SOME HIGHEST WATERFALLS Name Angel Tugela Kukenaam Sutnerland Takkakaw Ribbon (Yoesmite) Upper Yosemite Gavarnie Vettifoss

Stubbach Middle Cascade (Yosemite) King Edward VIII Gersoppa Kaieteur Skykje Kalambo Fairy (Mt.Rainier Park) Trummelbach Location Venezuela Natal, South Africa Venezuela British Columbia California California South-West France Norway Switzerland California Guyana India Guyana Norway Trnzania-Zambia Washington Switzerland Height in Metres 807 410 610 503 491 436 421 366 357 300 227 259 253 251 250 426 213 213

South Island, N.Z 589

Widows' Tears (Yosemite) California

Aniene (Teverpne) Cascata delle Marmore Maradalsfos Feather Maletsunyane Bridalveli (Yosemite) Multnomah Voringsfos Nevada (Yosemite) Skjeggedal Marina

Italy Italy Norway California Lesotho California Oregon Norway California Norway Guyana

207 198 196 195 192 189 189 182 181 160 152

MOUNTAINS,PEAKS OF THE WORLD MOUNTAIN Mount Everest K-2 (Godwin Austin) Kanchenjunga Lhotse Makalu I Dhaulagiri I Manaslu Cho Uyo HEIGHT IN METERS 8,848 8,611 8,597 8,511 8,481 8,167 8,156 8,153 RANGE CONQUERED ON

Himalayas May 29, 1953 Karakoram July 31, 1954 Himalayas May 25, 1955 Himalayas May 18, 1956 Himalayas May 15, 1955 Himalayas May 13, 1960 Himalayas May 9, 1956 Himalayas Oct 19, 1954

Nanga Parbat Annapurna I Gasherbrum I Broad Peak I Gasherbrum II Shisha Pangma (Gasainthan) Gasherbrum III Annapurna II Gasherbrum IV Cyachug Kang Kangbachen Disteghil Sar I Himal Chuli Nuptse Gasherbrum East Nanda Devi Chomo Lonzo Ngojumba Ri I Rakaposhi Batura Muztagh I Zemu Gap Peak Kanjut Sar Kamet

8,124 8,078 8,068 8,047 8,034 8,013 7,952 7,937 7,923 7,921 7,902 7,884 7,864 7,841 7,821 7,816 7,815 7,805 7,788 7,785 7,780 7,760 7,756

Himalayas July 3, 1953 Himalayas June 3, 1950 Karakoram July 5, 1958 Karakoram June 9, 1957 Karakoram July 7, 1956 Himalayas May 2, 1964 Karakoram Aug 11, 1975 Himalayas May 17, 1960 Karakoram Aug 6, 1958 Himalayas Apr 10, 1964 Himalayas May 26, 1974 Karakoram June 9, 1960 Himalayas May 24, 1960 Karakoram Aug 26, 1971 Himalayas Oct 1970 Karakoram July 5, 1960 Himalayas Aug 29, 1936 Himalayas Oct 30, 1954 Himalayas May 5, 1965 Karakoram June 25, 1988 Karakoram July 30, 1976 Himalayas Unclimbed Karakoram July 19, 1939 Himalayas June 21, 1931

Khinyang Chchish 7,852

VOLCANOES Name Ojos dei Saldo Guallatiri Cotopaxi Lascar Tupungatito Popocatepetl Nevado del Ruiz Sangay Purace Mauna Loa Tacana Cameroon Mt. Erebus Rindjiani Pico de Teide Semeru Nyirangongo Mt. Etna Mt. Unzen mt.Pinatubo Country Argentina-Chile Chile Ecuador Chile Chile Mexico Colombia Ecuador Colombia USA Guatemala Cameroon Antarctica Indonesia (Lombok) Spain Indonesia (Java) Zaire Italy Japan Philippines Date of Last Notified Eruption 1981- Steams 1960 1975 1968 1964 1920- Steams 1985 1976 1974 1977 1978 Rumbles 1959 1975 1966 1909 1976 1977 Active 1991 (after 200 yrs) 1991 (after 600 yrs)

Klyuchevskaya Sopka Russia

Barren Island (andaman)

India

Active Rumbles Area in Sq.Km. 393,898 82,814 69,485 66,457 59,596 58,016 38,893 31,500 31,080 30,044 28,930 25,760 25,719 23,533 19,477 18,428 18,130 9,891 8,135 8,001

Tajumulco Guatemala LARGEST LAKES OF THE WORLD Name and Location Caspian Sea, Russia Superior, U.S.A. Canada Nyanza, Tansania-Uganda, Kenya Aral Russia Huron, U.S.A. Canada Michigan, U.S.A. Tanzania-Zaire, Zambia 4 Baikal, Russia Great Bear, Canada Nyasa, Malawi-Mozambique-Tanzania Great Salve, Canada Chad, Chad-Niger-Nigeria, Cameroon Erie, U.S.A.-Canada Winnipeg, Canada Ontario, U.S.A.-Canada Balkash, Russia Ladoga, Russia Onega Titicaca, Bolivia-Peru Nicaragua, Nicaragua

Athabaska, Canada Rudolf, Kenya, Ethiopia Reindeer, Canada Eyre, SouthAustralia Issyk-Kul, Russia Urmia, Iran Torrens, South Australia Vanern, Sweden Winnipegosis, Canada Mobutu Sese Seko, Uganda Nettilling, Baffin Island, Canada Nipigon, Canada Manitoba, Canada Great Salt, U.S.A. Kiogo, Uganda Koko-Nor, China CONTINENTS Area in Name Square Kilometers Asia Africa North America 43 998 000 29 800 000 21 510 000

7,920 6,405 6,330 6,216 6,200 6,001 5,698 5,545 5,403 5,299 5,051 4,843 4,706 4,662 4,403 4,222 % of Highest Point Lowest Point Earth's in meters[sea- in meters[seaArea level] level] 29.5 20.0 16.3 Everest [8848] Kilimanjaro [5894] McKinely [6194] Dead Sea [396.8] Dead Sea [156.1] Death Valley [-85.9]

South America Europe Australia

17 598 000 9 699 550 7 699 000

11.8 6.5 5.2 9.6

Aconcagua [6960] Elbrus [5663] Kosciusko [2228] Vinson Massif [5140]

Valdes Penin [-39.9] Caspian Sea [28.0] Lake Eyre [15.8]

Antarctica 13 600 000 World's Deserts Name

Area in Sq. Km

Territories

Algeria Chad, Libya, Mauritania, The Sahara 84,00,000 Sudan, Tunisia, Egypt, Motocca, etc. Australia, Great Australian 15,50,000 Victoria, Desert Simpson, etc. Arabian Desert The Gobi Kalahari Desert Takla Makan 13,00,000 10,40,000 5,20,000 3,20,000 Southern Arabia, Iraq, Yamen etc. Mongolia and China Botswana Sinkiang, China

Sonoran Desert Namib Desert

3,10,000

Arizona and California, U.S.A., and Mexico Namibia Turkmanistan Northwestern India and Pakistan Somalia Northern Chile UzbekistanKazakhstan Eastern Iran Southern Californis North-West 'Peru'

3,10,000

Kara Kum 2,70,000 Thar Desert Somall Desert Atacama Desert 2,60,000 2,60,000 1,80,000

Kizil Kum 1,80,000 Dasht-eLut Mojave Desert 52,000 35,000

Desierto 26,000 De Sechura Islands of the World Island Greenland New Guinea

Area in Sq.Km

Location 2,175,600 777,000

North Atlalntic South-West Pacific

Borneo Madagascar Baffin Sumatra Honshu Great Britain Ellesmere Victoria I Celebes South Islands Java North Island Cuba Luzon Iceland Mindanao Ireland Hokkaido Hispaniola Tasmania Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Sakhalin (Karafuto)

West mid-Pacific Indian Ocean North Atlantic Northeast Indian Ocean Sea of Jappan-Pacific Off Coast North-West Europe Artic Ocean Artic Ocean West Mid-Pacific South Pacific Indiand Ocean South Pacific Carribbean Sea West mid-Pacific North Atlantic West mid-Pacific West of Great Britain Sea of Japan-Pacific Caribbean Sea South of Australia Indian Ocean North of Japan

725,545 587,042 476,065 473,600 228,000 218,041 196,236 212,197 189,035 150,460 126,295 114,687 114,522 112,300 104,688 102,999 94,226 82,460 77,900 76,192 67,900 65,600 63,610

Newfoundland North Atlantic

Banks Devon Kyushu Melville

Artic Ocean Artic Ocean Sea of Japan-Pacific Artic Ocean

60,166 54,030 42,018 41,805 40,868 40,663 Pakistan Pakistan England Canada Russia U.S.A. France

Axel Heriberg Artic Ocean Southampton Hudson bay Cities Situated on River Sides CITY RIVE COUNTR Karachi Indus R Y Lahore Ravi Egypt London Thames Ottawa Moskow Hudson Seine

