International Journal of JOURNAL Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 6545(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) ISSN 0976 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), pp. 293-304 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJEET
IAEME

THREE-PHASE GRID-CONNECTED INVERTER USING CURRENT REGULATOR

Tran Quang Tho, Truong Viet Anh Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, HCM City University of Technical Education ABSTRACT This paper presents an approach for a three-phase grid-connected inverter using current regulator. The switching frequency of hystereris in the current modulation is fixed by comparing the current error with carrier wave with the constant frequency of the multiple of 3. The LCL filter is installed at the inverter output to offer high harmonic attenuation. In order to determine simply the parameters of PI regulators, the methods of PSO, GA and the conventional Ziegler-Nichols are used to search the best values with high global stability. The simulation results in Simulink/Matlab show that the PI regulators designed by PSO method demonstrate better results than Ziegler-Nichols and even GA technique. Keywords: gen algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) I. INTRODUCTION The demand of renewable energy sources such as solar energy is becoming more popular for sustainability and environment with enormous potentials [1]. In order to convert solar DC source to three-phase AC power needs to have 3-phase inverters that have been well researched in recent years [2]. The current modulation plays an important role in power electronic systems, especially in voltage source inverters [3]. The advantages of current regulator are very simple, fast response, high robust and overload protection. In addition, it also keeps power factor unity and does not depend on voltage drop of switches [15]. However, the hysteresis PWM has unfixed switching frequency that increases loss of switches and current THD [16]. The elimination of common mode voltage in VSIs aims to reduce THD by using compensation circuitry [4], harmonic filters [5], [6], [7] and carrier wave phase shift [8] is very complicated. In order to meet grid-connected standard IEEE Std 929-2000 [9] with
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

harmonic attenuation [10], LCL filter is installed at inverter output. The simulation results discussed show that the PI regulators designed by PSO demonstrate better results than Ziegler-Nichols and even GA method. II. MODEL OF GRID-CONNECTED THREE PHASE INVERTER AND CONTROL STRATEGY The principle diagram of grid-connected three phase system is shown in Fig 1.

Fig 1: Simplified model of the grid-connected inverter with L filter II.1. Current regulation The three phase AC quantities Ia, Ib and Ic in the stationary frame are transformed into the DC components Id and Iq in the synchronously rotating frame by the phase angle of PLL. With L filter in grid-connected VSI as Fig 1, voltage equation of phase A in the stationary frame is: di L a = Via Rgia Vga (1) dt And phases B and C are similar. When neglecting resistor Rg, equation (1) became: di L a = Via Vga ( 2) dt The equation (2) shows that phase current can be regulated by amplitude and phase angle of Vi at inverter output with constant Vg as Fig 2.

Fig 2: Relationship between Vi and Ig in dq frame

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

Active and reactive powers in dq frame are calculated as (3) and (4). 3 P = (Vgd I gd + Vgq I gq ) (3) 2 3 Q = (Vgq I gd Vgd I gq ) (4) 2 With reference P_ref and Q_ref, currents Idp and Iq can determine as:
Idp 2 = 2 2 Iq 3 Vgd + Vgq

P_ ref Q_ ref Vgd Vgq Q_ ref P_ ref

(5)

The current Idp depends on DC source power status of solar. So: P ref = Pdc (6) For optimization of generation, only active power is to be injected in the grid and reference Iq is zero. Pdc and Idp can be determined by MPPT technique. To obtain the closed loop response, Id and Iq are taken from the outputs of the inner loop PI regulator, as (7). Where Id and Iq are the reference currents. Kp and Ki are the proportional and integral gain constants respectively. These gain constants are determined by tuning the regulators for optimal response with methods of Ziegler-Nichols, GA and PSO.
Ki _ id Kp _ id + I* d s * = I q 0 Id _ ref Idg (7) K Iq _ ref Iqg Kp _ iq + i _ iq s 0

The LCL filter of the inverter output is proposed as Fig 3.

Fig 3: The proposed diagram of three phase inverter with LCL filter
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

II.2. DC link voltage control The DC voltage is held at a constant value by using a PI regulator which provides the real current reference as (8). Where V*dc is the DC voltage of MPPT. K * I d _ ref = I dp K p _ dc + i _ dc Vdc Vdc (8) s II.3. PWM modulation Current error: I _ error = I g _ ref I g (9 )

= Vi _ ref Vi (10) dt Current errors are compared with carrier wave of fixed frequency and amplitude. If the current error is positive and larger than the carrier wave, the switches are activated to apply +Vdc. On the other hand, if current error is positive and smaller than the carrier wave, the switches are activated to apply Vdc as Fig 4.

