R ATES OF REACTION

The rate of a chemical reaction is determined by HOW FAST a reaction occurs (this is the rate of reaction):

T YPES OF REACTION :
SLOW zinc + acid VERY SLOW rusting

VERY FAST an explosion e.g. dynamite FAST group 1 metals + water

F ACTORS AFFECTING RATE :

TEMPERATURE: each atom will then have a higher kinetic energy, which increases the number of collisions
(as the particles are moving faster and crazier), and bigger and faster collisions

CONCENTRATION: a higher concentration means more atoms and molecules which will then increase the
probability of collision, which increases the efficiency of a reaction

SURFACE AREA: the larger the surface area, the more reactions can take place on that certain substance,
which increases the efficiency of the reaction

CATALYST: lowers the ACTIVATION ENERGY allowing the substance to react at a lower temperature, which
decreases the amount of energy needed, allowing it to react faster

PRESSURE: the increase in pressure for gases is the same as increasing concentration for liquids; it means
that there are more of that certain atom, which therefore increases the likelihood of collision

C ATALYSTS
They are mainly used in industrial processes, as they manage to speed up the rate of reaction. They do this by lowering the activation energy, which means that they can use less energy to complete the reaction. This reduces costs, and is therefore very useful to the companies.

E NZYMES
Enzymes are complex molecules which act as a biological catalyst in leaving systems, such as humans (amylase, protease etc.). They are very sensitive to temperature and pH.

Catalysts Manganese Dioxide Making O2 from hydrogen peroxide Platinum, Rhodium & Palladium used in car exhaust pipes Nickel - making margarine

Enzymes Amylase Protease Lipase

ATOMIC S TRUCTURE & C HEMICAL B ONDING

Nucleus has protons and neutrons Electrons found in a shell around the nucleus Protons relative charge: +1 relative mass: 1

Electrons: relative charge: -1 1 relative mass:

1836

Neutrons

relative charge: 0 relative mass: 1

P OTASSIUM S E LECTRONIC S TRUCTURE

2,8,8,1

Atoms transfer electrons in chemical bonds to try and achieve a full outer shell as it is MORE STABLE.

I ONS
Ions are electrically atoms or groups of atoms. They are formed by the loss or gain of electrons Type of Ion Metal Atoms&Ions Non-Metal Ion Charge Positively Charged (+) Negatively Charged (-)

COMMON IONS SODIUM: Na+ MAGNESIUM: Mg2+ AMMONIUM: NH4 + OXIDE: O2 CHLORIDE: Cl-

IONIC B ONDING
Ionic bonding includes the gain or loss of one or more electrons from an atom -to obtain a FULL OUTER SHELL

Ionic Bonding only occurs between: METALS AND NON-METALS (1metal+1non-metal)

E XAMPLES :

Na

Cl
NaCl

Na

Cl

Mg

MgO

Mg

Al

F
AlF3

Al

L ATTICE S TRUCTURE
A way of displaying regular patterns within atoms of oppositely charged ions is used a lattice structure:

+ - + - + - + - + + - + - +
I ONIC S UBSTANCES

Lattice of NaCl

THEY HAVE HIGH METING POINTS: strong electrostatic bonds between each ion (and these have to
break) o The greater the charge on the ions the higher the melting and boiling point.

COVALENT B ONDING
D EFINITION :
Covalent bonding is the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms. Covalent bonds are only formed between NON-METALS + NON-METALS.

F ORMATION

Cl

Cl

Cl

O H

O H H

C H

H N H H O O O

M ETALLIC B ONDING
+ +
D EFINITION

+ +

Positive metal ions Sea of negative ions

A metallic bond is a giant structure of positive (metal) ions, surrounded by a sea of delocalised (free) electrons.

