsstartingwiththreadsintheBDholes.Theseagainhavenowarp twining,andcanbeduplicatedwithbandlooms.Oneofthestructuresisplain weave(tabby).In4holeweaving,fbismixedwithfffftocreatepatternsoffloats fortheSnartemoweave.The4holefbstructureshaveinternalinterwoven warps,butsurfacefloats. Colorchanges Theinterestinmanyactualtabletwovenbandsisprovidedbycolorand/or structurechanges.Whilecolorarrangementisoutsidethescopeofthis discussion,themethodscommonlyusedforcolorchangemayalsoproduce structurechanges.Normallyeithertheturningdirectionofoneormoretablets isreversed,orthetabletisflippedortwistedaboutitsverticalaxisandkeeps thesameturningdirection.ThistakesadvantageoftheprinciplethatanS threadedtabletturnedforwardisidenticaltoaZthreadedtabletturned backwardandviceversa(Fig.10).Eithermethodproducesalongerorshorter floatthanusual.

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Figure10.Equivalentofreversingandflippingtablets.
flipped - Z reversed - S flipped - Z reversed - S

1A

1C
flipped - Z reversed - S flipped - Z reversed - S

1 B

1D
flipped - Z reversed - S flipped - Z reversed - S

2A C

2BD
flipped - Z reversed - S

Conclusions Tabletwovenstructurescanbedescribedcompletelyandunambiguously usingfivecriteria: 1. Numberofwarpthreads 2. Placementofthosethreadsintheholesofthetablet(notnecessaryfor4 holestructures). 3. Turningsequence 4. Startingpositions(byblock,either4adjacenttabletsorminimum necessary). 5. Threadingdirections(byblock,either4adjacenttabletsorminimum necessary). Asystematicanalysisofbasicstructuresusinglimitedcombinationsofthe abovecriteriarevealthatevenifduplicatesandmirrorimagesareremoved, therearelargenumbersofpossiblestructures(31using4hole,and118with 2holetablets),andifcolorpatternsareincludedthepossiblearrangements arenearlyoverwhelming.Althoughtheseincludeonlyasubsetoftheavailable combinations,thislevelofcomplexityisnotexpressedineitherdocumentable historicormoderntabletweaving(Table2).Ihopethattheclassification describedhereprovidesaframeworkforanalysisofexistingbandsanda sourceofinspirationfortabletweavers.

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Table2.HistoricalOverview ThistabledoesnotincludebandswhichIcouldnotanalyzefromdescriptions orphotographs,nordoesitincludebandsinmorecomplexstructures(which willbethesubjectofalaterpaper).Mostknownhistoricaltabletweavingisin oneofasmallsubsetofpossiblestructures;largeclassesofstructure(most notablyfffbbb)arenotknownfromanymedievalorearlierfinds. 4ffbb1111SSSS:doubleface Time:throughout Place:throughout Notes:oneofthetwodoublefacestructures Catalog: Datgen,Germany(Hansen1990) MoscevajaBalka,8thc.(IerusalimskajaandBorkopp1996) England,10thc.,sealtag(Collingwood1996) twosilksealtags,England,late12thc.(Henshall1964) bandsfromLondon,1415thc.(Crowfootetal.1992) 4ffbb1111SZSZ:doubleface Time:throughout Place:throughout Notes:oneofthetwodoublefacestructures Catalog: Egypt,10thc.(Collingwood1996) Gondartapestries,Ethiopia,16001800(Collingwood1996) Jerusalemgarter,European,1649(Collingwood1996) 4ffbb1212SSZZ(=4ffbb1234SSSS):doublefaced3/1twill Time:throughout Place:throughout Notes:morecomplexdoublefacedweavewithdiagonalpatternstructure Catalog: Evebo,Mammen,Elisenhof,Durham,Birka(Hansen1990) Poland,34thc.(unpatterned;Collingwood1996) Norway,6thc.(earliestpatternedexample;Collingwood1996) Ft.Miran,CentralAsia,AD800(Collingwood1996) Witgarius,AD876(Collingwood1996) patternedgroundweaveforbrocadedbandsfromBirka,Sweden,910thc (Geijer1980) St.Cuthbert,AD916(Collingwood1996) St.Ulrich,AD973(Collingwood1996) patternedgroundweaveforabrocadedsilkband,early10thc.,Durham,