Then: L

d (I _ error )

Fig 4: PWM modulation II.4. Tuning parameters of PI regulator: With LCL filter, parameters of PI regulators effect significantly on THD of inverter output current [11]. The conventional tuning methods of PI regulator such as Ziegler-Nichols rules and GA have been applied to tune the controller recently. Randomly searching technique such as GA that has high efficient computational and global searching capabilities has been applied successfully to optimize the complex problems. But the premature convergence of GA degrades its performance and reduces its searching capabilities. The PSO algorithm is proposed in this paper to tune PI regulator. The Ziegler-Nichols method:

Fig 5: Single phase equivalent circuit of LCL filter

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

In Fig 5, when assuming no harmonic at PCC, then Vg=0. For a balanced system the transfer function of the LCL filter for every phase is given by (11). Cf Lgs 2 + C f R gs + 1 I i (s ) = (11) Vi (s ) C1s 3 + C 2s 2 + C 3s + C 4

where : C1 = C f L g L i ; C 2 = C f L g R i + C f L i R g ; C3 = Lg + Li + Cf R g R i ; C4 = R g + R i ; and Ri and Rg are resistors of inductances Li and Lg respectively. System parameters: Vdc=650V; Ldc=3mH; Rdc=1; Cdc=500F; grid voltage =380V; 50Hz; short-circuit power=40KVA; Lg=1mH; Rg=0.1; Cf=5F; Li=2mH; Ri=0.2; carrier wave frequency fc=9KHz. Kgh=30 and Tgh=3.888 are determined by Ziegler-Nichols method in (11). In the GA method with flowchart in Fig 6a

Fig 6a: GA flowchart

Fig 6b: PSO flowchart

In the PSO method, velocity and position are updated by equations (12) and (13) in flowchart in Fig 6b.
Vcur = w.V( t ) + .R 1 (Plobes Pcur ) + .R 2 (Pglobes Pcur ) (12) Pcur = Pcur + .Vcur (13)

Results of tuned parameters are shown in table 1 Method ZieglerNichols GA PSO Kp_Id 13.5 5.6208 4.3523 Ki_Id 4.182 200.046 179.534 Kp_Iq 13.5 3.4441 2.442 Ki_Iq 4.182 1.0156 4.0112

Table 1: parameters of PI regulators

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

III. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

From6 [Vdc_ref] PI_Vdc Idp PI_Vdc [Iabc] From3 wt From1
wt

From5 [Vdc]

abc dq0

PI_Idq

dq abc I*_abc

abc_dq0 Terminator3 Embedded MATLAB Function1 0 Iq=0 wt From2 dq0_abc

wt Carrier gates

PI_idq

[gates] Goto

9KHz Embedded MATLAB Function [Iabc] From4

I_abc

6 xung

[gates] Three-Phase I Measurement

Iabc a B B b c C b c C A

Gates

From 650 Vsol

Vso

I wt wt

3-phase PLL
[Iabc] wtVabc (pu) A B C
Vabc a A

A B C Rg_Lg

a b c B A C b a c C

A B C Ri_Li

a b c

VDC

Vdc Goto3

Three-Phase Source

Inverter

Three-Phase V-I Measurement

Fig 7: Simulation model in Simulink/Matlab. The current Id increases from 5A up to 10A at 3.803s. III.1. Results with Ziegler-Nichols:
400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.8 3.81 3-phase voltage (V) 3.82 3.83 3.84 3.85 5 x 10

Fig 8a: Three-phase voltage (V)

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

10

-5

-10 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.8 3.81 3-phase current (A) 3.82 3.83 3.84 3.85 5 x 10

Fig 8b: Three-phase current (A)

6000

4000

2000

-2000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 10 7
5

Fig 8c: Active power P (w) and reactive power Q (var)

FFT window: 5 of 288.7 cycles of selected signal 4 2 0 -2 -4 3.63 3.64 3.65 3.66 3.67 3.68 Time (s) 3.69 3.7 3.71 3.72

Fundamental (50Hz) = 4.521 , THD= 5.20% 4 M a g (% o f Fu n d a m e n ta l)

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Fig 8d: THD spectrum of current 299

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME III.2. RESULTS WITH GA:
400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.8 3.81 3-phase voltage (V) 3.82 3.83 3.84 3.85 5 x 10

Fig 9a: Three-phase voltage (V)

10

-5

-10 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.8 3.81 3-phase current (A) 3.82 3.83 3.84 3.85 5 x 10

Fig 9b: Three-phase current (A)

6000

4000

2000

-2000 0 1 2 3 4 P (w) & Q (var) 5 6 x 10 7

5

Fig 9c: Active power P (w) and reactive power Q (var)

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

FFT window: 5 of 305.3 cycles of selected signal 5

-5 3.61 3.62 3.63 3.64 3.65 3.66 Time (s) 3.67 3.68 3.69 3.7

Fundamental (50Hz) = 5.007 , THD= 3.41% 2.5 M a g (%o fF u n d a m e n ta l) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Fig 9d: THD spectrum of current

III.3. RESULTS WITH PSO:

400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.8 3.81 3-phase voltage (A) 3.82 3.83 3.84 3.85 5 x 10

Fig 10a: Three-phase voltage (V)

10

-5

-10 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.8 3.81 3-phase Current (A) 3.82 3.83 3.84 3.85 5 x 10

