1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
In many industrial applications it is required to convert variable voltage into fixed voltage or vice versa. An AC/AC converter converts an AC waveform such as the mains supply, to another AC waveform, where the output voltage and frequency can be set arbitrarily. The most popular power conversion topologies for AC/AC conversion are Matrix converter. Indirect converter. Direct converter.

For AC-AC conversion today typically converter systems with voltage or current a DC-link is employed. For the voltage DC-link, the mains coupling could be implemented by a diode bridge. In order to achieve higher power density and reliability, it makes sense to consider Matrix Converters that achieve three-phase AC/AC conversion without any intermediate energy storage element. Conventional Direct Matrix Converters perform voltage and current conversion in one single stage. The power converter consists of two types of topologies; they are Voltage Source and Current Source based converters. It is used in different occasions, and there exist some limitations and drawbacks in traditional power converter: 1. The Voltage Source Converter (VSC) can be destroyed by shoot-through states results from Electro Magnetic Interference, while Current Source Converter (CSC) has the same problem of getting hurt by open-circuit. 2. The Voltage Source Rectifier (VSR) and Current Source Inverter (CSI) are a boost converter, and Current Source Rectifier (CSR) and Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) has a buck characteristic, it does not achieve a buck/boost feature. The recently developed Z-Source inverter has some special characteristics due to the extra topology. This dissertation focuses on the points (advantages and problems) which appeared in the practical applications. It concludes the advantages and presents the

methods for existing problems. The proposed Z-Source inverter achieved some merits, such as buck/boost voltage at the same time and improved reliability of the inverter without adding any other circuits concerning the X-type Z-source network (conventional Z-source network). The application of Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD) in commercial and industrial facilities is increasing due to improved efficiency, energy saving, and process control. Voltage sags can interrupt an ASD system, thus shutting down critical loads and processes. The Z-Source inverter ASD system can provide ride-through during the voltage sags without any additional circuits. Concerning the ASDs light-load condition, a bidirectional Z-Source inverter ASD system has been proposed, which avoid the abnormal operation mode.

2. SINGLE PHASE Z-SOURCE PWM AC-AC CONVERTER

2.1 Introduction
As discussed earlier in chapter one for AC-AC power conversion that normally requires variable output voltage and variable frequency, the most popular topology is voltage source inverter with a DC link, i.e., a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) inverter with a diode rectifier front end and DC capacitor link. However, for applications where only voltage regulation is needed a direct PWM AC-AC converter is a better choice to achieve a smaller size and lower cost. AC-AC converters can also perform line conditioning, isolating, and filtering of the incoming power in addition to voltage regulation. However, in AC-AC power conversion conventionally the thyristors (SCR) were used as a switch which affects the power factor and increases the distortion. Moreover it requires extra circuit for its commutation resulting in unreliability. There have been tremendous advances in power semiconductor devices. The latest advancements in power transistors or choppers has a feature of self-commutation, replacing conventional SCR. Use of self-commuted switches with PWM control can significantly improve the performance of AC-AC converters.

2.2 Z-Source AC-AC Converter Topology

Fig. 2.1 shows the single phase Z-source AC-AC converter (ZSAC), PWM voltage fed, buck boost converter. This converter utilizes only two active devices (S1 and S2), each combined with a full diode bridge for bi directional voltage blocking and bi directional current paths. All the inductors and capacitors used in the ZSAC are of low value because to filter switching ripples. The symmetrical Z-source network, which is the combination of two inductors and two capacitors, is the energy storing element and also acts as a filter for the ZSAC. Z source network when the source is taken of acts as a source for the AC-AC converter. Since the switching frequency is much higher than the AC source (or line) frequency, the inductor and capacitor requirements should be low because charging and discharging of energy storing elements in Z-source are as much faster as

switching frequency so that buck/boost operation is obtained simultaneously based on the duty ratio control of bi directional switches. ZSAC can operate with PWM duty ratio control in exactly the same way for convent-ional DC-DC converters.

Fig 2.1 Single phase Z-source AC-AC converter

2.2.1

Bi-directional switching of MOSFET

Since the switches used in ZSAC are MOSFETs, which is a unidirectional switch which means it is capable of blocking voltage and conducting current in a single direction i.e., conducting in a single quadrant, but the switch required for AC-AC converter should be a bi-directional one. By definition a bi-directional switch, in literature also named bilateral switch or AC-switch or 4Q-switch (Q stands for quadrant), has to be capable of conducting currents and blocking voltages of both polarities, depending on control actual signal.

