Washington, in sum, demonstrated his mastery of administrative detail and reserved for himself the final say in major

affairs of state. During his first administration, Washington's department heads also played an active role in advising Congress on legislative policy. This was particularly true of the secretary of the treasury. he nevertheless exercised instrumental legislative leadership. But the trend toward executive leadership of Congress especially as exercised by Hamilton drastically changed during Washington's second administration. Congress' less friendly response, which was, in turn, tied in with the gradual development of political parties, the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. the provision of a bill of rights; and the enactment of tariff legislation. James Madison of Virginia, one of the ablest and most influential members of the House of Representatives, sought to deprive the Senate of any claim to veto executive dismissals, by moving that department heads could be removed by the president solely on his own authority. . In appointing Hamilton, Washington, on whose staff the young New Yorker had served during the Revolution, realized that he was tapping the best financial talent the country could offer. Treasury Department would be the nerve center of the new government On 25 February, Washington signed the bill chartering the Bank of the United States. Washington supported Hamilton's program because he believed that it would benefit all sections by promoting national prosperity and a more closely knit union. The restoration and firm establishment of public credit, moreover, was a means to the same goal. (which horrified Jefferson) During his first term in office, Washington's principal diplomatic difficulties concerned the Indian tribes, Great Britain, and Spain. Native Americans most trusted Spanish Louisiana and British Canada and most distrusted the United States. The former two not only supplied them with munitions but were also less interested in seizing territory than in pursuing the mutually profitable fur trade; fellow Americans in the United States were less interested in trading with the natives than in acquiring their lands, often by treaties fraudulently obtained. attempts of the United States to seize Louisiana and to open the Mississippi River to its commerce, The northwestern frontier was the scene of seemingly endless warfare between Native Americans (aided and abetted by their British allies) and American frontiersmen (intent on retaliation against murderous assaults on U.S. settlements in the West).

England had by the terms of the 1783 peace treaty ceded to the United States. England justified its refusal to abide by this provision of the treaty by pointing to stipulations that the United States had failed to honor: the repayment of revolutionary debts due to British merchants and the return of Tory property. Washington swiftly asked Congress to enlarge the small regular army by one regiment he decided in 1791 to restore peace to the area by sending a punitive expedition against the warring tribes. General Arthur St. Clair humiliatingly defeated by a confederated Indian army.

. The United States Army, reorganized and enlarged, was now placed under the command of General Anthony Wayne, a leading Revolutionary War commander. Washington took the initiative in another type of training program by seeking to convince Congress and the state governments that the solution to the problem of Indian-American relations was not war but a change in attitude and the resultant adoption of policies that would assure justice to Native Americans. The murder of a Native American, for example, should be judged as the murder of a white person, measures should be taken to protect natives' property, and "such radical experiments . . . as may from time to time suit their condition" should be launched in order that Indians might gradually be integrated into U.S. culture. The period was not auspicious for the acceptance of such ideas, particularly in view of the persistence of Native Americans in conducting savage raids against U.S. settlers on the frontier. the foreign scene appeared serene and domestic developments, particularly the success of Hamilton's economic program, gratifying. On 13 February 1793 the electoral college unanimously elected him to a second term.