S TRUCTURE
C ARBON DIOXIDE :

C
Double bonds

O
Structured in a line

C
It is stable (has a full outer shell)

D IAMOND

Single covalent Bonds All bonds are strong No weak Bonds

Tetrahedron of Carbon atoms

G RAPHITE

Hexagonal shape of c atoms

Only 3 covalent bonds It is formed in layers Weak bonds between layers

C C C

C C

T HE S TRUCTURE D IAGRAM Structure

Giant

Silicon

Simple

All Metals

Anything Ionic

Carbon Almost all covalent substances

Diamond

Graphite

Giant Structure Substances made up of huge numbers of atoms, or ions The number of particles is not fixed, but are usually arranged in a regular pattern (lattice) Includes: Giant Metallic - all metals and alloys Giant ionic all ionic substances Giant Covalent in diamond, graphite and silicon

Molecular Structure Substances that are made up of a mixed number of atoms shown by the molecular formula (eg. H2O or C6H12O6 Generally the atoms are joined by covalent bonds. The molecules are usually very small but can be large in some cases Includes Simple Structures: Monatomic like He, Ne, Ar etc. Simple Molecules like H2, H2O, CO2

S IMPLE M OLECULAR S UBSTANCES

They normally have low boiling and melting points because the forces of attraction are typically weaker, and therefore they are easier to break. They dont conduct electricity, because they are all COVALENT bonds, and therefore share electrons which UTILISES all of them, which means there are no free electrons.

DIAMOND and GRAPHITE have many strong covalent bonds making their melting and boiling points very
high.

DIAMOND has no free electrons within its structure which means that it cannot conduct electricity. GRAPHITE does have free electrons between layers of carbon atoms, and can therefore conduct
electricity. It also has layers of carbon atoms connected by weak bonds making them slippery.

HOWEVER

M ACROMOLECULE
A macromolecule is an extremely large molecule containing a very large number of atoms.

R EACTIVITY SERIES
Element Potassium Sodium Lithium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Tin Lead Copper Silver Gold Platinum Does not react with steam or water Does not react Reacts very slowly with cold water, but burns with steam MgO + H2 Does not react with cold water however reacts with steam without burning, to form metal oxide + Decreasing vigour as scale decreases (forms metal salt + hydrogen) React very vigorously with cold water to form a solution of the metal Reacts vigorously to form a Cold water/steam Dilute Acid

metal salt + hydrogen

hydroxide + hydrogen

hydrogen

D ISPLACEMENT
Example:

More reactive

Take Salt

OXIDE: The removal of electrons from a substance, or the addition of oxygen REDUCTION: The addition of electrons from a substance, or the removal of oxygen REDOX: a reaction in which reduction and oxidation is both occurring OXIDISING AGENT: A substance that is capable of oxidising another substance REDUCING AGENT: A substance that is capable of reducing another substance

E XAMPLES
2Na+O Na2O Mg + O MgO 2K + 2H2O H2+2KOH Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 3AgNO3 + Fe 3Ag + Fe(NO3)3 MgSO4 + Cu CuSO4 + Mg

R USTING
Fe2 + 3O2 Fe2O3
A REDOX reaction will occur and the iron will be oxidised. Rusting normally occurs in moisture-prone areas.

E XTRACTION & U SES OF M ETALS

Most metals found recently are higher up in the reactivity series. This is because as technology progresses we are able to find more reactive substances, which could not have been found previously, and so are now founded. As the reactivity series increases the extraction methods become more extravagant and expensive. If the substance is low down it is safer and can therefore be used in consumer products.

Q UALITATIVE A NALYSIS
Qualitative: what is present? Quantative: how much?

I ONS
An ion is a charged atom or molecule: Cations are POSITIVE: Li+, Na+, K+, and NH4 Anions are NEGATIVE: F-, Cl-, Br-, and OHIons can have more than one charge however.

Group Charge

1 +1

2 +2

3 +3

5 -3

6 -2

7 -1

Positive Ions Hydrogen ion H+ Lithium Li+ Sodium Na+ Potassium K+ Ammonium NH4+ Magnesium Mg2+ Calcium Ca2+ Barium Ba2+ Manganese (II) Mn2+ Iron (II) Fe2+ Copper (II) Cu2+ Zinc Zn2+ Aluminium Al3+ Iron(III) Fe3+

Negative Ions Chloride ClBromide BrIodide IHydroxide OHNitrate NO3Oxide O2Co32Sulfate SO42-

T ESTING FOR C ATIONS

1. 2. 3. 4.