Fig 2.2 Single Phase Z-source AC-AC converter with bidirectional switch

Even though the research activity on the design and fabrication of a true bi-directional switch is keep going either in the academy or in the power semiconductor industry, so far no true bi-directional switches are available on the power electronics market. Consequently, bi-directional switches have to be realized with discrete unidirectional semiconductor devices variously arranged.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2.3 Direction of current during (a) Positive half cycle (b) Negative half cycle

Bidirectional switching analogy for ZSAC is shown above in fig. 2(a) and 2(b) for positive and negative cycles of supply voltage respectively, Here we can see that in negative half cycle the direction of current is exactly opposite to that of positive half cycle current direction which can be interpreted as instead of negative current flowing in opposite direction to that of positive half cycle current direction, a negative current direction can be reversed and assumed to be positive current. In this way a MOSFET which is a unidirectional switch can be made bidirectional by Diode Bridge.

2.2.2

Duty Ratio Control Strategy

As said earlier PWM control strategy for ZSAC is exactly same way as for conventional DC-DC converters, i.e., referring to Fig.2.1 switches S1 and S2 are turned on and off in complement. Since the switching frequency is higher as mentioned, a small Snubber circuit may be needed for each switch to suppress switching surges and to provide commutation path.

Fig 2.4 Duty ratio control of ZSAC

2.3 Analysis of Z-Source Network

Fig. 2.5 Z-Source network

The above shown network is analyzed and the corresponding equations are obtained as follows. 1 2 , 2 = 2 1 2 = 1 , 2 = 2

1 = 1 1

Voltage across Inductors 1 ,2 can be written as = 1 + 2 = 1 + 2 2 = 1 1 = 2 = 1 1 1 = 1 But 1 = 2 = + 1 + 2 Similarly, = 1 + 2 Current through capacitor, 1 can be written as = 1 + 1 1 = 1 & 1 = 2 2 = 1 = 1 + 2 Similarly, = + 1 + 2 ( 2.3 ) ( 2.2 ) ( 2.1 )

2.4 Analysis of ZSAC

For the Z-source PWM AC-AC converters the control scheme described in fig 2.2 is simple and easy to implement. The voltage fed, Z-source AC-AC converter shown in fig 2.1 is analyzed. The switches S1 and S2 as said earlier are gated on and off in complement shown in fig 2.3. Two states exist in this circuit fig.2.4 (a) and fig.2.4 (b) show their equivalent circuits. Since the inductors and capacitors of the Z-Source network have the same inductances (L) and capacitances (C) in fig.2.4 (a) and fig.2.4 (b) respectively, the ZSource network becomes symmetrical. Considering the currents through inductors L1 and L2 to be same since the Z-Source network is assumed to be symmetrical. Therefore we have, 1 = 2 = = ( + ) 1 = 2 = = ( + )

1 = 1 = = ( + + 90 ) The input and output voltages are, and = (), = ( + 0 ) Where , , 0 , are phase angles of the Z-network inductor current, Z-network capacitor voltage, and output voltage respectively.

(a)

(b)

Fig.2.6 Switching Operations (a) state 1: S2 is on and S1 is off. (b) State 2: S2 is off and S1 is on .

In state 1, the bidirectional switch S1 is turned off and S2 turned on. The AC source charges the Z-network capacitors, while the inductors discharge and the transfers the energy to the load. The interval of the converter operating in this state is (1-D) T, where D is the duty ratio of switch S1, and T is the switching cycle, as shown in Fig 2.3 (a). As a result, one has, = , = 2 ( 2.4 )

In state 2, the bidirectional switch S1 is turned on and S2 turned off. The discharging of the Z-network capacitors takes place, while the inductors charge and stores energy. The interval of the converter operating in this state is DT, as shown in Fig 2.3 (b). Thus = , = 0 ( 2.5 )

The average voltage of the inductors over one ac line period in steady state should be zero, ignoring the fundamental voltage drop. Thus from equations we have = = . + . 1 = 0