Fig 10b: Three-phase current (A) 301

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

6000

4000

2000

-2000 0 1 2 3 4 P (w) & Q (var) 5 6 x 10 7

5

Fig 10c: Active power P (w) and reactive power Q (var)

FFT window: 5 of 264.4 cycles of selected signal 5

-5 3.63 3.64 3.65 3.66 3.67 3.68 Time (s) 3.69 3.7 3.71 3.72

Fundamental (50Hz) = 5.009 , THD= 2.93% 2 1.5

M a g (%o fF u n d a m e n ta l)

0.5

200

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Fig 10d: THD spectrum of current

thod

% THD of output current

Ziegler-Nichols 5.20 GA 3.41 PSO 2.93 Table 2: THD of output current at PCC

IV. DISCUSSION
Parameters of PI regulators in GA and PSO methods always give Kp_Id Kp_Iq and Ki_Id Ki_Iq. Power responses in figures 8c, 9c and 10c demonstrate that GA and PSO methods give results better than Ziegler-Nichols method. The output currents harmonics in figures 8d, 9d and 10d also show that PSO method in the table 2 gives the best result current THD is 2.93%.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents an approach for a three-phase grid-connected inverter using current regulator with low current THD by using LCL filter at inverter output and good response. The PSO algorithm is proposed in this paper to tune parameters of PI regulator gives global results better than Ziegler-Nichols and even GA method. Control strategies proposed is a good alternative to implement an inverter system control with reduced harmonic content injected into the grid and less computational load than other methods.

REFERENCES
[1] Stphan Astier, Systmes solaires photovoltaques, Seminar on 15/02/2011 at Technical University HCM city. [2] Amirnaser Yazdani and Prajna Paramita Dash, A Control Methodology and Characterization of Dynamics for a Photovoltaic (PV) System Interfaced With a Distribution Network, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 24, No. 3, July 2009. [3] Jos Rodrguez, Jorge Pontt, Predictive Current Control of a Voltage Source Inverter, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 1, February 2007. [4] K. H. Edelmoser, Common Mode Problematic of Solar Inverter Systems, Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS International Conference on Circuits, 2007 . [5] Eftichios Koutroulis, Frede Blaabjerg, Methods for the Optimal Design of GridConnected PV Inverters, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, IJRERvol.1,No.2,pp.54 [6] Hyosung Kim, Kyoung-Hwan Kim, Filter design for grid connected PV inverters, ICSET 2008. [7] H. R. Karshenas, and H. Saghafi, Performance Investigation of LCL Filters in Grid Connected Converters, IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Latin America, Venezuela, 2006. [8] M. Brenna, R. Chiumeo and C. Gandolfi, Harmonic analysis: comparison between different modulation strategies for three phase inverter connecting Distributed Generation, Politecnico di Milano-Department of Energy, Italy-2011 . [9] IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic (PV) systems, IEEE Standard 929-2000, Jan. 2000. [10] M.A.A. Younis, N. A. Rahim, and S. Mekhilef, Harmonic Reduction In Three-Phase Parallel Connected Inverter, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 50 2009 - 64,2011 [11] Erika Twining, Donald Grahame Holmes, Modelling grid-connected voltage source inverter operation, Power Electronics Group-Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Monash University, Clayton [12] Byeong-Mun Song, Youngroc Kim, Hanju Cha, Hakju Lee, Current Harmonic Minimization of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic 500kW Three-Phase Inverter using PR Control, IEEE 2011 [13] Miguel Castilla, Jaume Miret, Antonio Camacho, Jos Matas, and Luis Garca de Vicua, Reduction of Current Harmonic Distortion in Three-phase Grid-connected Photovoltaic Inverters via Resonant Current Control, IEEE 2011

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[14] X.Q. Guo W.Y. Wu, Improved current regulation of three-phase grid-connected voltage-source inverters for distributed generation systems, IET Renewable Power Generation, September 2009 [15] Leonardo Augusto Serpa, Current Control Strategies for Multilevel Grid Connected Inverters, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 2007 [16] George Alin Raducu, Control of Grid Side Inverter in a B2B Configuration for WT Applications, Aalborg University, 2008 [17] Satyaranjan Jena, B.Chitti Babu, S.R.Samantaray and Mohamayee Mohapatra, Comparative Study between Adaptive Hysteresis and SVPWM Current Control for Gridconnected Inverter System, [18] R. Arivoli Dr. I. A. Chidambaram Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Based Load-Frequency Control Of A Two-Area Power System With Smes Inter Connected Using Ac-Dc Tie-Lines International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 1- 20, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 09766553. [19] Mr. Laith O. Maheemed, Prof. D.S. Bankar, Harmonic Mitigation For Non-Linear Loads Using Three-Phase Four Wire Upqc Control Strategy International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 247- 260, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. [20] Pradeep B Jyoti, J.Amarnath and D.Subbarayudu The Scheme of Three-Level Inverters Based On Svpwm Overmodulation Technique for Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drives International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, and pp. 245- 260, ISSN Print: 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553.

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