Alexandri Nile a

Montre Amsterda Netherland al Amsel m s Mosco Scheid w Belgium Antwerp t New Baghded Tigris Iraq York Mena Paris Thailand Bangkok m Danub Yugoslavi Quebec Belgrade e a Rangoo Berlin Spree Germany n Bonn Rhine Germany Rome Budapest Cairo Canton Danub Hungary e Nile Egypt Canto China Tokyo

St.Lawren Canada ce Irrawadi Tiber Sumida Mayanm ar Italy Japan Austria Poland

Vienna Danube Warsw Vistula a

n Glasgow Clyde Scotland Germany Hamburg Elbe

Delhi

Yamuna

India

Chief Industries of the Countries Country Industries Afghanistan Dry and fresh fruits, wool carpets Australia Austria Brazil Belgium Canada Chile Congo Cuba Denmark France Germany Ghana India Indonesia Iran Iraq Wool, dairy products, meat Textile, leather goods, electro-technical machines Foot wear, coffee, iron ore Glass, textiles, transport equipment Newsprint, machinery Copper, iron ore Oil, tobacco, plywood Sugar, tobacco, textiles, chemicals Fur,farm products Textile, wine, silk, iron and steel products Machinery, chemicals, iron and steel products Cocoa, gold, coffee Jute, textile, sugar, hides and skins, tobacco, tea, cement, mica Sugar, spices, rubber, rice, petroleum, carpets, leather Petroleum, carpets, dry fruits Dates, Petroleum

Italy Japan Kenya Kuwait Malaysia Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Taiwan UK USA Russia

Mercury, textiles, foodstuffs, footwear Machinery, textiles, toys, silk, automobiles, electronic goods Coffee, tea, meat, sisal, hides, skins, cement, soda ash Petroleum, Shrimp Rubber, tin, timber, petroleum

Netherlands Machinery, natural gas, chemicals Oil, dates, petroleum and its products Lead, fresh fruits, textiles Matches, timber, iron ore Camphor, rice Textiles, medicines, machinery cars Petroleum, wheat, machinery, coal, automobiles, iron, grains Petroleum, wheat, chemicals, heavy machinery, iron, gold

Switzerland Watches, chemicals, electrical

Vietnam Tin, rice, rubber, teak, mineral ores FAMOUS TOWNS in WORLD Famous For Name No 10, Downing Street Abadan(Iran) Alaska (U.S.A.) Official residence of the British Prime Minister. Famous for oil refinery In 1958 it was declared as 49th State of U.S.A. It is near Canada

Alexandria Angkor Wat Aswam Dam Baku Bastille

City and sea-port of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great. Handles about 80% of the country's exports. Ruined temple in Cambodia. Signposts of ancient oriental civilisation. A dam in Egypt across the River Nile. Oilfields of Azerbaijan. It was a Jail in Paris. Destroyed during the French Revolution. A town Palestine, the birth place of Christ. In Pacific Ocean, where first hydrogen bomb was tested by U.S.A. An atoll of the Marshall Islands. Atomb Bomb was dropped here experimentally in 1948. A town in Czechoslovakia on Czech-Russian border. London residence of the British monarch. In Ladakh, highest airfield in the world. Chinese troops attacked it in 1962. An island where Napoleon was born. The biggest car manufacturing town in the world. Situated in an island 15 miles from Bombay. Famous for the statues of Siva and Parvati. Press Center in London.

Beding (Australia) Famous for gold mines. Bethlehem Bikini Atoll Bikini Bratislava Buckingham Palace Chushul Corsica Detroit (U.S.A) Elephanta Caves (India) Fleet Street

Gaza Strip

In Egypt near Israeli border, was seat of United nations Emergency Force till 1957. Now under Israeli occupation. Key to Mediterranean, fortress and novel base situated on rock in the extreme South of Spain. Famous temple of the Sikhs at Amritsar, constructed by Guru Ram Dass. An industrial center of Japan which was destroyed by atom bomb in 1945. Famous for film industry A huge park in London. City in Israel. Jesus Christ was crucified here (now capital of Israel) It is the State of chattarpur, Bundelkhand in Madhya Pradesh. It is famous for Mahadev Temple. Important town of Ukraine, manufactures motor cars, tractors and agricultural machinery. Palace in Sinkiang (Red China), site for atomic tests.

Gibraltar Golden Temple (India) Hiroshima Hollywood (California. U.S.A.) Hyde Park Jerusalem Khajuraho

Khorkov Lop Nor

The famous film industry of Hollywood is Los Angeles A part of California established here. It is famous as Cinima City of the world. (U.S.A.) Lusaka Venue of non-aligned nations summit in September 1970. Capital of Zambia.

Manchester (U.K.) Marseilles Mecca (Saudi Arabia) Montreal

Cotton manufacturing city. It is one of the world's biggest cloth manufacturing center. City and Seaport of Southern France. Famous for silk, wine, olive soap, margarine and candles. Sacred place of the Muslims because Prophet Mohammed was born here. Longest city of Canada. Famous for iron and steel works and motor car factories.

It is noted for its iron and steel industries. Nagasaki (Japan) Atom was dropped here during World War II. New Castle New Orleans (U.S.A.) Osaka (Japan) Pisa Pentagon Phnom-Penh Plais Des Nations Potala Sinai Seychelles An important port on the Tyne in England, famous for coal industry. It is the greatest cotton and wheat exporting center in the world. Known as the Manchester of Japan. It is sometimes called the Venice of Japan. In Italy, famous for Leaning Tower, one of the seven wonders of the world. Headquarters of American Defence Forces. Capital of Cambodia. Venue in Geneva for holding international conferences. Dalai Lama's palace at Lhasa (Tibet). Peninsula of Egypt between the Gulfs of Suez and Aquba, at the head of Red Sea. Island in Indian Ocean, got freedom on June

28, 1976. Sodom Vatican Versaillers (France) Vienna In Israel, the lowest point on earth. Official residence of the Pope of Rome. Famous for the treaty of Versailles which ended World War I in 1918. Capital of Austria. The venue of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between Russia and U.S.A. Part of the Western Wall of the Temple Court in Jerusalem. Part of the wall, probably dates from the time of Solomon, is regarded by both Jews and Moslems as one of special sanctity. In Manhattan, New York, famous for American's stock exchange market. The official residence of the President of U.S.A. in Washington D.C. Famous for the manufacture of cotton and silk and for its lenses.

Walling Wall

Wall Street White House Zurich (Switzerland)

FAMOUS PLACES IN WORLD Famous For Place UNESCO sponsored world's first international town near Pondichery in Tamil Nadu named after Aurobindo Ghose. The town with an area of 15sq. miles and a population of 50,000 will be a self-supporting township having gour zones, viz., cultural, industrial, residential and international. It was

AUROVILLE

inaugurated on February 28,1963. A monument executed by UNSCO in Egypt, the famous temple at Nybia (Egypt) was facing submergence as result of the construction of Aswan Dam. UNSCO has reconstructed it at a cost of 36 million dollars and was inaugurated on 12th Sept. 1968. Sand and rock bridge between Sri Lanka and India. Legent has is that was constructed by Lord Rama when he was in invade Lanka of Ravana.

ABU SIMBAL (U.S.A.)

ADAM'S BRIDGE

ALICE SPRINGS Spring with medicinal properties. (Australia) BIG BEN BILLING'S GATE DODOMA EIFFEL TOWER ELBA Name given to the big clock of the British Parliament building. London fish market. As a term, it means foul language. This is going to be the new capital of Tanzania in place of Dar-es-Salam. 985 feet high tower in Paris build by Gustav Effel in 1887-89 at a cost of 2,00,000 An isolated island in the Meduterranean Sea, where Napoleon was exiled in 1841. Famous for rock-pruned Kailash Temple (Aurangabad) in Maharashtra. An exquisite piece of Dravidian art. Ellora cave temples, 34 in number, present a blend of caves representing Buddhism and Jainism constructed in 8th century A.D.

ELLORA

ELYSEE PALACE

Official residence of the President of France. It was the venue of Paris Peace parleys on Vietnam.

EMPIRE STATE World's one of the loftiest structures. It has BUILDING 103 storeys and a height of 1200 feet. (U.S.A) ESCURIAL One of the longest palaces in Spain.