Flame test: some metals burn with a distinctive colour

Dissolve the unknown substance in concentrated Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Dip this solution on a piece of sterile wire Hold in a hot flame Metal Ion Li+ (Lithium) Na+ (Sodium) K+ (Potassium) Ca2+ (Calcium) Ba2+ (Barium) Flame Colour Red scarlet Orange yellow Lilac Brick-red Apple-Green

Or 1. Sodium Hydroxide test: adding sodium hydroxide to Cations produces a precipitate 2. Aqueous metal salt + aqueous sodium hydroxide precipitate Metal Ion Al3+, Mg2+, Ca2+ Al(OH)3 Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Precipitate White precipitate Re-dissolves sodium hydroxide Pale blue Dirty green Rusty brown

SYMBOL EQUATION: CaCl2 (aq)+2NaOH(aq) Ca(OH)2 (s)+2NaCl(aq) IONIC EQUATION: Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
Ca(OH)2 (s)

T ESTING FOR I ONS

The anions are only the halides (group 7 metals Cl, Br, I), the sulphates, carbonates, and nitrates.

HALIDES:
You can test for them using DILUTE NITRIC ACID AND SILVER NITRATE forms an insoluble silver iodide precipitate. 1. Make a solution of suspected halide 2. Add enough nitric acid to make it acidic 3. Then add some silver nitrate solution (AgNO3 (aq))

White precipitate: AgCl Pale Green: AgBr Yellow: AgI

E quations

Ag+(aq) + X-(aq) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgNO3(aq) + NaBr(aq)

AgX (s) AgCl (s) AgBr NaNO3 (s)

As the precipitates are similar colours you can do a further test to make sure that you know what is what. The test is the SOLUBILITY IN AMMONIA SOLUTION. Halide Silver Chloride Silver Bromide Silver Iodide Solubility in Dilute Ammonia In Concentrated Ammonia

F URTHER ATOMIC S TRUCTURE

A Single Atom

2 Separate Atoms

2 Chemically Joined Atoms

G ENERAL S TRUCTURE
Mass Number protons and neutrons

23

11
Atomic Number Protons (and neutrons if it isnt an isotope)

Na

Isotope: atoms with different numbers of neutrons however, are the same element. Relative atomic mass: the weighted average mass of the isotopes of an element relative to an atom of Carbon-12

We use the weighted average mass because there ARENT EQUAL AMOUNTS OF ISOTOPES of each element. To find out the Relative Formula Mass (Mr) of Chlorines isotopes, we need to know its isotopes and their relative atomic mass: Eg1. The isotopes of chlorine are: 75% 35Cl, and 25% 37Cl.

When we add these two together, we get 35.5, this means the RFM (Mr) is 35.5 (

35.5

Cl)

Relative Formula Mass: the relative formula mass of a compound is the sum of relative atomic masses (Ar) of the atoms in the numbers shown in the formula. Eg2. MgCO3= 1 Mg 1 C 3 O

T HE M OLE
The mole is a measurement of a substance, a mole of carbon; a mole of water. For example: Ar of C=12 . . . So 1 mole of C is 12g Mr of H2O is 18, so 1 mole of H2O is 18g

The molar mass = mass of 1 mole = same as Mr

Q UESTIONS
Whats the mass of 1 mole of Mg? Ar=24.3, 1 mole=24.3g What is the mass of 1 mole of NaOH? Mr=40, 1 mole=40g What is the mass of 0.2 moles of CaCO3? Mr=100, 0.2x100=20g How many Moles in 54g of H2O? Mr=18,
18

Mass
Mole Mr

moles

AVOGADRO S N UMBER
One mole of something always contains the same number of molecules (or atoms if its an element) 3 That number is 3 atoms of Carbon-12 So 1 mole of carbon has a mass of 12g and contains 3 of water molecules But 1 mole of water has a mass of 18g and also contains

K EY CONCEPTS
Radicals Formula Valency

Ammonium Hydroxide Nitrate Carbonate Sulfate

NH4 OHNO3CO32SO42-

1 1 1 2 2

The reaction ratio is called the STOICHIOMETRY

G ENERAL F ORMULAS

CALCULATIONS
W HAT M ASS OF M G O IS FORMED WHEN 4.8 G OF M G IS O XIDISED ?
1. Balance Equation: 2. Stoichiometry:

3. Work something out:

4. Mr of MgO = 40

P ERCENTAGE Y IELD

E MPIRICAL F ORMULA
1. Calculate moles of each element 2. Divide by smallest = ratio
Eg1.

