Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering Vol. 1, No. 2, pp.

207~213, 2011 207

Load Management using Heat-Pump Water Heater and Electric Vehicle Battery Charger in Distribution System with PV
Yuji Hanai , Kazuaki Yoshimura *, Junya Matsuki * and Yasuhiro Hayashi **
Abstract This paper proposes a new load management method using Heat Pump Water Heater (HPWH) and Electric Vehicle Battery Charger (EV-BC) in a distribution system with a high penetration of Photovoltaic generation system (PV). The proposed method implements a classification of the controllable loads (HP-WH, EV-BC) by distribution section and optimizes operation modes of the classified controllable loads. A distribution section enclosed with two or three IT switches, which are sectionalizing switches with sensors, is defined as a load management cluster, and a large number of controllable loads in a distribution feeder are classified into three clusters. All the customers with controllable loads determine beforehand two operation modes which achieve the satisfactory convenience and energy conservation; one is a nighttime consumption pattern and another is a daytime consumption pattern. Distribution System Operator (DSO) can collect the customers' information such as address codes and operation plans, and select either of the operation modes in each distribution section. The optimal combination of these operation modes is determined by Optimal Power Flow calculation (OPF). The objective is to improve load factor while keeping a power quality of a distribution system. The validity of the proposed method is verified through computer simulations using distribution network model. Keywords: Load management, PV system, Heat-pump water heater, Electric vehicle, Distribution system, Power quality

1. Introduction
Photovoltaic generation system (PV) is attracting a lot of attention due to its potential for its contribution as part of the solution to global warming, the depletion of fossil fuels, and to energy conservation. In recent years, the penetration of PV continues to rapidly grow in resident area due to promotion programs by the government and a surplus power buyback program by electric power companies [1][2]. However, the integration of PV to distribution network may degrade the power quality; in particular, voltage problem is one of the most important issues for distribution system operators. The reverse power flows from PVs cause voltage rise and voltage fluctuation. At present, in order to avoid the excess voltage rise, the power generation output of PV is suppressed by the interconnecting inverter with Power Conditioning System (PCS). Since it causes a decrease of PVs system efficiency, a solution against the output suppression is desired [3]-[5]. An addition of a storage
Corresponding Author: Graduate School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Fukui, Japan (hanai@u-fukui.ac.jp) * Graduate School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Fukui, Japan ** School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Waseda University, Japan (hayashi@waseda.jp) Received: January 14, 2011; Accepted: March 23, 2011

option which is one of the solutions has large problems in respect of the high initial cost and the installation space. As an alternative solution, we focus on demand side management using Heat Pump Water Heaters (HP-WH) and Electric Vehicle Battery Chargers (EV-BC) [6]. These devices have a large rating capacity and the large potential of voltage controllability. The control of HP-WH and EVBC can not only solve PVs output power suppression by the voltage problem but also contribute to load leveling in a distribution system. Therefore, the coordinated control can be an effective solution that both consumers side and distribution system operators benefit. This paper proposes a centralized load management method for distribution system with a large penetration of PV. The proposed method groups a large number of residential consumers with the controllable loads into each distribution section, and cooperatively controls their power consumption modes by the section unit. In this paper, the objective of control is to maximize the load factor in a distribution system. It is assumed that each consumer has two operation modes beforehand on basis of own energy use; one is a nighttime consumption pattern and another is a daytime consumption pattern. The determination algorithm for a combination of the operation modes is based on exhaustive search and Optimal Power Flow (OPF). The

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Load Management using Heat-Pump Water Heater and Electric Vehicle Battery Charger in Distribution System with PV

validity of the proposed method is verified through computer simulations using distribution network model.