TOWNS ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRIES STATE INDUSTRY TOWN Aliabet Alwaye Ambarnath Anand Gujarat Kerala Maharashtra Gujarat Oil Well Aluminium, Monazite; Rare Earth's Factory Machine Tools Prototype Factory Amul Butter, Cheese and Baby Food TV Reception Station; Satellite Communication Heavy Vehicles; 'Vijayanta'Tank Iron ore; Machanised mine Oil Refinery Heavy Water Plant Fruit Research Alloy Steel Explosives

Arvi (near Pune) Maharashtra Avadi, Chennai Bailadila Barauni Baroda Basti Bhadravati Bhandara Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh Bihar Gujarat Uttar Pradesh Karnataka Maharashtra

Bhatinda Bhestan Bhilai Bhopal Bodra Bokajan Bokaro Burnpur and Kulti Cambay Chandiharh Chandrapura Chittaranjan Cochain Debari (near Udaipur) Dhuvaran Doiwala (near Dehra Dun) Durgapur Ennore Ernakulam Gomia

Punjab Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh West Bengal Assam Bihar West Bengal Gujarat The Capital of Punjab and Haryana Bihar West Bengal Kerala Rajasthan Gujarat U.P West Bengal Tamil Nadu Kerala Bihar

Thermal Plant Nylon Steel Plant Heavy Electricals Oil Cement Plant Steel Plant Iron and Steel Petroleum The beautiful City designed by late Mons. Corbusier Thermal Power Locomotive Shipbuilding Zinc Thermal Power Satellite Earth Station Steel Plant; Dry Ice Thermal POwer Cables Explosives Guided Missiles Centre

Gopalpur-on-Sea Orrisa

Haldia Harduaganj Hissar Hoshangabad Hyderabad Jabalpur Jaduguda Jalsindhi Jawalamukhi

West Bengal Uttar Pradesh Haryana Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Bihar Maharashtra

Oil Refinery Thermal Power Indo-Australian ShepFarm Security Paper Mill HTM Hydraulic Press Vehicles-"Shakti-man" and "Nissan" Uranium ore Mill Hydroelectric

Himachal Pradesh Petroleum

Jetsar Rajasthan Mrchanized Farm Changed Names of Important Countries, States & Places OLD NAME CHANGED NAME Formosa Gold Coast Hollad Abyssinia Angora Basutoland Batavia Burma Bechuanaland Combodia Ethiopia Ankara Lesotho Djakarta Mayanmar Botswana Kampuchea Japan Malaya Manchukuo Mesopotamia Northern Rhodesia Nyasaland Taiwan Ghana The Netherlands Nippon Malaysia Manchuri Iraq Zambia Malawi

British Guiana Guyana

Peking (China) Beijing

Cape Canaveral Cape Kennedy Persia Ceylon Christina Congo Dacca Dutch East Indies Dutch Guiana Sri Lanka Oslo Zaire Dhaka Indonesia Surinam Rangoon Rhodesia Salisbury Sam South-West Africa Thanganyika Zanzibar

Iran Yongon Zimbabwe Harare Thailand Namibia Tanzania

Constantinople Istanbul

SOBRIQUESTS PRIMARY NAMES Africa Amristsar, India Atlantic Ocean Australia Bab-el-mandab Banrain Bangalore, India Belgium Belgtade, Yugoslavia

SOBRIQUETS

Aberdeen, Scotland The Granite City The Dark Continent The City of the Golden Temple The Herring Pond The Land of the Golden Fleece, The Land of the Kangaroo The Gate of Tears Island of Pearls The Garden City of India The Cockpit of Europe White City

Bombay, India Broadway, New York Calcutta, India Canada Chicago, USA Cochin, India Cuba Egypt Finland Gibraltar Guinea Coast River Hwang Ho, china Ireland Jaipur

The Gateway of India The Great White Way

Burma (Mayanmar) The Land of the Golden Pagoda The City of Palaces The Land of Lilies, The Land of Maple Windy City The Venice of the East, The Queen of the Arabian Sea The Pearl of the Antilles The Gift of the Nile The Land of Thousand Lakes The key of the Mediterranean White Man's Grave The Sorrow of China The Emerald Island The Rose Pink City

NAMES WITH ABBREVIATED NAMES ORIGINAL NAMES WITH ABBREVIATED OR ALTERNATIVE NAMES Acharya Rajneesh:Osho Adam Smith: Father of Economics Adolf Hitler: Fuhrer (also fuehrer)

Alfred Hitchcock: Master of Suspense Andrei D. Sakharov: Father of the (Soviet) Hydrogen Bomb Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Lokmanya; Father of Indian Unrest Bhagat Singh: Shahid - e - Azam C. Rajagopalachari: C.R. Rajaji C.F. Andrews: Deenabandhu C.N. Annadurai: Anna Chittaranjan Das: Deshbandhu Dadabhai Naoroji: Grand Old Man of India; Father of Indian Politics and Economics. Dadasaheb Phalke: Father of Indian Cinema. Duke of Wellington: Iron Duke. Dwight David Eisenhower: lke Edmund Spencer: Poets' Poet Eivis Presley; Elvis the Pelvis Ernest Rutherford: Father of Nuclear Physics. Erwin Rammel: Desert Fax. Florence Nightingale: Lady with the Lamp. Geoffrey Chaucer: Father of English Poetry. George Bernard Show: 'G.B.S' Giovanni Baccaccio: Father of the Novel Gurcharan Singh: Ground Old Man of Indian Pottery, Daddyji. Henrik J. Ibsen: Father of Modern Drama Herodotus: Father of History Hippocrates: Father of Medicine Homi J. Bhabha: Father of Indian Nuclear Science Indira Gandhi: Iron Lady of India J.R.D. Tata: Father of Civil Aviation in India. Jamshedji Tata: Father of Indian Industry Jawaharlal Nehru: Chacha; Panditji Jayaprakash Narayan: 'J.P'; Loknayak Joan of Arc: Maid of Orleans Joseph Priestley: Father of Soda Pop; Father of Modern

Chemistry K.M. Cariappa: Kipper, Grand Old Man of Indian Army. K.V. Puttappa: Kuvempu Kalidas: Indian Shakespeare, Shakespeare of India Kato Ichire: Dr. Robot. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Badshah Khan; Frantier Gandhi; Fakhre-e Afghan, Lala Lajpat Rai: Punjab Kesari (Lion of the Punjab or Sher-ePunjab) M.F. Robespierre: The Incorruptible M.K. Gandhi: Bapu; Mahatma; Father of the Nation. M.S. Golwalkar: Guruji Madan Mohan Malaviya: Mahamana Nandlal Base: Father of Modern Painting in India. Napoleon Bonaparte: Little Corporol; Man of Density. Otto Von Bismarck: Man of Blood and Iron; Iron Chancellor Queen Elizabeth I; Maiden Queen Rabindranath Tagore: Gurudev Rajinder Singh: Sparrow Raja Rammohan Roy: Father of Indian Renaissance. Richard Cobden: Apostle of Free Trade Samudragupta: Indian Napoleon. S. Sathyamurthi: Firebrand of South India Salim Ali: The Birdman of India Sarojini Naidu: Nightingale of India Shakti Chattapadhyaya: Robert Frost of West Bengal. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah: Lion of Kashmir (Sher-eKashmir) Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: Bangabandhu St. Nicholas: Santa Claus Subhash Chandra Bose: Netaji Susruta: Father of Modern Plastic Surgery T.T. Krishnamachari: T.T.K.' Tanguturi

Prakasam: Andhra Kesari Tenzing Norgay: Tiger of Snows Thomas Cook: Father of Modern Tourism Thomas Edward Lawrence: Lawrence of Arabia Tushar Kanti Ghosh; Grand Old Man of Indian Journalism Vallabhbhai Patel: Iron Man of India, Bismarck of India. .M. Basheer: Sultan Vinoba Bhave: Acharya of Beypore Walter Scott: Wizard of the North William Ewart Gladstone: Grand Old Man of British Politics. William Pitt: The Younger Pitt, Grand Commoner William Shakespeare: Bard of Avon.

INDIAN STATES States Capital Andra Pradesh Hyderabad Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Itanager Dispur Patna Raipur Panaji Chandigarh Shimla

Languages Telugu and Urdu Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin,Adi, Honpa, BanginiNishi. Assamese Hindi Hindi Marathi and Konkani Hindi Hindi and Pahari

Gandhinagar Gujarati

Pradesh Mizoram Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Aizawl Srinagar (Summer) Jammu (Winter) Ranchi Bangalore Trivandrum Bhopal Bombay Imphal Shillong Kohima Mizo and English Kashmiri,Dogri, Urdu, Ladakhi, Pahari,Punjabi and Dadri Hindi Kannda Malayalam Hindi Marathi Manipuri Khasi, Jaintia and Garo Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema and Lotha Punjabi Rajasthani and Hindi Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu Tamil Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak Hindi

Bhubaneswar Oriya Chandigarh Jaipur Gangtok Chennai Agartala Lucknow

Uttaranchal

Dehra Dun

Hindi Bengali Place State Madhya Pradesh Karnataka Karnataka Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Kerala Gujarat Tamil Nadu Bihar Madhya Pradesh Assam Sikkim Karnataka Maharashtra Maharastra Himchal Pradesh