. + . 1 = 0 . = . (1 ) . 1 2 = . (1 ) 8

1 = 1 2

( 2.6 )

When D<0.5, = 0; and when D>0.5, = Assuming that the filter inductor and the inductor in the Z-network are very small and there is no line frequency voltage drop across the inductor, the voltage across the load should equal , the voltage across the capacitor of the Z-network, that is 1 = 1 2 = 0 For D<0.5 and = for D>0.5 Therefore from above equation it is evident that by controlling the duty ratio D, the output voltage of the proposed AC-AC converter can bucked or boosted. In addition the output voltage can be in-phase or out-of-phase with input voltage depending on operating regions of the duty cycle. This is the unique feature of ZSAC. In ZSAC the assumption was that the impedance source is assumed to be symmetrical by making inductor and capacitors values equal. i.e., 1 = 2 and1 = 2 this implies 1 = 2 1 = 2 = 1 . 1 2 ( 2.8 ) ( 2.7 )

3. SINGLEPHASE AC-AC CONVERTER BASED ON QUASI Z-SOURCE TOPOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
In AC-AC power conversion, for applications, where only voltage regulation is needed, the direct PWM AC-AC converters are used to perform as ac choppers or power line conditioners with the following features: the provision of a better power factor and efficiency, low harmonic current in line, single-stage conversion, simple topology, and ease of control, smaller size, and lower cost. The AC-AC conversions or AC-AC line conditioners can also perform conditioning, isolating, and filtering of the incoming power in addition to voltage regulation. The direct PWM AC-AC converters can be derived from the DC-DC topologies, where all the unidirectional switches are substituted by bidirectional devices. The traditional direct PWM AC-AC converters are implemented by AC thyristor power controllers, which use phase angle or integral cycle control of the AC supply to obtain the desired output voltage. However, they have some significant disadvantages, such as high total harmonic distortion(THD) in the source current, low power factor, and poor power transfer efficiency. In order to achieve simple topologies, a family of singlephase PWM AC-AC power converters has recently been proposed in. These are the Buck converter, Boost converter, Buck-Boost converter, and Cuk converter. However, each topology has its disadvantages: the increase of the output voltage above the input voltage is not possible for Buck topology; the decrease of the output voltage below the input voltage is not possible for Boost topology, the Buck-Boost, and Cuk topology can provide for the output voltage to be both lower or higher than the input voltage with a reversible phase angle. However, there are discontinuous input and output currents in the former case. Multilevel or multi cell AC-AC converters in are step-down multilevel circuits based on the concept of flying capacitors to reduce voltage stress on switches and improve the quality of the output voltage. For isolated AC-AC topologies, the current-mode AC-AC converters with high-frequency ac links have been proposed.

10

The direct PWM AC-AC converters can be used to overcome voltage sags, swells, or compensate static VAR in power systems. Recently, Z-source converters applied to DCAC inverters and AC-AC converters have been proposed. The work on Z-source DC-AC inverters has been focused on modelling and control, the PWM strategy, applications, and other Z-network topologies. The Z-source AC-AC converters focus on single-phase topologies and three-phase topologies. In order to overcome the inconvenience of the traditional Z-source inverter, a class of quasi Z-source DC-AC inverters and quasi Z-source DC-DC converters has been presented. The quasi Z-source inverters have some advantages, such as reducing passive component ratings and improving input profiles. For DC-AC power conversion, the quasi Z-source inverters when compared to the traditional Z-source inverter, feature lower DC voltage on the capacitor as well as continuous input current. An improvement of the Zsource inverter topology presented in with a reduced Z-source capacitor, reduced voltage stress, and soft start capability can be considered as a class of quasi-Z-source inverters. The quasi Z-source inverters for Photo Voltaic (PV)applications are presented in. When the quasi Z-source inverter applies to DC-DC converters, a family of Z-source and quasi Z-source DC-DC converters is proposed in with a minimal number of switches and passive devices. Traditional single-phase Z-source PWM AC-AC converters proposed have the following features: the output voltage can be bucked-boosted and both in-phase/out-ofphase with the input voltage. However, the conventional Z-source PWM AC-AC converters in have a significant drawback: in that the input voltage and output voltage does not share the same ground, thus the feature that the output voltage reverses or maintains its phase angle relative to the input voltage is not supported well. Another drawback is that the input current of the conventional single-phase Z-source PWM ACAC converters in is operated in the discontinuous current mode (DCM). When the input current operates in DCM, its waveform is non-sinusoidal, which increases the input current THD. Moreover, the peak of the input current in the DCM is higher than it is in the continuous current mode (CCM). The proposed converter called the single-phase quasi-Z-source AC-AC converter inherits all the advantages of the traditional single-phase Z-source AC-AC converter, which can realize Buck-Boost, reversal, or maintenance of the phase angle. Moreover, the proposed single-phase quasi Z-source AC-AC converter has a number of the unique advantages as follows: the input voltage and output voltage shares the same ground, thus 11