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England(Crowfoot1939) St.Donats,Arlon,Belgium(Collingwood1996) Sicily,12thc.(brocaded;300tablets,78cmwide)(Collingwood1996) silksealtag,England,late12thc.(Henshall1964) Scottishsealtag,1196(Collingwood1996) bandfromLondon,14thc.(Crowfootetal.1992)

4ffff1111SSSS:warptwining Time:probablythroughout Place:probablythroughout Notes:bandstendtotwist,betterfortubulartabletweaving Catalog: wristbandonAngloSaxonwoman'sdress(Crowfoot1952) tubularsilksealtag,13thc.England(Henshall1964) tubularbands,14thc.London(Crowfootetal.1992) 4ffff1111SSSS+4fb1111SSSS:Snartemo;fourcoloreddiagonal patternswithfloats Time:Migration/Vikingperiods Place:Scandinavia Notes:elaborate4coloredweave,notwidespread Catalog: Snartemo,6thc.(Hansen1990,Collingwood1996) OvreBerge,Norway(Collingwood1996) Leksand,Sweden,?10thc.(Nockert1983,Hansen1990,Englund1994) 4ffff1111SSSSwithreverses:Egyptiandiagonals;bicoloredpatterns withbrokendiagonalstripes Time:VikingthruearlyMiddleAges Place: Notes:notEgyptian! Catalog: Masku,Finland,1011thc.(Collingwood1996) Kaukola,Finland,1113thc.(Hansen1990,Collingwood1996) Sicily,12thc.(Collingwood1996) 4ffff1111SSZZ:warptwining Time:probablythroughout Place:probablythroughout Notes:simple,bandlaysflat,butnotwellrepresentedinhistoricmaterial Catalog: bandfromLondon,14thc.(Crowfootetal.1992)

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4ffff1111SZSZ:warptwining Time:throughout Place:throughout Notes:mostcommonformoftabletweaving,simpleandthebandlaysflat; usedalone,asgroundweaveforbrocades,andasedgesonmorecomplex structures Catalog: groundweaveforbrocadedbandsthroughout(Hansen1990) NorthEuropeanwarptwinedstartingborders,IronAge(Hald1980,Hansen 1990,Collingwood1996) Coptic,6thc.(Collingwood1996) tabletwovenfringefromMaaseik,Belgum,early8thc.(BudnyandTweddle 1985). groundweaveformanybrocadedbandsfromBirka,Sweden,910thc(Geijer 1980,Englund1994) Orkney,Vikingera(with2AAAAffff1111SZSZ;Collingwood1996) groundweavefor3brocadedsilkbands,early10thc.,Durham,England (Crowfoot1939) groundweaveforbrocadedsilkbands1114thc.,southGermanyand Austria(MllerChristensen1977). groundweaveforlate13thc.bandfromLondon(Crowfootetal.1992) groundweaveforbrocadedlinen&silksealtag,15thc.England(Henshall 1964) 2BBBBfb1111SSSS:plainweave,tabby Time:tabbyisubiquitous,usingmanymethodsofproduction Place:tabbyisubiquitous,usingmanymethodsofproduction Notes:Hald(1980)believesmanytabbybandscouldhavebeenwovenon tablets,sincethemethodofproductioncannotusuallybeidentifiedfromthe band Catalog: DanishBronzeAge(Hald1980,Collingwood1996) 6thc.bandfromLaceby,plainweaveonfront;patterningmethodproduces longfloatsonback(Crowfoot1956) SpeyerCathedral,Germany,910thc.;hasreversals,floats(Collingwood 1996) early14thc.bandfromLondon(Crowfootetal.1992) 2ABABffbb1133SSSS:Hochdorfweave,sometimescalledpebbleweave Time:68thc. Place:Europe Notes:similarstructuresnotnecessarilymadeontabletsareverycommonin centralAsia,easternEurope,andSouthAmerica