West Bengal Calcutta National Parks in India Name

Bandhavagarh National Park Shahdol Bandipur National Park Bannarghata National Park Borivili National Park Corbett National Park Dudhewa National Park Eravikulan Rajmallay National Park Gir National Park Guindy National Park Hazaribagh National Park Kanha National Park Kaziranga National Park Kangchandsenda National Park Nagerhole Nawegaon National Park Pench Nationa Park Rohia Naional Park Mysore Bangalore Mumbai Garhwal Lakhimpur Idduki Junagarh Madras Hazaribagh Mzandla & Balaghat Jorhat Gangtok Coorg Bhandara Nagpur Kullu

Shivpur Naional Park Tadoba Naional Park Valavadar Naional Park Wildlife Sanctuaries Name Chandraprabha Sanctuary Dachigam Sanctuary Ghana Bird Sanctuary Ghatprabha Bird Sanctuary Jaldapara Sanctuary Kutree Game Sanctuary Manas Tigar Sanctuary Melapattu Bird Sanctuary Mudumalai Sanctuary Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctury Palamau Tiger Sanctuary Periyar Sanctuary Ranganthittoo Bird Sanctuary Ranthambhor Tiger Sanctuary Similipal Tiger Sanctuary Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary

Shivpuri Chandrapur Bhavnagar Place Varanasi Srinagar Bharatpur Belgaum Jalpaiguri Bestar Barpeta Nellor Nilgiris Ahmedabad Daltonganj Idduki Sawai Madhopur Sawai Madhopur Mayurbhanj Gurgaon

Madhyaradesh Maharashtra Gujarat State Uttar Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Rajasthan Karnataka West Bengal Madhya Pradesh Assam Andra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Gujarat Bihar Kerala Rajasthan Rajasthan Orissa Haryana West Bengal

Sunderbans Tiger Sanctuary 24-Parganas

Nuclear Research Centres in India Research Center Atomic Energy Commission Bhabha Atomic Research Center Electronics Corporation of India High Altitude Research Laboratory Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Central Mining Research Institution Indian Rare Earths, Ltd., Radio Astronomy Center Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Tata Memorial Center Uranium Corporation of India Famous Places in India Place Ajanta Amarnath Cave Akbar's Tomb Amber Palace Anand Bhawan Bhakra Dam Bibi Da Maqbra Birla Planetorium

Place Bombay Trombay (Bombay) Hyderabad Gulmarg (Kashmir) Durgapur (West Bengal) Dhanbad (Bihar) Alwaye Ootacamund Calcutta Bombay Bombay Jaduguda(Bihar) Location

Aurangabad (Maharashtra) Kashmir Sikanara, Agra Jaipur (Rajasthan) Allahabad Punjab Aurangabad Calcutta

Black Pagoda Bodhisatva Brihadeeswara Temple Brindaban Gardens Buland Darwaza Charminar Cheena Kesava Temple Chilka Lake Dal Lake Dilwara Temple Elephanta Caves Ellora Caves Gateway of India Golden Temple Gol Gumbaz Hanging Gardens Hawa Mahal (Place of winds) Howrah Gridge Island Palace Itmaad-ud-Daulah's Tomb Jagannath Temple Jahaz Mahal

Konark (Orissa) Ajanta Caves Tanjavur, Tanjor Mysore Fatehpur Sikri Hyderabad Belur East Coast of India near Bhubaneshwar Srinagar Mt.Abu Bombay Aurangabad Bombay Amritsar Bijapur Bombay Jaipur Calcutta Udaipur Agra Puri Mandu, M.P.(City of Joy)

Jai Stambha (Tower of Victory) Jama Masjid Jantar Mantar Jog (Gersoppa) Falls Kailasa Temple Kanyakumari Temple Khajuraho Kirti Stambha (Tower of victory) Kornark Lakshmi Vilas Palace Lal Bagh Garden Lalgarh Palace Mahabaleshwar Temple Maheshmuri (Trimurty) Malabar Hill Man Mandir Palace Marble Rocks Marina Beach Minakshi Temple Mt. Girnar(Jain Temple) Nagin Lake Nishat Bagh

Chittorgarh Delhi New Delhi Karnataka Ellora Kanyakumari M.P. Chittorgarh Orissa Baroda Bangalore Bikaner Ujjain (M.P.) Elephanta Caves Bombay Gwalior Fort Jabalpur Madras Madurai Junagadh Srinagar Srinagar

Padmanabha Temple Palitana Panch Mahal Pichola Lake Prince of Wales Muserm Qutab Minar Raj Ghat Rashtrapati Bhawan Red Fort Sanchi Stupa Sahar Sarnath Temple Sidi Sayyid Mosque Shalimar Bagh Shahi Chashma Shanti Vana Shore Temple Somnath Temple Statue of Gomateswars Statue of Ugra Narasimha Sunderbans Sun Temple Taj Mahal Tripati Temple

Trivandrum Junagadh Fatehpur Sikri Udaipur Bombay Delhi New Delhi New Delhi Delhi Sanchi(Bhopal) Bombay Varanasi Ahmedabad Srinagar Srinagar New Delhi Mahabalipuram Gujarat Karnataka Hampi West Bengal Konark Agra Andhra Pradesh

Tower of Silence Victoria Memorial Victoria Garden

Bombay Calcutta Bombay

Vijay Ghat New Delhi National Surveys and Other Institutions in India Institution Place Atomic Energy Commission Bhabha Atomic Research Center Botanical Survey of India Birbal Sahni Indtitute for Palaeobotanoy Bose Research Institute Indian Association for the Cultivation of science Indian National Science Academy Indian National Science Congress Association National Atlas Organisation Raman Research Institute Survey of India Wadia Institute of Himalayan Zoology Zoological Survey of India Recognised Stock Exchanges in India Name THE BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE Bombay Trombay (Bombay) Calcutta Lucknow Calcutta Calcutta New Delhi Calcutta Calcutta Bangalore Dehra Dun Delhi Calcutta Address Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers,

Dalal Street, Mumbai- 400 001. The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange Association Ltd,. Manek Chowk, Ahmedabad - 380 001

'M' Block, First Floor, BANGALORE STOCK EXCHANGE Unity Building, LTD,. J.C. Road, Bangalore - 560 002. BHUBANESHWAR STOCK EXCHANGE ASSN., LTD,. THE CULCUTTA STOCK EXCHANGE ASSOCIATION LTD,. 217,Budhraja Building, Jharpada Cuttack Road, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751 006. 7, Lyons Range , Calcutta - 700 001.

Veekshanam Road COCHIN STOCK EXCHANGE LTD., P.B. 3529,Ernakulam, Cochi - 682 035. THE DELHI STOCK EXCHANGE ASSN. LTD., 3&4/4B,Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110 002.

Saraf Building Annexe THE GAUHATI STOCK EXCHANGE A.T. Road, LTD,. Guwahati - 781 001. THE HYDERABAD STOCK EXCHANGE LTD,. JAIPUR STOCK EXCHANGE LTD,. Bank Street, Hyderabad - 500 001. Rajasthan Chamber Bhawan, M.I. Road, Jaipur - 302 003.

KANARA STOCK EXCHANGE LTD. 4th Floor,

Rambhavan Complex, Kodialbail, Mangalore - 575 003. THE LUDHIANA STOCK EXCHANGE ASSN. LTD. Lajpat Rai Market, Clock Tower, Ludhiana 141 008.

'Exchange Building', Post Box No.183, MADRAS STOCK EXCHNAGE LTD. 11, Second Line Beach, Chennai - 600 001 MADHYA PRADESH STOCK EXCHANGE LTD. 67, Bada Sarafa, Indore - 452 002.

Bihar Industries Assn. THE MAGADH STOCK EXCHANGE Premises, Sinha Library Road, LTD. Patna - 800 001. 1177,Budhwar Peth, Bank of Maharashtra Bldg., 2nd Floor, Bajirao Road, Pune 411 002. 4,Swaminarayan Gurukul Bldg., Dhebarbhai Road, Rajkot - 380 002. Padam Towers, 14/113,Civil Lines, Kanpur - 208 001

PUNE STOCK EXCHANGE LTD.

SAURASHTRA KUTCH STOCK EXCHANGE LTD., THE UTTAR PRADESH STOCK EXCHANGE ASSN. LTD.

VADODARA STOCK EXCHANGE LTD.

101, Paradise Complex, Tilak Toad, Sayaji Gunj, Vadodara - 390 005.