the feature that the output voltage reverses or maintains phase angle with the input voltage is supported well; the converter operates in CCM with special features, such as reducing in-rush, a harmonic current, and improved power factor. The operating principles and simulation results in comparison to those of conventional single-phase Z-source ACAC converter are presented.

3.2 Single Phase Quasi Z-Source AC-AC Converter Topology

Fig 3.1 shows the conventional single phase Z-Source AC-AC converter with input and output not sharing same ground, operating in DCM.

Fig 3.1 Conventional Single-Phase Z-source ACAC Converter Topology

Fig 3.2 Single-Phase Quasi Z-Source ACAC Converter Topology

12

Fig 3.2 shows the modified form Z-Source AC-AC converter which is single phase quasi Z-Source AC-AC converterin which the components used are the same as those shown in Fig. 3.1. It consists of a quasi-Z-source network with two inductors L1 and L2, two capacitors C1 and C2, two bidirectional switches S1 and S2. As already discussed in previous chapter that bidirectional are realized using unidirectional switches. Fig. 3.3 shows the different configurations for bidirectional switching.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3.3 Bidirectional Switching (a) Diode Bridge with single IGBT (b) Two anti-Parallel IGBT

The diode bridge switch has been the first configuration shown in Fig. 3.3(a). This configuration has the advantage of requiring only one active device per switch with its associated driver circuitry. But it has the relevant disadvantage that three devices are conducting whenever the switch conducts, giving rise to relatively high conduction losses. On the other hand the configuration shown in Fig. 3.3(b) uses two switches, nevertheless conduction loss is comparatively low considering the configuration shown in Fig. 3.3(a). Moreover in second configuration a freewheeling diode comes into action as soon as if there are any sudden voltage spikes because of inductances present in the converter. Therefore, in Q-ZSAC switches S1 and S2 are implemented as shown in second configuration i.e., Fig. 3.3 (a)

3.2.1

Duty Ratio Control Strategy

The duty ratio control of Q-ZSAC is same as that of implemented in ZSAC, i.e., a reference waveform is compared with a saw tooth waveform in order to generate PWM

13

signals on switches. As shown in Fig. 3.4, D is an equivalent duty ratio and T is a switching period.

Fig 3.4 Duty Ratio Control Of Switches

In the same manner as the conventional single-phase Z-Source acac converter, the quasi Z-Source AC-AC converter has two types of operational state: state 1 and state 2. The equivalent circuits of the two states are shown in Fig. 3.5(a) and (b). According to the quasi Z-source topology shown in Fig. 3.2, the output shares the same ground with the input. In addition, the input current is continuous due to the connection of the inductor L1 directly to the input.

(a)

(b)

Fig.3.5 Equivalent circuit of the Q-ZSAC (a) State 1 (b) State 2

Therefore, the main differences between the conventional single-phase Z-Source AC AC converter and the single phase quasi Z-Source ACAC converter are 1. The input voltage and the output voltage shares the same ground and

14

2. The single phase quasi Z-Source converter draws a continuous ac current from the source or input side, while the conventional single-phase Z-Source ACAC converter draws a discontinuous ac current. In general, the peak of input current in DCM is higher than that in the CCM. Moreover, the waveform of the input current in the CCM is more Sinusoidal than that in the DCM.

3.3 Circuit analysis

Circuit analysis of the proposed single-phase quasi Z-Source ACAC converter begins with the following assumptions: 1. All capacitors and switches are ideal and lossless. 2. The converter is operating in the continuous conduction mode and 3. The switching frequency is more than the cut-off frequency of the output filter and the frequency of the input and output voltages.