2. Concept and Methodology of Load Management

2.1 The Impact of Residential Controllable Load Operation on Distribution System. In order to reduce whole load factor of electric power system, residential controllable loads such as HP-WH and EV-BC would make a scheduled operation during the period from midnight to early morning. However, since these controllable loads have the relatively large capacities, the simultaneous operation of many controllable loads may cause local problems such as overload operations of transformers and excessive voltage drop [6][7]. Thus, when the controllable loads are largely increased, it is necessary to move the operational schedules of them without reduction of customers' benefit and convenience. Additionally, the demand control using the controllable loads has a potential to solve voltage problems due to PV penetration. If a part of the power consumption is transferred to daytime, the reverse power flow from PV is reduced, and voltage fluctuation is compensated without the output suppression by PV's inverter. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 1, load management using HP-WH and EV-BC is one of the effective solutions for stably operating a distribution system with a large penetration of PV. However, there will be a huge number of customers with controllable load in the future. It is extremely difficult to determine the optimal amount and number of controlled load power among a huge number of the combinations. 2.2 Centralized Load Distribution Sections Management Method by

energy use beforehand, which are optimized according to demands of electric power, heat, EV's driving and so on. As for two operation modes, one (Mode 0) has large power consumption of controllable loads in daytime and another (Mode 1) has that in off-peak load like early morning. Therefore, the proposed load management is not to control the direct output control of each controllable load but to select the operation mode (0 or 1) of residential customers at each distribution section. DSO can operate easily and stably the distribution system by integrating a huge number of controllable loads and selecting the operation mode at each distribution section according to system conditions and weather etc. In this system, it is assumed that each customer provides the address code and the power curves of two operation modes via internet. 2.3 Determination Method for Operation modes of Customers Loads Classified by Distribution Section
Without coordinated control
6.6kV Customers Customers Voltage deviation Customers Output suppression HP EV
Time

Load

HP

EV

PV

With coordinated control

6.6kV Customers Customers

Customers Maximizing output

Power

Power

Keeping voltage

Load

HP

EV

PV

HP EV

EV HP
Time

Fig. 1. The impact of residential controllable load operation on distribution system.

V,I
6.6kV
Power

Sect.1

V,I

Sect.2

V,I

Sect.3

V,I
: IT Switch

Fig. 2 shows the outline of our centralized load management system. In Japanese distribution system, IT switch which is sectionalizing switch with sensors has already been put to practical use, and the penetration is promoted [8][9]. Consequently, distribution system state such as electric demand, voltage and current will be understood more accurately in each distribution section enclosed by sectionalizing switches. The proposed system adopts a centralized management based upon the distribution section. All customers with controllable loads in distribution system are divided into distribution sections. Each customer has two operation modes about electric

Data Acquisition Calculation

Mode 0

Time

or
Power

Data Distribution

Mode 1

x1=0 or 1 [ x1 , x2 , x3 ]

x2=0 or 1 Internet

x3=0 or 1

Time

Operation pattern of Controllable Loads

Fig. 2. Outline of Centralized Load Management System.

Yuji Hanai, Kazuaki Yoshimura, Junya Matsuki and Yasuhiro Hayashi

209

On the basis of above-mentioned load management system, the formulation of a problem to determine the combination of operation modes at distribution section is conducted. This determination problem is defined as the optimization problem to maximize the load factor at a distribution substation under constraints about power quality. The objective is to improve load factor while keeping a power quality of a distribution system. There are three constraints about line voltage, line current and imbalance voltage. The variable is a set of binary variables which are operation modes (0 or 1) at distribution sections. The objective function and constraints about power quality is shown as follows; [Objective Function]

power consumption of electric vehicle battery charger of phase m at node n at time t, PPV m,n,t : power generation of PV of phase m at node n at time t, Vm,n,t : line voltage of phase m at node n at time t, VMIN n : lower line voltage limit at node n, VMAX n : upper line voltage limit at node n, Im,n,t : line current of phase m at node n at time t, IMAX(n): upper line current limit at node n, n,t : imbalance voltage at node n at time t, MAX : upper imbalance voltage limit, : vector operator, N: total number of nodes, T: total number of time periods In this paper, the determination algorithm is based on exhaustive search and Optimal Power Flow (OPF). Typical Japanese 6.6kV distribution system has three sectionalized and three connected network configuration, and one distribution feeder can be divided into three distribution section. Considering the 6.6kV distribution system is three phases system, the optimized state variable is a vector with 9 elements (three-sections and three-phases). Thus, at one distribution feeder, there are 512 (=29) combinations of operation modes. All the enumerated combinations of operation modes are evaluated using load flow calculation, and the combination with a maximum load factor of the distribution system is determined as an optimal one.