Chamber Tower, COIMBATORE STOCK EXCHANGE 8/732,Avvinashi Road, Coimbatore 641 018. Kingsway Building, 345, Bombay Bazar, MEERUT STOCK EXCHANGE LTD. Meerut Cantonment 250 001. OTC EXCHANGE OF INDIA. THE NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA LTD. Maker Towers "F" Cuffe Parade, Bombay - 400 005. Mahindra Towers, A-Wing, RBC, Worli, Mumbai 18

THE INTER-CONECTED STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA (ISE) Splendoured Heritage - India Rock-cut caves set deep in the Sahyadri Ajanta Caves, hills. It has a large relief depicting the Maharashtra death of the Buddha lying on the bed. Badrinath, Utter Pradesh Basilica of Bom Jesus, Velha, Goa (17th Century) Bahai House of Worship, Delhi Dedicated to Lord Vishnu. One of the four pilgrimage spots for Hindus. The church houses the mortal remains of St.Francis Xavier. The lotus-shaped marvel in marble is referred to as the Taj Mahal of the 21st

century. Completed in '86. Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri Chartminar, Hyderabad (1591) Dakshineshwar Temple, Calcutta (1855) Diwara Temples, Mount Abu Elehanta Caves, Maharastra (634) Gateway of India, Bombay At 53.5 m., it is the highest gateway in India. Built by Akbar to commemorate his conquest of Khandesh in Gujarat. A majestic monument of four minarets, to commemorate the cessation of plague in the city, according to the chronicles. Built by a Widow-devotee, Rani Rashmoni. A Jain pilgrimage center. There are two shrine : Adinath Temple (1031) and Nominate Temple (1230) Situated on an island, Believed to be built by Pulakesini II of the Chalukya kingdom. Exquisite carvings depicting the myths of Shiva. A triumphal arch built to commemorate visit of King George V and Queen Mary in 1911. It is 26 feet tall. Holiest Sikh Shrine. Part of the exterior is gilded with gold leaf. The Hari mandir is in the midst of a pool. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikhs. is enshrined inside. Its dome is the second largest in the world. The whispering Gallery within is so called because even the gentlest whisper echoes across its great length. The five storied facade of 953 windows

Golden Temple, Amritsar (1577)

Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur (17th Century) Hawa Mahal,

(Palace of Winds) Jaipur (18th Century) Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1565)

was built for the women of the harem to look out without being seen themselves. By the side of Mathura road, to the east of Hazarat Nizamu-ddin's shrine, this memorial was build by Humayun's senior widow (Haji Hamida Begum). A memorial to over 90,000 Indian soldiers who died in World War I. The names of 13,516 soldiers are inscribed on it. The arch rising to a height of 42 m. is surmounted by a stone bowl where since 1971 an eternal flame has been lit the Amar Jyothi - to honour the unknown soldier. 65m tall. Its conical pinnacle overlooks the landscape for miles around. The largest mosque in Delhi, built during Shah Jahan's reign. It is situated just opposite the Red Fort. Over 20,000 people can gather here at a time to pray.

Indian Gate, Delhi

Jagannath Temple, Puri (12th Century) Jama Masjid, Delhi

The oldest observatory of its type, constructed by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jantar Mantar, Delhi Jaipur in 1725. It is dominated by a huge sundia. A similar observatory exists in Jaipur (Rajasthan). Jewish Synagogue, Cochin Kailash Temple, Built in 1568. The earliest surviving synagogue in India. It has the Great Scrolls of the Old Testament. Largest rock-cut shrine in India,

Ellora

84m*47m. Carved our from the top of a hillock. Built during the reign of King Krishna I who ascended the throne in 760 AD. 22 temples known for their graceful contours and erotic sculptures. 36.5m tall. There is a triple tier of mouldings with numerous prestigious and sculpted niches. Erected to mark the spot of the Buddha's enlightenment. The temple is a primodal tower 170ft. high, crowned by a bell-like stupa. The gateway are among the most elaborately carved in South India. Has about 30 million sculptures.

Khajuraho Temple (11th Century) Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneswar (11th Century) Mahabodh Temple, Bodhgaya (7th Century) Meenakshi Sundareswar Temple, Madurai

Nalanda, Bihar (7th Seat of learning in Cupta period, Hieun Century) Tsang also studied here. Qutab Minar was built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the slave king in the 13th century as a victory tower. The 72.5m, five-story Minar of red sandstone has ornamental Qutab Minar, Delhi figure of Koranic inscriptions. In the center of its courtyard is an Iron Pillar erected by king Chandra Verman which has remained rest-free for more than 1500 years Rashtrapathi Bhawan, Delhi The official residence of the President of India, set in 330 acres of land. Formerly Vceregal Palace. Over looks a beautiful

Mughal garden. It has 340 rooms, 37 salons, 74 lobbies and loggias, 1km. of corridor, 18 staircases and 37 fountains. The citadel of the seventh Delhi, Shahjahanabad, it is over 2km. in circumference and has within its precincts several beautiful offices. But by Shah Jahan in 17th century. The seat of Mughal power in India until 1857.

Red Fort, Delhi

Salim Chisti's Tomb, Built after Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chisti's death. Tomb venerated by both Hindu and Fatehpur Sikri Muslims. (1572) Sanchi Stupa, Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh The great hemisphere is 120 ft. in diameter, and covers the relic of Gautama Buddha.

The largest church in Asia, it has a 80m Se Cathedral, Velha, long aisle and 14 altars. Of its five bells, one is the famous Golden bell, one of the Goa (1652) best in the world. Shatrunjaya Hill Temples, Palitana, Gujarat The hill is crowned about a thousand magnificent Jain temples, which are marble structures built over a period of 900 years. Legendary temple believed built by 'Moon God'. It treasures ransacked by Mahmud Ghazni seven times. It was also destroyed by Aladding Khilji and Aurangzeb, and every time it was rebuilt. Built by a King Bhimdev I of Solanki Dybasty.

Somnath Temple, Gujarat Sun Temple, Modhera, Gujarat

(1026) Surya Temple, Konark (13th Century) Taj Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1648) The sun temple of 'Black Pagoda' conceived as a chariot of the sun god, Built by king Narasimha Dava I. One of the seven wonders of the world. Built of white marble by Emperor Shah Jahan to immortalize his beloved queen Mumtaz Mahal.

The Bada Imambara, Asia's largest vaulted hall. Lucknow Vaishnodevi, Jammu A cave shrine in Trikuta mountains, an important pilgrimage center for Hindus.

Victoria Memorial, A marble monument commemorating the Calcutta empress Victoria. Life Expectancy Life expectancy at birth (in years) for the year 1997, in selected countries.(Source : Human Development Report, 1999). Life Expectancy Country Japan Norway Iceland Switzerland Sweden Hong Kong Australia Italy France 80.0 79.0 79.0 78.6 78.5 78.5 78.2 78.2 78.1

Greece Spain Cyprus Barbodos Hungary Lithuania China Thailand Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Brazil Mangolia India Iraq Myanmar Comoros Madagascar Lesotho Sudan South Africa Cambodia Gabon Senegal Djibouti Djibouti

78.1 78.0 77.8 76.4 70.9 69.9 69.8 68.8 67.6 67.5 66.8 65.8 62.6 62.4 60.1 58.8 57.5 56.0 55.0 54.7 53.4 52.4 52.3 50.4 50.4

Niger Tanzania Chad Gambia Cote d'lvoire Mozambique Central African Rebublic Ethiopia Burundi Rwanda All Developing Countries Least Developing Country Industrialised Countries

48.5 47.9 47.2 47.0 46.7 45.2 44.9 43.3 42.4 40.5 64.4 51.7 77.7

World 66.7 Noice Scale Sounds are tiny vibrations that can travel through air and other materials. The loudness of a sound is measured in decibels (db). Typical sound levels in decibels: Note: 130 db causes damage to hearing. 1 Breathing 10 db 2 Wind in the trees 3 Whisper 4 Ticking Clock 5 House in a quiet street 6 Radio Music 7 Loud Conversation 8 Office Noise 20 db 20-30 db 30 db 35 db 50-60 db 60 db 60 db

9 Children Playing 10 Lawn mower 11 Vacuum cleaner 12 Traffic Noise 13 Sports Car 14 Heavy truck traffic 15 Loud Radio 16 Motor Cycle 17 Pneumatic drill 18 Thunder storm 19 Rock Music 20 Aircraft Noise 21 Jet takeoff(at 100 meter distance) 22 Jet Engine(at 25 meter distance) 23 Space Vehicle launch (from a short distance) SOLAR SYSTEM Diameter 3,040 Kilometer Moons 1 Avg.Distance 5,865.5 million KM to Sun Pluto Time to Orbit 248 Years the Sun
o

60-80 db 60-80 db 80 db 60-90 db 80-95 db 90-100 db 100 db 105 db 110 db 110 db 120 db 90-120 db 120 db 140 db 140-170 db

Facts
o

This Planet is the farthest, the smallest, the darkest, the coldest and arguably the strangest. It follows the most elongated and

tilted orbit in the solar system. Its moon, Charon, is nearly half its size - appears like a bi-planet. NASA used a new infra-red telescope, has learned that Pluto is shrouded in frozen nitrogen- not methane as once thought. Nitrogen makes 78% of the air.