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Catalog: CelticchieftainburialfromHochdorf,6thc.BCE(Knudsen1994,Banck Burgess1999) bandfromChelles,France,78thc.(vanEpen1997) 2AAAAffff1111SZSZ Time:Viking Place:Orkney Notes:oneknownexample Catalog: Orkney,Vikingera(Collingwood1996) 2AAAAffff1212SSSS Time:primarilyMigration/Viking Place:northernEurope Notes: Catalog: Vestrum,Norway,AD400(Collingwood1996) Snartemo,6thc.(Collingwood1996) bandsfromVikingageGtland(NockertandKnudsen1996) bandfromBrambleBottom,England,13thc.(Crowfoot1954)

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References BanckBurgess,Johanna.1999.HochdorfIV:DieTextilfunde.KonradTheiss, Stuttgart,Germany. Budny,MildredandDominicTweddle.1985.Theearlymedievaltextilesat Maaseik,Belgium.AntiquariesJournal65:353389. Collingwood,Peter.1996.TheTechniquesofTabletWeaving.Secondedition. RobinandRussHandweavers,McMinnville,OR,USA. Crowfoot,Elisabeth,FrancesPritchardandKayStaniland.1992.Textilesand Clothing.MedievalFindsfromExcavationsinLondon:4.HMSO,London. Crowfoot,GraceM.1939.ThetabletwovenbraidsfromthevestmentsofSt. CuthbertatDurham.TheAntiquariesJournal19:5780. Crowfoot,GraceM.1952.AngloSaxontabletweaving.AntiquariesJournal 32:189191. Crowfoot,GraceM.1954.Tabletwovenbraidfromathirteenthcenturysite. AntiquariesJournal34:234235. Crowfoot,GraceM.1956.Thetextileandimpressions.pp.188189.In. Thompson,F.H.AngloSaxonsitesinLincolnshire.AntiquariesJournal 36:181199. Englund,SonjaBerlin.1994.BrickvvningSiniNorden.Kalmar. Geijer,A.1980.ThetextilefindsfromBirka.ActaArchaeologia50:209222. Hald,Margrethe.1980.AncientDanishTextilesfromBogsandBurials:A ComparativeStudyofCostumeandIronAgeTextiles.NationalMuseumof Denmark. Hansen,Egon.1990.TabletWeaving:History,Techniques,Colors,Patterns. HovedlandPublishers,Denmark. Henshall,A.1964.Fivetabletwovensealtags.ArchaeologicalJournal 121:154162. Ierusalimskaja,A.A.andB.Borkopp.1996.vonChinanachByzanz. HerausgegebenvomBeyerischenNationalmuseumundderStaatlichen

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Ermitage.Munchen. Knudsen,LiseRaeder.1994.Analysisandreconstructionoftwotabletwoven bandsfromthecelticburialhochdorf.NESATVpp.5360in:Jaacks,G.and Tidow,K.NorthernEuropeanSymposiumonArchaeologicalTextilesVolume5 (NESATV).TextilmuseumNeumuster. MllerChristensen,Sigrid.1977.Examplesofmediaevaltabletwovenbands. Pp.232236in:Gervers,V.(ed.)StudiesintextilehistoryinmemoryofHarold B.Burnham.RoyalOntarioMuseum,Canada. Nockert,M.1983.AScandinavianhaberget?Pp.100107in:Harte,N.B.and K.G.Ponting(eds.)ClothandclothinginMedievalEurope:essaysinmemoryof ProfessorE.M.CarusWilson.StudiesinTextileHistory2.Heinemann EducationalBooks,London. Nockert,MargaretaandLiseRaederKnudsen.1996.Gotlandskabrickband franvikingatiden.GotlandsktArkiv68:4146. vanEpen,Marijke.1997.Tabletweavingtwothreadspertablet.TWIST4(3):8. Walton,Penelope.1990.Textiles,CordageandRawFibrefrom1622 Coppergate.TheArchaeologyofYorkVolume17:TheSmallFinds,Fascicule5. YorkArchaeologicalTrust,UK.