The Q-ZSAC has two operating states in one switching period: state 1 and state 2 as shown in Figs. 3.5 (a) and 3.5 (b),respectively. In state I as shown in Fig. 3.5 (a), the time interval in this state is (1-D) T; T is the switching period as shown in Fig. 3.4. In state 2 as shown in Fig. 3.5 (b), the time interval in this state is DT. In state 1,SI is turned on and S2 is turned off as shown in Fig. 3.5 (a). The time interval in this state is (1-D)T. We get with reference to fig 3.5 (a). At node 1 (i.e., towards source side) voltage is 1 At node 2 (i.e., towards load side) voltage is 1 + 2 Now, 1 = 1 1 1 = 1 ( 3.1 )

2 = 1 1 2 2 = 2 2 2 = 2

= 1 + 2

15

= (1 + 2 )

In state 2, S1 is turned OFF and S2 is turned ON, as shown in Fig. 3.5(b). The time interval in this state is DT. Therefore, At node 1 (i.e., towards source side) voltage is -2 . At node 2 (i.e., towards load side) voltage is0. Now, 1 = 2 1 = + 2 i. e. , 1 1 = + 2 ( 3.2)

2 = 1 0 2 = 1 i. e. , 2 2 = 1

= 0 = i. e. , =

From Equations (3.1) and (3.2), we then obtain the averaged equations as follows 1 = 1 . 1 + . ( + 2 ) 2 2 = 1 . 2 + . (1 ) = 1 . 1 +2 + . ( ) 1

( 3.3)

In steady state, 1 1 2 = 2 = =0

16

From the above steady state equations 1 = 1 . 1 + . + 2 = 0 2 2 = 1 . 2 + . 1 = 0 = 1 . 1 +2 + . = 0 1 Considering the voltage across inductor 2 we have 1 . 2 + . 1 = 0 1 . 2 = . (1 ) 2 = . 1 1 ( 3.5 )

( 3.4)

We obtained 2 in terms of 1 ,by substituting the value of 2 in 1 to get 1 in terms of . Therefore we get, 1 . 1 + . + 2 = 0 . + 2 = 1 . 1 . + . (1 ) = 1 . 1 1 ( 3.6 )

By separating 1 terms on one side and terms on another side we get 2 . 1 1 . 1 = 1 . . 1 2 1 1 . 1 = (1 + ).

2

2 1 1

. 1 =

2 1 . 1 = 1 1 1 = . 1 2 1 1 = 1 2

( 3.8)

17

By substituting the value of 1 to get the value of 2 2 = 2 . 1 1 1 = . . 1 1 2 2 = . 1 2 2 = 1 2

( 3.9 )

The obtained values of 1 and 2 to 1 . 1 +2 + . = 0 1 . 1 +2 = 1 + . 1 . 1D . Vi + . = 1 + . 1 2D 1 2 = 1 . = 1D+D . 1 2D

1 . 1 2 1 = 1 2 1 1 = 1 2 1 = 1 2 1 = 1 2

( 3.10 )

The voltage gains can be defined as 1 = 2 = =

18

Comparing voltage gains of conventional ZSAC and Q-ZSAC

Voltage gain 1 = 2 = = 1 1

Conventional ZSAC 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2

Q-ZSAC 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

Table 3.1 Comparison of Voltage gains of Conventional ZSAC and Q-ZSAC

The plot between Voltage gain and Duty ratio is shown below.

Fig 3.6 Voltage gain variation curve form the corresponding Duty ratio

From Fig 3.6 it is clear that a smooth variation in voltage gain is obtained corresponding to the change in Duty ratio which justifies the converter as Solid State Transformer with continuously variable turns ratio.