Diameter Moons

49,000 Kilometer 8

Avg.Distance 4,497 million KM to Sun Time to 165 Years Orbit the Sun
o

Neptune

Facts

It is denser & little smaller than Uranus. Its Atmosphere appear blue, with quickly changing white clouds often suspended high above an apparent surface. Atmosphere constituents are mostly hydrocarbon compounds. It Emits about 2.3 times more energy than it receives from the sun and the Aurora phenomenon was noticed by Voyager II.

Diameter Moons

52,096 Kilometer 17

Avg.Distance 2,852.8 million KM to Sun Time to 84 Years Orbit the Sun Uranus
o

Facts

Waterly Uranus is the only planet that lies on its side. One pole, than the other, faces the Sun as it orbits. Voyager-I found nine dark, compact rings around the planet and a corkscrew-shaped magnetic field that stretches millions of kilometers.

Diameter Moons

6,755.2 Kilometer 2

Avg.Distance 225.6 million KM to Sun Time to Orbit 687 Days the Sun
o

Mars

Facts
o

The Viking probes failed to Beneath its thin atmosphere. Mars is barren, covered with pink soil and boulders. Long ago it was active, the surface is marked with dormant volcanoes and deep chasms where water once freely

flowed.

Diameter Moons

12,032 Kilometer None

Avg.Distance 107.52 million KM to Sun Time to Orbit 225 Days the Sun Venus
o

Facts

Earth's twin in size and mass, sparingly hot Venus is perpetually veiled behind reflective sulfuric-acid clouds. Probes and radar mapping have pierced the clouds and carbon-dioxide environment to reveal flat, rocky plains & signs of volcanic activity.

Diameter Moons

4,849.6 Kilometer None

Avg.Distance 57.6 million KM to Sun Mercury Time to 88 Days Orbit the Sun Facts 1. Tiny Mercury, slightly larger than Earth's moon. 2. Races along its elliptical orbital 1,76,000 kilometer per hour.

3. A speed that keeps it from being drawn into the Sun's gravity field. 4. The crated planet has no atmosphere, days are scorching hot and nights, frigid.

Diameter Moons

12,732.2 Kilometer 1

Avg.Distance 148.8 million KM to Sun Earth Time to Orbit 365 Days the Sun 1. Uniquely moderate temperature and the presence of oxygen and copious water maker Earth the only planet in the solar system to support life.

Facts

Diameter Moons

1,41,968 Kilometer 16

Avg.Distance 772.8 million KM to Sun Jupiter Time to 11.9 Years Orbit the Sun Facts 1. Two Pioneer space probes photographed the Great Red Spot on the Solar system's largest planet. 2. Voyagers I and II later showed it is an

enormous eddy in the turbulent cloud cover. Earth the only planet in the solar system to support life. 3. They also spotted dusty rings, three new moons and volcanoes on the Moon.

Diameter Moons

1,19,296 Kilometer 20 or more

Avg.Distance 1,417.6 million KM to Sun Saturn Time to Orbit 29.5 Years the Sun 1. Voyager I found that the celebrated rings of the golden giant Saturn are composed of thousands of rippling, spiraling bands just 100 feets thick. 2. The moon Titan has a nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbons.

Facts

Diameter Statellites Age Sun Facts

13,84,000 Kilometer 9 Planets 4.5 billion years 1. A rather ordinary, middle age star, the gaseous sun may reach a temperature of 27-millon degrees Celsius at its core.

2. Its 11 years cycle is now approaching a solar maximum, a period marked by frequent sunspots and flares. 3. On Earth, some radio waves will be disturbed and the amazing sky streamers called Northern Lights will appear.

http://www.winentrance.com/gk.htm Presidents of India No Name Dr. Rajendra 1 Prasad Dr. S. 2 Radhakrishnan 3 Dr. Zakir Hussain 4 5 6 7 8 Shri Varahagiri Venkata Giri Shri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Shri Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Shri Giani Zail Singh Shri R. Venkataraman

From To January 26, May 13, 1962 1950 May 13, 1962 May 13, 1967 May 13, 1967 August 24, 1969 August 24, 1974 August 24, 1969 August 24, 1974 February 11, 1977

July 25, 1977 July 25, 1982 July 25, 1982 July 25, 1987 July 25, 1987 July 25, 1992

9 Dr.S.D. Sharma Shri K R Narayanan Dr. A.P.J.Abdul 11 Kalam 10 12 Pratibha Patil

July 25, 1992 July 25, 1997 July 25, 1997 25 July 2002 25 July 2002 25 July 2007 25 July 2007 Incumbent

Prime Ministers of India INC - Indian National Congress, JP - Janata Party, JD Janata Dal BJP - Bharatiya Janata Party, SJP - Samajwadi Janata Party No Name Jawahar Lal 1 Nehru Shri Gulzarilal 2 Nanda Shri Lal 3 Bahadur Shastri 4 Shri Gulzarilal Nanda Shrimati Indira Gandhi Shri Morarji Desai From To 15 August, 27 May, 1947 1964 27 May, 9 June, 1964 1964 11 9 June, January, 1964 1966 11 24 January, January, 1966 1966 24 24 March, January, 1977 1966 24 March, 28 July, 1977 1979 Party INC INC INC

INC

5 6

INC JP

Shri Charan 7 Singh 8 Shrimati Indira Gandhi Shri Rajiv Gandhi

Shri 10 Vishwanath Pratap Singh 11 12 Shri Chandra Shekhar

Shri P.V. Narasimha Rao Shri Atal Behari 13 Vajpayee H. D. Deve 14 Gowda 15 16 Inder Kumar Gujral

Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee Dr. Manmohan 17 Singh CONTINENTS (by size) #1 Asia

14 January, JP 1980 14 31 January, October, INC 1980 1984 31 2 INC October, December, (Indira) 1989 1984 2 10 December, November, JD 1989 1990 10 21 June, November, SJP 1991 1990 21 June, 16 May, INC 1991 1996 16 May, 1 June, BJP 1996 1996 1 June, 21 April, JD 1996 1997 19 March, 21 April, JD 1997 1998 19 March, 22 May, BJP 1998 2004 22 May, Incumbent INC 2004 28 July, 1979

44,579,000 sq km

#2 Africa #3 North America #4 South America #5 Antarctica #6 Europe #7 Australia/Oceania CONTINENTS (by population) #1 Asia #2 Africa #3 Europe #4 North America #5 South America #6 Australia/Oceania #7 Antarctica

30,065,000 sq km 24,256,000 sq km 17,819,000 sq km 13,209,000 sq km 9,938,000 sq km 7,687,000 sq km

3,674,000,000 778,000,000 732,000,000 483,000,000 342,000,000 31,000,000 0

CONTINENTS (by the number of countries) #1 Africa #2 Asia #3 Europe 53 44 46

#4 North America #5 Australia/Oceania #6 South America

23 14 12

OCEANS OF THE WORLD (by size) Pacific (155,557,000 sq km) Atlantic (76,762,000 sq km) Indian (68,556,000 sq km) Southern (20,327,000 sq km) Arctic (14,056,000 sq km) OCEANS' GREATEST DEPTHS Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean 35,827 ft Puerto Rico Trench, Atlantic Ocean 30,246 ft Java Trench, Indian Ocean 24,460 ft Arctic Basin, Arctic Ocean 18,456 ft Arctic (14,056,000 sq km) DEEPEST OCEANS & SEAS Pacific Ocean (35,837 ft) (10,924 meters) Atlantic Ocean (30,246 ft) (9,219 meters) Indian Ocean (24,460 ft) (7,455 meters)

Caribbean Sea (22,788 ft) (6,946 meters) Arctic Ocean (18,456 ft) (5,625 meters) South China Sea (16,456 ft) (5,016 meters) Bering Sea (15,659 ft) (4,773 meters) Mediterranean Sea (15,197 ft) (4,632 meters) Gulf of Mexico (12,425 ft) (3,787 meters) Japan Sea (12,276 ft) (3,742 meters) MAJOR SEAS (by size) South China (2,974,600 sq km) Caribbean (2,515,900 sq km) Mediterranean (2,510,000 sq km) Bering (2,261,100 sq km) Gulf of Mexico (1,507,600 sq km) Arabian Sea (1,498,320 sq km) Sea of Okhotsk (1,392,100 sq km) Sea of Japan (East Sea) (1,012,900 sq km) Hudson Bay (730,100 sq km) East China (664,600 sq km) Andaman (564,900 sq km) Black (507,900 sq km) Red (453,000 sq km) MAJOR ISLANDS (by size) Australia, (7,617.930 sq km)