Mg

O
=0.1 0.1

Eg2.
1 1

H
8

O
16

MgO

H2O

AVOGADRO S LAW
That 1 mole of any gas will OCCUPY 24DM 1Litre = 1dm3 = 1000cm3 1 Mole of Ammonium will occupy 24000cm3
3

C RITICAL E QUATIONS :

3 3

C ALCULATING THE V OLUME OF G AS

CALCULATE THE VOLUME OF 0.01G OF HYDROGEN:

CALCULATE THE VOLUME OF CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE WHEN DILUTE HCL IS ADDED TO 1.00G OF CACO3
3

C ALCULATING THE C ONCENTRATION

This is the number of moles in a litre (of water or another solvent) 1mole in litre has a concentration of 1mol/dm3 (1moldm-3) Also 1M = 1 molar solution

Volume in dm3

C HEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS

I MPORTANT G ROUPS :

Group 1 LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM Group 7 CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE Group 0 noble gases; HELIUM, NEON, ARGON (full outer shell)

G ROUP 1
In group 1, the elements get INCREASINGLY REACTIVE due to the distance between the first shell and last shell, in order for a reaction to take place, these shells must be broken, and so the more that need to be broken, the more reactive they are.

G ROUP 7
Chlorine a yellow/green GAS at room temperature Bromine a brown LIQUID at room temperature Iodine a black SOLID at room temperature

O RGANIC C HEMISTRY
Term
Homologous series

Definition
A series of organic compounds that have the same general formula, similar chemical reactions and where each member differs from the next by a Ch2- group A compound only containing the elements hydrogen and carbon

Hydrocarbon

Saturated

An organic compound in which all bonds are single bonds

Unsaturated

An organic compound that contains carbon-carbon double bonds A formula that states the ratio of atoms of each element in the formula of every compound in a particular homologous series Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different displayed formulae are said to exhibit isomerism; the different compounds are called isomers

General Formula

Isomerism

A LKANES
This is a homologous series that has the general formula: series:

CnH2n+2 . these are the first five terms in the

Name
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane

Molecular Formula
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12

Displayed Formula

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Pentane

Methylpropane

Methylbutane

Dimethylpropane

Both butane and pentane have isomers: Methylpropane is an isomer of butane; and Methylbutane and Dimethylpropane are isomers of pentane

Reactions
Combustion: the alkanes burn when heated in air or oxygen. If there is a plentiful supply of air/oxygen the products are carbon dioxide and water.

( )
3 8(

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

() ()

If there is insufficient oxygen:

( )

( )

( )

()

With Bromine: Methane and bromine react together in the presence of UV radiation to form bromomethane.

( )

( )

( )

( )

A LKENES
This is a homologous series that has the general formula:

CnH2n. these are the first five terms in the series:

Name
Ethene Propene Butene Pentene

Molecular Formula
C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10

Ethene

Propene

But-1-ene

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

But-2-ane

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Methylpropene

Reactions of the Alkenes

Alkenes undergo addition reactions with halogens. For example, a bromine molecule will add across the double bond of ethene to form 1,2-dibromoethane:

1,2-dibromoethane is colourless, so when bromine or bromine water is shaken with ethene the BROMINE WILL DECOLOURISE. All alkenes will decolourise bromine. This is the TEST FOR UNSATURATION (c=c double bonds).

E THANOL
Ethanol is manufactured by two different processes: fermentation and direct hydration of ethane.