FLOAD = PMAX (x)

m, n, t

PAVE (x)

Maximize .................. (1)

PMAX (x ) = max{ Pm,n ,t (x ) } ............................................ (2)

PAVE (x ) = average{ Pm,n,t (x) }......................................... (3)
m, n, t

Pm , n , t (x ) = PLOAD

+ PHP m , n , t (x ) + PEV m , n , t (x )
xb, 0 xb ,1 M xb, s

m , n ,t

PPV m , n , t

(m = a, b, c) ...... (4)

xa , 0 x a ,1 x= M xa , s

xc , 0 xc ,1 ..................................................... (5) M xc , s

3. Case Study
In order to check the validity of proposed load management method, numerical analysis using load flow calculation are carried out. The comparison between two cases is implemented to clarify the validity of proposed method. 3.1 Simulation Model and Conditions
Distribution system model (129 node model)
LRT Branch (21 taps) 0 Slack Node (6600V) 1 2 3 16 15 4 5 6 7 18 17 8 9 10

[Constraints]

VMIN n Vm ,n ,t VMAX n (m = a, b, c) .............................. (6) I m ,n ,t I MAX n (m = a, b, c)............................................ (7)

n ,t =
1 2

Va ,n ,t + 2 Vb ,n ,t + Vc ,n ,t Va ,n ,t + Vb ,n ,t + 2 Vc ,n ,t

MAX ................. (8)

[High voltage model] Proper Volt6.6kV Proper capa10MVA Feeder capa 3MVA
Switch Connection Node Load Connection Node 11 12 13 14

= + j

3 ............................................................ (9) 2

Section1

Section2 [Internode Impedance]

Section3

Where, FLOAD: load factor at a distribution substation, x: a set of 0-1 variables, xm,s: operation mode number phase m at distribution section s, PAVE: average load power at a distribution substation, PMAX: maximum load power at a distribution substation, Pm,n,t: injection power of phase m at node n at time t, PLOAD m,n,t : load power of phase m at node n at time t, PHP m,n,t (x): power consumption of heat-pump water heater of phase m at node n at time t, PEV m,n,t (x):

[Low voltage model] Load: 10kVA PV: 30kVA 27

28
AL AL

3
Pole Tr

High volt distribution line (800m) AL240 29.4+j71.4 pu/km AL120 57.9+j79.9 pu/km
AL

23 24

19 20

21 22

AL

25
DV

DV

DV

DV

DV

26

Pole transformer 30kVA 3.67+5.21 pu/km Low volt distribution line (32m) AL120 57.9+j79.9 pu/km Leading wire13m (DV3.2) DV3.2 383.3+j15.6 pu/km

3phase8 (Load: 240kVA)

Fig. 3. Distribution network model.

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Load Management using Heat-Pump Water Heater and Electric Vehicle Battery Charger in Distribution System with PV
6900

Table 3. Setting parameters of EV and EV-BC Rated charging current Rated charging output Capacity of EVs battery Initial amount of charging capacity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Sending voltage [V]

6800 6700 6600 6500 6400 6300

15 [A] 1.5 [kW] 16 [kWh] 8.0 [kWh]

Time [hour]
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 S S S S S S

Fig. 4. Sending voltage profile.