Greenland (2,175,600 sq km) New Guinea (792,500 sq km) Borneo (725,500 sq km) Madagascar (587,000 sq km) Baffin (507,500 sq km) Sumatra (427,300 sq km) Honshu (227,400 sq km) Great Britain (218,100 sq km) Victoria (217,300 sq km) Ellesmere (196,200 sq km) Celebes (178,650 sq km) New Zealand (south) (151,000 sq km) Java (126,700 sq km) New Zealand (north) (114,000 sq km) Newfoundland (108,900 sq km) SMALLEST COUNTRIES (by land mass) Vatican City 0.44 sq km, (0.17 sq miles) Monaco 1.95 sq km, (0.75 sq miles) Nauru 21.2 sq km, (8.2 sq miles) Tuvalu 26 sq km, (10 sq miles) San Marino 61 sq km, (24 sq miles) Liechtenstein 160 sq km, (62 sq miles)

Marshall Islands 181 sq km, (70 sq miles) Seychelles 270 sq km, (104 sq miles) Maldives 300 sq km, (116 sq miles) St. Kitts and Nevis 360 sq km, (139 sq miles) OLDEST COUNTRIES San Marino (301 AD) France (486 AD) Denmark (950 AD) Portugal (1143 AD) Andorra (1278 AD) Switzerland (1291 AD) YOUNGEST COUNTRIES East Timor (2002) Palau (1994) Czech Republic (1993) Eritrea (1993) Slovakia (1993) Bosnia/Hertzegovina (1992)

RICHEST COUNTRIES (GNP in USA Dollars) Luxembourg ($45,360) Switzerland ($44,355) Japan ($41,010) Liechtenstein ($40,000) Norway ($34,515) POOREST COUNTRIES (GNP in USA Dollars) Mozambique ($80) Somalia ($100) Eritrea ($100) Ethiopia ($100) Congo, DNC ($100) COUNTRIES WITH MOST LAND BORDERS (The Most Neighboring Countries) China (14) Russian Federation (14) Brazil (10) Congo, Germany and Sudan (9) Austria, France, Tanzania, Turkey and Zambia (8)

MAJOR RIVERS (By Length) Nile, Africa (6,825 km) Amazon, South America (6,437 km) Chang Jiang (Yangtze), Asia (6,380 km) Mississippi, North America (5,971 km) Yenisey-Angara, Asia (5,536 km) Huang (Yellow), Asia (5,464 km) Ob-Irtysh, Asia (5,410 km) Amur, Asia (4,416 km) Lena, Asia (4,400 km) Congo, Africa (4,370 km) Mackenzie-Peace, North America (4,241 km) Mekong, Asia (4,184 km) Niger, Africa (4,171 km) MAJOR LAKES (By Size) Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe (371,000 sq km) Superior, North America (82,100 sq km) Victoria, Africa (69,500 sq km) Huron, North America (59,600 sq km) Michigan, North America (57,800 sq km) Tanganyika, Africa (32,900 sq km) Baikal, Asia (31,500 sq km) Great Bear, North America (31,300 sq km) Aral Sea, Asia (30,700 sq km)

Malawi, Africa (28,900 sq km) Great Slave, Canada (28,568 sq km) Erie, North America (25,667 sq km) Winnipeg, Canada (24,387 sq km) Ontario, North America (19,529 sq km) Balkhash, Kazakhstan (18,300 sq km) DEEPEST LAKES (By Greatest Depth) Baikal, Russian Fed. (5,315 ft) Tanganyika, Africa (4,800 ft) Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe (3,363 ft) Malawi or Nyasa, Africa (2,317 ft) Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan (2,303 ft) LARGEST LAKES OF THE WORLD Name and Location Caspian Sea, Russia Superior, U.S.A. Canada Nyanza, Tansania-Uganda, Kenya Aral Russia Huron, U.S.A. Canada Michigan, U.S.A. Tanzania-Zaire, Zambia 4 Baikal, Russia Area in Sq.Km. 393,898 82,814 69,485 66,457 59,596 58,016 38,893 31,500

Great Bear, Canada Nyasa, Malawi-Mozambique-Tanzania Great Salve, Canada Chad, Chad-Niger-Nigeria, Cameroon Erie, U.S.A.-Canada Winnipeg, Canada Ontario, U.S.A.-Canada Balkash, Russia Ladoga, Russia Onega Titicaca, Bolivia-Peru Nicaragua, Nicaragua Athabaska, Canada Rudolf, Kenya, Ethiopia Reindeer, Canada Eyre, SouthAustralia Issyk-Kul, Russia Urmia, Iran Torrens, South Australia Vanern, Sweden Winnipegosis, Canada Mobutu Sese Seko, Uganda Nettilling, Baffin Island, Canada Nipigon, Canada Manitoba, Canada

31,080 30,044 28,930 25,760 25,719 23,533 19,477 18,428 18,130 9,891 8,135 8,001 7,920 6,405 6,330 6,216 6,200 6,001 5,698 5,545 5,403 5,299 5,051 4,843 4,706

Great Salt, U.S.A. Kiogo, Uganda Koko-Nor, China

4,662 4,403 4,222

TOP 10 TALLEST MOUNTAINS (By Size) Mount Everest 8850m (29035 ft) Nepal Qogir (K2) 8611m (28250 ft) Pakistan Kangchenjunga 8586m (28169 ft) Nepal Lhotse 8501m (27920 ft) Nepal Makalu I 8462m (27765 ft) Nepal Cho Oyu 8201m (26906 ft) Nepal Dhaulagiri 8167m (26794 ft) Nepal Manaslu I 8156m (26758 ft) Nepal Nanga Parbat 8125m (26658 ft) Pakistan Annapurna I 8091m (26545 ft) Nepal TALLEST MOUNTAINS (On Each Continent) Mount Everest 8850m (29035ft) Asia Aconcagua 6959m (22831ft) S. America Mount McKinley 6194m (20320ft) N. America Mount Kilimanjaro 5963m (19563ft) Africa Mount Elbrus 5633m (18481ft) Europe Puncak Jaya 4884m (16023ft) Oceania Vinson Massif 4897m (16066ft) Antarctica

HIGHEST/LOWEST SURFACE POINTS (Below Sea Level, On Each Continent) Dead Sea, Asia -409 meters Lake Assal, Africa -156 meters Death Valley, North America -86 meters Valds Peninsula, South America -40 meters Caspian Sea, Europe -28 meters Lake Eyre, Australia -16 meters Antarctica (ice covered) -2,538 meters Cities Situated on River Sides CITY RIVE COUNTR Karachi Indus Y R Lahore Ravi Egypt London Thames Ottawa Moskow Hudson Seine Pakistan Pakistan England Canada Russia U.S.A. France

Alexandri Nile a

Montre Amsterda Netherland al Amsel m s Mosco Scheid w Belgium Antwerp t New Baghded Tigris Iraq York Mena Paris Thailand Bangkok m Danub Yugoslavi Quebec Belgrade e a Rangoo Berlin Spree Germany n Bonn Rhine Germany Rome

St.Lawren Canada ce Irrawadi Tiber Mayanm ar Italy

Budapest Cairo Canton Glasgow

Danub Hungary e Nile Egypt Canto China n Clyde Scotland Germany

Tokyo

Sumida

Japan Austria Poland India

Vienna Danube Warsw Vistula a Delhi Yamuna

Hamburg Elbe

DRIEST INHABITED PLACES (Rain fall in inches per year) Aswan, Egypt 0.02" Luxor, Egypt 0.03" Arica Desert, Chile 0.04" Ica, Peru 0.1" Antofagasta, Chile 0.2" El Minya, Egypt 0.2" Asyut, Egypt 0.2" WETTEST INHABITED PLACES (Rain fall in inches per year) Buenaventira, Colombia 267" Monrovia, Liberia 202" Pagp Pago, American Samoa 198"

Moulein, Burma (Myanmar 192" ) Lae, Papua New Guinea 183" Sylhet, Bangladesht 178" E-Mail - Short Cuts AFK ASAP BBL BBN BBS BEG BF BRB BTW BWL C&G CID CSG CYA CYALLR DLTBBB EG F2F FCOL FWIW Away From KeyBoard As Soon As Possible Be Back Later Bye Bye Now Be Back Soon Big Evil Grin Boy Friend Be Right Back By The Way Bursting With Laughter Chuckle and Grin Crying In Disgrace Chuckle Snicker Grin See You Again See You All Later Don't Let The Bed Bugs Bite Evil Grin Face to face, a personal meeting For Crying Out Loud For What It's Worth

FYI GF GFN GMTA GOK GTSY H&K HHIS HHOK HHOS IC IMHO IMO IWALU JMO JTLYK KIT L8R LHU LMHO LOL LTS LTNC LUWAMH

For Your Information Girl Friend Gone For Now Great MInds Think Alike God Only Knows Great To See You Hugs and Kiss Hanging Head In Shame Ha, Ha-Only Kidding Ha, Ha-Only Serious I See In My Humble Opioion In My Opinion I Will Always Love You Just My Opinion Just To Let You Know Keep in Touch Later Lord Help Us Laughing My Head Off Laughing out Loud Laughing to Self Long Time to See Love You With All My Heart