Fermentation
Dissolve sugar or starch in water and add yeast Leave the mixture to ferment at 25-40C for several days in the absence of air Filter off the excess yeast to obtain a dilute solution of ethanol If the ethanol content in the mixture rises to around 15%, the yeast is now killed. If a more concentrated solution of ethanol is required, the mixture is fractionally distilled. Whatever the starting point, sugar or starch, the enzymes in the yeast produce glucose, C6H12O6. The enzymes in yeast then convert the glucose into ethanol:
6 1 6(

( )

Direct Hydration of Ethane

A mixture of ethene and steam is passed over a phosphoric acid catalyst at a temperature of 300 C and 60-70 atmosphere pressure:

( )

( )

( )

The ethanol is condensed as a liquid The ethene required for this reaction is obtained from crude oil

Comparing the Two Methods

Fermentation
Raw materials

Hydration
Uses NON-RENEWABLE resources once all the crude oil is used up there will not be any more

USE RENEWABLE SOURCES BATCH process

Very SLOW, several days Produces a DILUTE solution of ethanol that needs further processing if pure ethanol is required

Type of process Rate of reaction

CONTINUOUS process FAST

Quality of product

Produces PURE ETHANOL

Reaction conditions

LOW TEMPERATURES required

High temperature and pressures required, increasing the COSTS

E XTRACTION OF A LUMINIUM
The method of extraction of metals relates to their reactivity, the higher the reactivity, the more difficult the extraction process.

E LECTROLYSIS
Positive electrode

Negative electrode

Tapping hole

Insulation

Electrolyte

The positive and negative electrodes are made of graphite (Carbon). The electrolyte is a solution of aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite. The main ore of aluminium is bauxite. The bauxite is first purified to produce aluminium oxide, Al2O3 Aluminium oxide has a very high melting point and hence it is dissolved in cryolite to make the electrolyte. This mixture has a much lower melting point and is also a much better conductor of electricity than molten aluminium oxide.

At the negative electrode:

The aluminium melts and collects at the bottom of the cell and is then tapped off.

At the positive electrode:

Some of the oxygen produced at the positive electrode then reacts with graphite to produce carbon dioxide gas: ( ) ( ) ( )

This means that the positive electrode slowly burns away and needs to be regularly replaced.

E XTRACTION OF I RON
B LAST F URNACE
Iron ore mixed with limestone and coke

Waste gases

Waste gases

Blast of hot air Molten slag Molten iron

The raw materials are iron ore (haematite), coke (carbon), limestone (calcium carbonate) and air Iron ore, coke and limestone are mixed up together and fed into the top of the blast furnace Hot air is blasted into the bottom of the furnace

T HE R EACTIONS
Oxygen in the air reacts with the coke to form CARBON DIOXIDE:

( )

( ) ( ) ) ( ) ()

Carbon dioxide reacts with coke to form CARBON MONOXIDE:

( )

3(

Carbon monoxide REDUCES IRON (III) OXIDE in the iron ore:

The iron melts and collects at the bottom of the furnace, where it is tapped off The calcium carbonate in the limestone decomposes to form CALCIUM OXIDE:
3(

( )

( )

The calcium core reacts with silicon dioxide, which is an impurity in the iron ore, to form CALCIUM SILICATE:

( )

( )

3(

The calcium silicate melts and collects as a molten slag on top of the molten iron, which is then tapped off separately

USES OF ALUMINIUM AND IRON

Aluminium
Use
Aeroplane body Overhead power cable Saucepans Food cans Window frames

Most important property

high strength-to-weight ratio Good conductor of electricity Good Conductor of heat Non-toxic Resists corrosion

Iron
Use
Car Bodies Iron Nails Ships, Girders & Bridges

Most important property

Strong (withstand collisions) Strong Strong

C RUDE OIL
W HAT IS IT ?
Crude oil is a thick, sticky, black liquid that is found under the ground and under the sea in certain parts of the world such as the Middle East and Texas (USA). It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, MOSTLY ALKANES.

R EFINING C RUDE O IL
Crude oil, as such, has no direct use. It has to BE REFINED before it is of any use. The first step in the refining of crude oil is FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION. Fractional distillation is carried out in fractioning columns. The column is hot at the bottom and gradually becomes cooler towards the top. Refinery gases Fractioning Column 40oC The crude oil is split into various fractions as described below. A fraction is a mixture of hydrocarbons with very similar boiling points. Crude oil is heated to convert it into VAPOUR and is then fed into the bottom of the column The hydrocarbons with very high boiling points (fuel oil and bitumen) IMMEDIATELY TURN INTO LIQUIDS and are tapped off at the bottom of the column The hydrocarbons that have boiling points lower than 400oC remain as gases and RISE UP THE COLUMN, AS THEY DO THEY COOL DOWN. The different fractions will condense at different heights according to their different boiling points. When they condense they are tapped off as liquids The fraction with the lowest boiling point (refinery gas) REMAINS AS A GAS and comes out the top.

