CELLULAR ORAGANIZATION - UNICELLULAR - COLONIAL - MULTICELLULAR EVOLUTION OF LIFE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS - WATER most abundant - ACID - BASES - SALTS

S ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - CARBOHYDRATES contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen o SIMPLE SUGARS OR MONOSACCHARIDES cannot be broken down into smaller pieces(C6H12O6) Glucose Fructose Galactose Most important simple sugars 5 carbon sugars, deoxyribose or ribose

o DOUBLE SUGARS OR DISACCHARIDES - formed out of two simple sugars (C12H21O11) o Maltose = glucose + glucose o Lactose = glucose + galactose o Sucrose = glucose + fructose Sucrose most common table sugar o POLYSACCHARIDES long chain of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis Polymer molecule made up of many similar units called monomers Starch main stored food in plants Glycogen counterpart of starch in animals LIPIDS Constitute a class of large organic molecules that have little or no affinity for water. Not soluble in water. Soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol. Cholesterol common constituent of the brain. Phospholipids similar to fat molecule Fat molecule synthesized out of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecule by the process of dehydration synthesis.

PROTEINS - Macromolecules that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. - Some also contain sulphur and phosphorus. - Amino acid is the building blocks of protein.

A polymer consisting of similar units called amino acid. Upon hydrolysis , a protein molecule liberates many amino acid molecules. Amino acid are necessary for protein synthesis Nonessential amino acid synthesized by cells. Essential amino acid must be supplied with diet.

- The kinds of proteins found in organisms are enormously varied. The reason for this is that each kind of protein molecule is characterized by: The number of amino acid it contain The kinds of amino acid it contain The sequence of amino acid The structural orientation, such as the kind of folding and coiling which may be assumed by the protein molecule.

NUCLEIC ACID - Organic compounds - Polymers formed out of nucleotides that serve as their building blocks. - A nucleotide is an organic molecule made up of three components namely, 5-carbon sugar, an organic base, and a phosphate group. - The organic base may be a purine or pyrimidine.

- The purine, which consists of a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms o Adenine o Guanine - The pyrimidine, which consists of a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. o Thymine o Cytosine o Uracil - (PO4)-3 phosphate group - When a 5-carbon sugar is linked to an organic base , a bigger molecule called a nucleoside is formed. - When a phosphate group is attached to a nucleoside , a still bigger molecule called a nucleotide is formed. - RNA & DNA DIFFERENCES - The 5-carbon sugar found in the RNA is ribose whereas in DNA is deoxyribose. - The organic base found in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. In RNA organic base, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

REQUIREMENTS OF A CELL - Genetic material such as deoxyribonucleic acid that permits the reproduction of new cells of the same type as well as the control of all cellular activity. - A metabolic machinery for the maintenance of life-sustaining activities - Cell membrane that establishes the boundary and allows the exchange of materials. METABOLISM Sum total of all chemical reactions ANABOLISM constructive phase of metabolism, energy storing or endergonic reactions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS food making process CATABOLISM destructive phase of metabolism ; cellular respiration

ENTRANCE & EXIT - PASSIVE TRANSPORT less concentrated, follows concentration is gradient - ACTIVE TRANSPORT against concentration gradient ; exocytosis & endocytosis.

DIFFUSION - Spontaneous and random movement of molecule from one place to another. - Direction of greater movement of molecules NET DIFFUSION - Difference in concentration between two regions CONCENTRATION GRADIENT OSMOSIS - DIVISION OF SOLVENT MOLECULES THROUGH A DIFFERENT PERMEABLE MEMBRANE - Occurs when two solutions are separated by a differentially permeable membrane.

HYPTONIC SOLUTION - Contains lower concentration of dissolved materials (solutes) than the cell. - Concentration of water in the solution is greater than in the cell.

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION - Contains higher concentration of solutes than the cell. - Concentration of water in the solution is lower than in the cell.