19

4. MODELLING AND SIMULATION

4.1 Modeling of Z-Source PWM AC-AC Converter
ZSAC has been modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK software for the below mentioned Parameter values. corresponding block model is shown below in Fig. 4.1. the output voltage, input current, and corresponding Capacitors voltages are shown. 4.1.1 Simulation Parameters Input Voltage, Vi MOSFET/DIODE L1 = L2 C1 = C2 Filter components, Lf &Cf Load, R Switching Frequency, T 100 Volts R ON =0.1, R DIODE =0.01 R SNUBBER =1e5 , CSNUBBER =inf 0.8 mH 3.3 F 1.5 mH & 15F 20 10KHz

Table 4.1 Simulation Parameters for ZSAC

4.1.2

Model Design

Fig. 4.1 Power Model of Z-Source PWM AC-AC Converter

20

Fig. 4.2 PWM Control Strategy

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.3 Modulated Pulses for (a) D=0.25 (b) D=0.7

21

4.2 Modeling of Quasi Z-Source AC-AC Converter

Q-ZSAC has been modeled for the below mentioned Parameter values. corresponding block model is shown below in Fig. 4.4. the output voltage, input current, and corresponding Capacitors voltages are shown compared with that of conventional ZSAC. 4.2.1 Simulation Parameters Input Voltage, Vi IGBT/DIODE L1 = L2 C1 = C2 Filter components, Lf &Cf Load, R Switching Frequency, T

100 Volts R ON =0.001, R SNUBBER =1e5 , CSNUBBER =inf 1 mH 6.8 F 1.4 mH & 10F 20 20KHz

Table 4.2 Simulation Parameters for Q-ZSAC

4.2.2

Model Design

Fig. 4.4 Power Model Quasi Z-Source AC-AC Converter

22

4.3 Simulation Results

Simulation of above shown models i.e., Fig. 4.1 for ZSAC and that of Fig. 4.4 for QZSAC are simulated for the above mentioned parameter values and results are as shown below. PWM Control Strategy for the converters is implemented as shown in Fig. 4.2. corresponding graphs are obtained for Duty ratios D=0.25 & D=0.7.

Fig.4.7 Input Voltage Waveform

However, the input voltage remains same so that ZSAC and Q-ZSAC can easily be compared.

23

For D=0.25, Output Voltage of ZSAC is

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.8 (a) Output Voltage of Conventional ZSAC (b) Corresponding THD analysis

Fig 4.8(a) shows the output voltage waveform of ZSAC and its corresponding FFT analysis, which shows that the THD in output voltage waveform is very low implying the output wave is nearly sinusoidal.

24

For D=0.25, Output Voltage of quasi ZSAC is

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.9 (a) Output Voltage of Q-ZSAC (b) Corresponding THD analysis

Fig 4.9(a) shows the output voltage waveform of Q-ZSAC and its corresponding FFT analysis, which shows that the THD in output voltage waveform is very much low compared to the output voltage of conventional ZSAC.

25

Input Current for ZSAC for a Duty Ratio of 0.25 is

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.10 (a) Input Current of Conventional ZSAC (b) Corresponding THD analysis

Fig. 4.10(a) shows the Input current wave of conventional ZSAC and whose FFT analysis shows a high THD since the input current is operating DCM.

26

Input Current for quasi ZSAC for a Duty Ratio of 0.25 is

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.11 (a) Input Current of Conventional Q-ZSAC (b) Corresponding THD analysis

Fig. 4.11(a) shows the Input current wave of Q-ZSAC and whose FFT analysis shows a very low THD compared to that of conventional ZSAC input current THD since the input current is operating DCM.

27

Voltages across capacitors in Z-Source network for conventional ZSAC when D=0.25

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.12 Voltage across elements in ZSAC (a) Capacitor, C1 (b) Capacitor, C2

28

Voltages across capacitors in Z-Source network for quasi ZSAC when D=0.25

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.13 Voltage across elements in Q-ZSAC (a) Capacitor, C1 (b) Capacitor, C2

29

One of the advantages of Z-Source converter is that having a phase reversing feature depending on Duty ratio control of the switches.

Fig.4.14 Input Voltage Waveform

The input voltage remains same so that ZSAC and q-ZSAC can easily be compared.

30

For D=0.7, Corresponding results obtained are

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.15 (a) Output Voltage of Conventional ZSAC (b) Corresponding THD analysis

Fig 4.15(a) shows the output voltage waveform of ZSAC and its corresponding FFT analysis, which shows that the THD in output voltage waveform is very low implying the output wave is nearly sinusoidal. But as we know the input and output are not sharing the same ground thus phase reversing feature is not well supported in case of ZSAC.