Gasoline (petrol)

Kerosene

Diesel Gas (gas oil) Crude Oil Fuel Oil 400oC

Bitumen

P ROPERTIES
Fraction
Refinery Gases Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Oil Fuel Oil Bitumen

Number of Carbon Atoms

Boiling Point

Thickness

INCREASES

INCREASES

INCREASES

U SES
Fraction
Refinery Gases Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Oil Fuel Oil Bitumen

Uses
Bottled Gas For Camping Petrol for Cars Fuel for planes; oil for central heating; paraffin for small heaters Diesel fuel for buses, lorries, trains and cars Fuel for ships and for industrial heating Road surfaces and covering flat roofs of buildings

H OW D OES C RACKING W ORK ?

Alkane is a long-chain hydrocarbon, and these molecules are passed over a catalyst (silica or aluminium oxide) and heated to about 600oC. They then start to break down into a short-chained alkane, and at least one alkene. Eg. Cracking of Decane (C10H22) to produce octane (C8H18) and ethene (C2H4).
1

( )

8 18 (

( )

INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION can create carbon monoxide, which reduces the bloods ability to carry
oxygen.

OXYGEN AND OXIDES

C OMPOSITION OF GASES IN CLEAN UNPOLLUTED AIR :
Gas
Nitrogen Oxygen Argon Carbon dioxide

Percentage in Air 78 21 0.9 0.04

1 TH

H OW TO SHOW THAT AIR CONTAINS

Using Copper
Originally 100cm3 of air

OF

O XYGEN :

Silica tube packed with copper

Heat

Gas syringe

This apparatus can be used to find the percentage of oxygen in air: Set up the apparatus with 100cm3 of air in one gas syringe Heat the copper at one end of the silica tube using a blue Bunsen burner Pass the air backwards and forwards over the copper As the volume of gas decreases, move the Bunsen flame along the tube so it heats fresh copper Stop heating when the volume of gas has stopped decreasing The copper has reacted with the oxygen to form black copper oxide:

( )
that says that 21% of oxygen is in the air.

( )

( )

The final volume will be around 78-79cm3 which shows that 21cm3 has reacted with the copper so

 Using Iron
Place wet iron filings in the end of a burette and set up the apparatus as shown Over several days the water will rise up the burette and reach a constant level. the iron reacts with the oxygen in the air. Take the initial and final readings of in the burette. in the diagram. This is because the water level

( (

) )

L ABORATORY P REPARATION OF O XYGEN

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), decomposes slowly to form water and oxygen. The speed of decomposition is increased by adding a catalyst: MnO2, manganese dioxide. The oxygen can be collected over water. Since oxygen is not very soluble in water, very little is lost. An aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide is used.

()

( )

Hydrogen Peroxide
Oxygen

Manganese (IV) Oxide

R EACTIONS OF O XYGEN
Element
Magnesium Carbon Sulphur

Observations
Burns with bright, white flame to form a white powder Burns with a yellow-orange flame to form a colourless gas Burns with a blue flame to form a colourless gas

Equation

Magnesium oxide is a basic oxide, and is very slightly soluble in water and when saturated will have a pH of about 10. It reacts with water to form magnesium hydroxide:

( )

()

) (

CARBON DIOXIDE
L AB P REPARATION :
3

Dilute Hydrochloric acid

Carbon Dioxide

Water

Calcium carbonate

The reaction between any metal carbonate and an acid will produce carbon dioxide. Calcium carbonate is the most commonly used carbonate in the laboratory preparation of carbon dioxide. The most convenient form of calcium is in marble chips. They are very easy to handle and the reaction is not too fast so the carbon dioxide is produced at a rate that makes it easy to collect. Its not very soluble, little is lost.