1. Amplification of a chemical signal occurs when a.

a receptor in the plasma membrane activates several G protein molecules while a signal molecule is bound to it. b. a cAMP molecule activates one protein kinase molecule before being converted to AMP. c. phosphorylase and phosphatase activities are balanced. d. receptor tyrosine kinases dimerize upon ligand binding. 2. Which of the following provides the best evidence that cellsignaling pathways evolved early in the history of life? a. They are seen in primitive cells such as yeast. b. Yeast cells signal each other for mating. c. Signal transduction molecules found in distantly related organisms are similar. d. Signals can be sent long distances by cells. 3. Consider this pathway: epinephrine Gproteinlinked receptor G protein adenylyl cyclase cAMP. Identify the second messenger. a. cAMP b. G protein c. GTP d. adenylyl cyclase 4. Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrines effect on liver cells? a. Enzymatic activity was proportional to the amount of calcium added to a cellfree extract. b. Receptor studies indicated that epinephrine was a ligand. c. Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was administered to intact cells. d. Glycogen breakdown was observed when epinephrine and glycogen phosphorylase were combined. 5. Binding of a signal molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of anions and/or cations on opposite sides of the membrane? a. receptor tyrosine kinase b. Gproteinlinked receptor c. phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer d. ligandgated ion channel

6. Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except a. regulation of transcription by extracellular signal molecules. b. enzyme activation. c. activation of Gproteinlinked receptors. d. activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. 7. Signal transduction pathways benefit cells for all of the following reasons except a. they help cells respond to signal molecules that are too large or too polar to cross the plasma membrane. b. they enable different cells to respond appropriately to the same signal. c. they help cells use up phosphate generated by ATP breakdown. d. they can amplify a signal. 8. Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because a. they are species specific. b. they always lead to the same cellular response. c. they amplify the original signal manyfold. d. they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases. 9. The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is always characterized by a. dimerization and phosphorylation. b. IP3 binding. c. a phosphorylation cascade. d. GTP hydrolysis. 10. Lipidsoluble signal molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because a. only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments. b. intracellular receptors are present only in target cells. c. most cells lack the Y chromosome required. d. only target cells possess the cytosolic enzymes that transduce the testosterone.