31

For D=0.7, Output Voltage of quasi ZSAC is

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.16 (a) Output Voltage of Q-ZSAC (b) Corresponding THD analysis

Fig 4.16(a) shows the output voltage waveform of ZSAC and its corresponding FFT analysis, which shows that the THD in output voltage waveform is very low implying the output wave is nearly sinusoidal and in case Q-ZSAC, since input and output sharing same ground phase reversing feature can be well used.

32

Input Current for ZSAC for a Duty Ratio of 0.7 is

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.18 (a) Input Current of Conventional ZSAC (b) Corresponding THD analysis

Fig. 4.18(a) shows the Input current wave of conventional ZSAC and whose FFT analysis shows a very high THD which is not acceptable since the input current is operating DCM switching stresses are very high as switching frequency is as high as 10 kHz.

33

Input Current for quasi ZSAC for a Duty Ratio of 0.7 is

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.19 (a) Input Current of Conventional Q-ZSAC (b) Corresponding THD analysis

Fig. 4.19(a) shows the Input current wave of conventional ZSAC and whose FFT analysis shows a low THD comparing to the THD of input current of ZSAC which is acceptable since the input current is operating CCM switching stresses are very low.

34

Voltages across capacitors in Z-Source network for conventional ZSAC when D=0.7

(a)

(b) Fig. 4.20 Voltage across elements in ZSAC (a) Capacitor, C1 (b) Capacitor, C2

35

Voltages across capacitors in Z-Source network for quasi ZSAC when D=0.7

(a)

(b)

Fig. 4.21 Voltage across elements in Q-ZSAC (a) Capacitor, C1 (b) Capacitor, C2

36

Comparison of Output Voltage and Input Current THD of both Conventional ZSAC and Q-ZSAC Conventional ZSAC THD [%] When D=0.7 When D=0.25 3.66 2.00 [%] 0.51 0.18 Quasi ZSAC

Table 4.3 Output Voltage THD of both Conventional ZSAC and Q-ZSAC

Conventional ZSAC THD [%] When D=0.7 When D=0.25 156.72 66.66

Quasi ZSAC [%] 25.80 4.81

Table 4.4 Input Current THD of both Conventional ZSAC and Q-ZSAC

From above comparisons it is clear that Q-ZSAC conversion topology is far improved than the conventional ZSAC which makes it to the usage in Power line conditioning.

37

CONCLUSION
A new family of simple topologies of single-phase Z-source AC-AC converters (ZSAC) was presented in this dissertation. It is seen that, by duty-ratio control, the Zsource ACAC converters become Solid State Transformers with a continuously variable turns ratio. The ZSAC converter employ only two active devices, they can reduce cost and improve reliability. Steady-state analysis, simulation results were illustrated using the buck-boost converter as an example. The unique phase-inversing feature teaches us that inverter circuits can be easily derived by replacing both switchdiode bridges with a traditional voltage-source inverter phase-leg switch (i.e., a combination of switch and anti-parallel diode). Although the conventional ZSAC has many features as mentioned, nevertheless the input current is in Discontinuous Current Mode (DCM), so a new kind of quasi-Z-source converter for ACAC power conversion has been presented. Q-ZSAC inherits all the advantages of the traditional single-phase Z-source ACAC converter, which can realize buckboost as well as reversal or maintenance phase angle. In addition, the proposed single-phase Q-ZSAC has unique advantages in that the input voltage and output voltages share the same ground and the operation of the input current is in CCM. Comparison of the principles of operation and the simulation results with those for the conventional ZSAC are presented. The simulation results show that the proposed single-phase quasi-Zsource acac converter has a high efficiency, lower input current THD, lower output voltage THD and higher input power factor in comparison with the conventional singlephase Z-source ACAC converter. FUTURE SCOPE: As we have seen the THD of input and output parameters of Q-ZSAC are very low compared to conventional ZSAC. Hence, Q-ZSAC can be used as a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) in order to compensate for voltage sags and swells in the ACAC line conditioning. The feature that the output voltage is boosted and in-phase with the input voltage is used for voltage sag compensation; the feature that the output voltage is bucked/boosted and out-of phase with the input voltage is used for voltage swell compensation. Therefore, the DVR system, which employs the proposed converter, does not require any battery energy-storage devices. 38

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