3.0 Load PV

Section1 S S S S Section2 Section3 S S

Electric energy [kWh]

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

(a) Mode 0
Time Section1 Section2 Section3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 S S S S S S S S S S S S

(b) Mode 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Time [hour]

Fig. 5. Daily profile of electric power demand and output power of PV (Except power consumption of HPWH and EV-BC) Table 1. Connection node and capacity of PV Node 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 13 15 17 Total Phase a-b 240 [kW] 240 [kW] 240 [kW] 240 [kW] 240 [kW] 240 [kW] 240 [kW] 240 [kW] 240 [kW] 240 [kW] 240 [kW] 2640[kW] Phase b-c 80 [kW] 80 [kW] 0 [kW] 80 [kW] 0 [kW] 80 [kW] 0 [kW] 80 [kW] 80 [kW] 80 [kW] 80 [kW] 640 [kW] Phase c-a 80 [kW] 0 [kW] 80 [kW] 0 [kW] 80 [kW] 80 [kW] 80 [kW] 80 [kW] 0 [kW] 80 [kW] 80 [kW] 640 [kW]

Fig. 6. Operational schedules of HP-WHs in each distribution section (S: Supplying hot-water).
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 D D D D C D D C

Section1 C C C C C C C D Section3 C C C C D D D

Section2 C C C C C C C C D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

(a) Mode 0
Time Section1 Section3 D D D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 D C C C C C C C D D D D C C C C C C D D

Section2 C C C C C C C C D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

(b) Mode 1 Fig. 7. Operational schedules of EV-BCs in each distribution section (D: Driving and discharging battery, C: Charging battery). For construction of the simulation model, one feeder distribution network, PV, HP-WH and EV-BC are modeled respectively. Fig. 3 shows the graph model of a distribution network. This model consists of 129 nodes and models 6.6kV distribution system and 100V distribution system. In addition, it has 6 sectionalizing switch nodes, 11 highvoltage load nodes (HV nodes) with 10 low-voltage load nodes (LV nodes) and one LRT (Load Ratio control Transformer) branch. Each HV node is assumed to have 240 customers (24 pole transformers with 10 customers). Fig. 4 shows sending voltage profile controlled by LRT. For simplicity, it is assumed that sending voltage and line impedance balance on three-phase circuit. Customer devices such as PV, HP-WH, EV-BC and other appliances can be connected into LV nodes. Fig. 5 shows daily profiles of electric power demand (the other

Table 2. Setting parameters of HP-WH Rated output of hot-water supply Capacity of hot-water storage tank Initial amount of hot-water Temperature of hot-water supply Temperature of tap water COP Rated power consumption 4.0 [kW] 300 [] 50 [] 60 [deg] 15 [deg] 4.0 1.0 [kW]

Yuji Hanai, Kazuaki Yoshimura, Junya Matsuki and Yasuhiro Hayashi

211

appliances except HP-WH and EV-BC) and PV's output power at LV node. The profiles are based on measured data in residential area. The rated capacities of load and PV are set as 1.0 kW and 3.0 kW, respectively. In daytime period, the generating power of PV exceeds the load demand. Table 1 shows connection node and capacity of PVs. PVs are connected to LV nodes which are linked with the HV nodes in Table 1. Thus PVs are concentrated on phase a-b, and three-phase voltages has large imbalance. Setting parameters of HP-WH are shown in Table 2. The rating output of HP-WH is 4.0 kW which is utilized in general residence. HP-WHs performance COP is set as 4.0 (constant). The power consumption of HP-WH is 1.0 kW which is derived by dividing the rated output by COP. The temperatures of hot-water supply and tap-water are 60 degrees and 15 degrees, respectively. The capacity of hotwater storage tank is 300 and the amount of heat is 13,500kcal. The customers' heat demands are assumed 16 kWh in Section 1, 20 kWh in Section 2 and 12 kWh in Section 3, respectively. Fig. 6 shows the operational schedules of HP-WHs in each distribution section. In case of Mode 0, HP-WHs are operated for 3~5 hours in low electric rate period (23:00 ~ 6:00). In case of Mode 1, HPWHs make a hot-water supply in both morning and daytime. Setting parameters of EV and EV-BC are shown in Table 3. The EV model is from the Mitsubishi I-MIEV as an existing model of EV. The rating charging current is 15 A, and the capacity of EVs battery is 16 kWh. Considering that the receiving voltage of residential customers is 100V, the charging power is 1.5 kW. Fig. 7 shows the operational schedules of EV-BCs in each distribution section. In case of Mode 0, EV-BCs are operated in low electric rate period (23:00 ~ 6:00) as long as possible [10]. In case of Mode 1, EV-BCs charge the EVs in daytime except for those of Section 2. In this paper, through two case studies (Case 1 and Case 2), the proposed load management method is verified. In Case 1, the operation modes of HP-WH and EV-BC are Mode 0 in all the distribution sections (Section 1, 2 and 3). In Case 2, the operation modes are determined by the proposed load management method for improving the load factor. 3.2 Simulation Results The profiles of controllable load power consumption, line voltage and power flow in the distribution network model are analyzed by load flow calculation, and a comparison between the two cases is implemented. The operation mode combinations of the two cases are shown in

Table 4. The simulation results of Case 1 and Case 2 are shown in Fig. 8 and 9, respectively.
2000

Electric energy [kWh]

1500 1000 500 0

Section1 Section2 Section3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Time [hour]

(a) Total controllable load power in each section

7200 7000

upper limit

Line voltage [V]

6800 6600 6400 6200 6000 5800 abphase bcphase

lower limit
caphase

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Time [hour]

(b) Line voltage at Node14

3000

Power flow [kW]

2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000

aphase

bphase

cphase

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Time [hour]

(c) Power flow between Node1 and Node2 Fig. 8. Simulation results before using the proposed load management (off-peak load operation mode).

Table 4. Operation modes of controllable loads

xa,1 xb,1 xc,1 xa,2 xb,2 xc,2 xa,3 xb,3 xc,3

Case 1 Case 2

0 1

0 0

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

Fig. 8 shows simulation results of Case 1 that all HPWHs and EV-BCs have off-peak load operation modes (Mode 0). Due to the concentrated power consumption of HP-WHs and EV-BCs in early morning, distribution line voltages are largely decreased. Consequently, in the period between 23:00 and 5:00, the line voltage at Node 14

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Load Management using Heat-Pump Water Heater and Electric Vehicle Battery Charger in Distribution System with PV

deviates from the lower voltage limit. In contrast, due to the concentrated power generation of PVs in daytime, distribution line voltages are largely increased. In the period between 10:00 and 13:00, the line voltage at Node14 deviates from the upper voltage limit. Therefore, the independent operation of large capacity devices such as PVs, HP-WH and EV-BC can cause voltage violations in a distribution system. The load factor is 26.0% and the maximum imbalance voltage rate is 2.07%.
2000

Electric energy [kWh]

1500 1000 500 0

Section1 Section2 Section3

consumption of the controllable loads utilized in 9:00-15:00 can reduce the reverse power flow from PVs. Consequently, the reverse power flow reduction according to load management yields voltage rise mitigation and load factor improvement. In addition, the load factor is increased into 44.2% by 18.2%, and the maximum imbalance voltage rate is decreased to 1.36% by 0.71%. Through the above simulation results, it was confirmed that the proposed load management method keeps a power quality even if a distribution network has a large and imbalance penetration of PV.

4. Conclusion
This paper proposed a centralized load management method for distribution system with a large penetration of PV. The load management method cooperatively controls the residential controllable loads which are grouped into distribution section unit. In this paper, the objective of load management is to maximize the load factor of a distribution network. Two operation modes of each consumer are determined on basis of own energy use beforehand; for example, one is a nighttime consumption pattern and another is a daytime consumption pattern. The determination algorithm for a combination of the operation modes is based on exhaustive search and Optimal Power Flow (OPF). In order to check the validity of proposed method, numerical simulations have been carried out. The profiles of controllable load power consumption, line voltage and power flow in the distribution network model were analyzed by load flow calculation, and a comparison between the two cases was implemented. As the results, it was confirmed that the daytime operation of HP-WHs and EV-BCs improves not only load factor of distribution system but also the power quality such as voltage profile and imbalance voltage.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Time [hour]

(a) Total controllable load power in each section

7200 7000

upper limit

Line voltage [V]

6800 6600 6400 6200 6000 5800 abphase bcphase

lower limit
caphase

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Time [hour]

(b) Line voltage at Node14

3000 aphase bphase cphase

Power flow [kW]

2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Time [hour]

(b) Power flow between Node1 and Node2

Acknowledgement
Fig. 9. Simulation results after using the proposed load management. On the other hand, when HP-WHs and EV-BCs are coordinated controlled based on proposed load management method, all the line voltages are maintained within the allowable range, as shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 9(a) shows that a large part of power consumption of the controllable loads is moved from early morning to daytime. The power This study was supported by Specially Promoted Research Grant from Power Academy of Japan.

References
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[2] The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI): Action Plan for Promoting the Introduction of Solar Power Generation, (2009) http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/data/pdf/081111_ ActionPlan.pdf [3] K. Kurokawa: The State-of-the Art of Solar Photovoltaic and its Future Direction, IEEJ Journal, Vol.128, No.7, pp.904-907(2008) (in Japanese) [4] Y. Ueda, N. Kawasaki, K. Kurokawa, T. Tanabe, K. Kitamura, E. Nakashima, Y. Miyamoto, H. Sugihara: Development of an output suppression avoidance system in ~Demonstrative research on clustered PV systems~ (1), Proc. of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of Power & Energy Society, IEE of Japan, No. 416, pp.52-1, 52-2(2007) (in Japanese) [5] Y. Ueda, K. Kurokawa, T. Itou, K. Kitamura, K. Akanuma, M. Yokota, H. Sugihara, A. Morimoto: Advanced Analysis of Grid-connected PV Systems performance and Effect of Battery, IEEJ Trans. PE, Vol.127, No.1, pp.247~258 (2007-1) (in Japanese) [6] Y. Hanai, K. Yoshimura, Y. Hayashi, S. Kawasaki, J. Matsuki: Scheduling Method for Heat-Pump Water Heater and Electric Vehicle Battery Charger in Residence with PV System, The Papers of Joint Technical Meeting on Power Engineering and Power Systems Engineering, IEE Japan, PE-09-171, PSE-09179, pp.65-70 (2009-9) (in Japanese) [7] E. Valsera-Naranjo, A. Sumper, P. Lloret-Gallego, R. Villafafila-Robles, A. Sudri`a-Andreu: Deterministic and Probabilistic Assessment of the Impact of the Electrical Vehicles on the Power Grid, Journal of International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality ICREPQ10, No.704 (2010-3) [8] L. A. Kojovic, T. R. Day, Advanced Distribution System Automation, in Proc. IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference 2003, Sept. 2003 [9] T. Kasajima, R. Endo, Y. Wada, Y. Kudo, and H. Kanawa, The Development of the Advanced Distribution Automation System with Optical Fiber Network of Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc., IEEE Power Engineering Society 2004 General Meeting, June 2004 [10] R. Hiwatari, K. Okano, H. Yamamoto, M. Takasaki, Y. Fujii: Effect of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle on Electric Demand in Japan, Report of Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, No. L05008 (2006)

Yuji Hanai received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from University of Fukui, Japan, in 2006 and 2008, respectively. Since 2008, he has been with University of Fukui and teaching in the faculty. His research interests are optimization of distribution system operation and planning.

Kazuaki Yoshimura received the B.S. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from University of Fukui, Japan, in 2009. Since 2009, he has been a masters student in University of Fukui. His research interests are operation and control of distribution system with renewable energy sources.

Junya Matsuki received the B.S., M.S., and Doctor of Engineering degrees in electrical engineering from Kyoto University, Japan, in 1969, 1971, and 1979, respectively. Currently, he is a Professor at University of Fukui, Japan. He joined the Mitsubishi Electric Company, Japan, in 1971. Since then, he has been interested in power system analysis and synchronous machines.

Yasuhiro Hayashi received the B.E., M.E., and Doctor of Engineering degrees from Waseda University, Japan, in 1989, 1991, and 1994, respectively. Currently, he is a Professor at Waseda University, Japan. In 1994, he became a Research Associate at Ibaraki University, Japan. In 2000, he became an Associate Professor at University of Fukui, Japan. His research fields of interest include optimization of power system operation and planning, power system analysis, and load forecasting.