LY OIC OTOH PDS RTSM SETE SYS TAFN TOY TTYL TTYT WB WTG RIVER Nile Amazon

Love You Oh! I See On the Other Hand Please Dont Shout Read the Stupid Manual Smiling Ear to Ear See You Soon That's All For Now Thinking Of You Talk to You Later Talk to You Tomorrow Welcome Back Way to Go RIVERS OUTFLOW Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico China Sea Gulf of Ob Gulf of Chihli Arctic Ocean Rio de la plata Ob River LENGTH 6,690 6,296 6,020 5,797 5,567 4,667 4,506 4,498 4,438

Mississippi Missouri-Red Rock Yangtze-Kiang Ob Yellow (Hwang Ho) Yenisey Parana Irtish

Congo Amur Lena Mackenzie Niger Mekong Mississippi Missouri Volga Maderia Purus Sao Francisco St. Lawrence Yukon Rio Grande Brahmaputra Indus Danube Euphrates Darling Zambezi Tocantins Murrary Nelson

Atlantic Ocean Tatar Strait Artic Ocean Beaufort Sea (Artic Ocean) Gulf of Guinea South China Sea Gulf of Mexico Mississippi River Caspian Sea Amazon River Amazon River Atlantic Ocean Gulf of St. Lawrence Bering Sea Gulf of Mexico Ganges River Arabian Sea Black Sea Shatt-al-Arab Murray River Mozambique Channel Para River Indian Ocean Hudson Bay

4,371 4,352 4,268 4,241 4,184 4,023 3,779 3,726 3,687 3,238 3,207 3,198 3,058 3,058 3,034 2,897 2,897 2,842 2,799 2,739 2,736 2,699 2,589 2,574

Paraguay Ural Ganges Amu Darya (Oxus) Japura Salween Arkansas Colorado Dnieper Ohio Alledheny Irrawaddy Orange Orinoco Pilcomayo Xi Jiang (Si Kiang) Columbia Don Sungari Saskatchewan Peace Tigris

Parana River Caspian Sea Bay of Bengal Aral Sea Amazon River Gulf of Martaban Mississippi River Gulf of California Black Sea Mississippi River Bay of Bengal Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Paraguay River China Sea Pacific Ocean Sea of Azov Amur River Lake Winnipeg Great Slave River Shatt-al-Arb

2,549 2,533 2,506 2,414 2,414 2,414 2,333 2,333 2,284 2,102 2,092 2,092 2,062 1,999 1,989 1,983 1,968 1,955 1,939 1,923 1,899

LARGEST USA CITIES (By Population) New York City, NY 8.04 million Los Angeles, CA 3.7 million

Chicago, IL 2.9 million Houston, TX 2.05 million Philadelphia, PA 1.61 million Phoenix, AZ 1.39 million San Antonio, TX 1.36 million San Diego, CA 1.3 million Dallas, TX 1.25 million Detroit, MI 1.1 million LARGEST CITIES ON THE PLANET Mumbai, India 12.15 million Buenos Aires, Argentina 11.96 million Seoul, South Korea 11.2 million Karachi, Pakistan 11.3 million Manila, Philippines 10.13 million Sao Paulo, Brazil 10.06 million New Delhi, India 10.01 million Istanbul, Turkey 9.29 million Shanghai, China 8.9 million Jakarta, Indonesia 8.68 million Mexico City, Mexico 8.66 million Dhaka, Bangladesh 8.54 million Moscow, Russian Fed. 8.37 million Tokyo, Japan 8.2 million

New York City, USA 8.04 million LARGEST METRO AREAS IN THE WORLD Toyko, Japan 31.4 million New York City - Philadelphia area, USA 30.05 million Mexico City, Mexico 20.98 million Seoul, South Korea 19.85 million Sao Paulo, Brazil 18.5 million Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto, Japan 17.6 million Jakarta, Indonesia 17.58 million New Delhi, India 16.7 million Mumbai, India (Bombay) 16.69 million Los Angeles, USA 16.62 million al-Qahira, Egypt 15.5 million Calcutta, India 13.8 million Manila, Philippines 13.5 million Buenos Aires, Argentina 12.91 million Moscow, Russian Fed. 12.1 million Nobel Prize Winners Peace Name Year 1901 1902 1903 1904 Jean H. Dunant Frederic Paassy Elie Ducommum, Chales A. Gobat Sir William R. Cremer Institute of International law Country Switzerland France Switzerland Britain

1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1917 1919 1920 1921 1922 1925 1926 1927 1929 1930

Baroness Bertha von Suttner Theodore Roosevelt Ernesto T. Moneta Louis Renault Klas P.Arnoldson Fredr5ik Bajer Auguste M.F. Beernaert Paul H.B.B.d'Estournelles de Constant Permanent Internatiol Peace Bureau Tobias M.C. Asser Alfred H.Fried Elihu Root Henri La Fontaine International Red Cross Woodrow Wilson Leon V.A. Bourgeois Karl H. Branting Christian L.Lange Fridtjof Nansen Sir J. Austen Chamberlain Chstlrd G. Dawes Aristide Briand Gustav Stresemann Ferdinand E. Buisson Ludwig Quidde Frank B. Kellogg Nathan Soderblom

Australia U.S. Italy France Sweden Danish Belgium France Dutch Australia U.S. Belgium U.S. France Sweden Norway Norway U.S. France Germany France Germany U.S. Sweden

1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1944 1945 1946 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961

Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler Sir Norman Angell Arthur Henderson Carl von Ossietzky Carlos de Saavedra Lamas Viscount Cecil of Chelwood Nansen International Office for Refugees International Red Cross Cordell Hull Emily G. Balch, John R. Mott Friends Service Council American Friends Service Committee Lord John Boyd Orr of Brechin Mearns Ralph J. Bunche Leon Jouhaux Albert Schweitzer George C. Marshall Office of the UN hign Commissioner of Refugees Lester B. Pearson Georges Pire Philip J. Noel-Baker Albert J.Luthuil Dag Hammarskjold

U.S. Britain Britain Germany Argentina Britain

U.S. U.S. Britain U.S. Britain U.S. France France U.S. Sw Canada Belgium Britain South African Sweden

1962 1963 1964 1965 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

Linus C. Pauling International Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies Martin Luther King U.N. Children's Fund(UNICEF) Rene Cassin Internationa Labour Organisation Norman E. Borlaug Willy Brandt Henry Kissinger Le Due Tho, N.Vietmamese Eisaku Sato Sean MacBride Andrei Sakharov Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams Amnesty International Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin Mother Teresa Adolfo Perez Esquivel Office of UN high Commissioner for Refugees Alva Myrdal Alfonso Garcia Robles Lech Walesa

U.S.

Jordon-U.S. Franch U.S. West Germany U.S. Japan Iran USSR N. Iran England Isreal Albanian Indian Argentina

Swedish Mexico Poland

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002

Bishop Desmond Tutu International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Elie Wiesel Oscar Arias Sanchez United NationsPeace keeping Forces Dalai Lama Mikhail S. Gorbachev Aung San Suu Kyi Rigoberta Menchu Frederik W.de Klerk, Nelson Mandela Yasir Arafat Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin Joseph Rotblat Roman Catholic Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Nelo International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and its coordinator Jody Williams David Trimble, Jonh Hume Kim Dae-Jung United Nations Kofi Annan Jimmy Carter Nobel Prize Winners - Literature

South Africa U.S. RomanianU.S. Costa Rican Tibetan USSR Myanmarese Guatemalan South Arican Palestine Isreal U.K. East Tomor

Netherland South Korea Ghana

Year 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1916 1917 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925

Name Rene F.A. Sully Prudhomme Theodor Mommsen Bjornsterne Bjornson Frederic Mistral Jose Echegaray Henryk Sienkiewicz Giosue Carducci Rudyard Kipling Rudolf C. Eucken Selma Lagerlof Paul J.L.Heyse Maurice Maeterlinck Gerhart Hauptmann Rabindranath Tagore Romain Rolland Verner von Heidenstam Karl A. Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan Carl F.G. Spitteler Kunt Hamsun Anatolle France Jacinto Benavente William Butker Wladyslaw S. Reymont George Bernard Shaw

Country Franch Germany Norway Franch Spain Poland Italy Britain Germany Sweden Germany Belgium Germany India France Sweden Danish Switzerland Norway France Spanish Iran Poland Iran-Britain

1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

Grazia Deledda Henri Bergson Sigrid Undset Thomas Mann Sinclair Lewis Erik A. Karlfeldt John Galsworthy Ivan A. Bunin Luigi Pirandello Eugene O'Neill Roger Martin de Gard Pearl S.Buck Frans E. Sillanpa Johannes V. Jensen Gabriels Mistral Hermann Hesse Andre Gide T.S.Eliot william Fauljner Bertrand Russell RarF.Lagerkvist Francois Mauriac Sir Winston Churchill Ernest Hemingway Halldor K. Laxness

Itally France Norway German U.S. Sweden Britain USSR Italy U.S. France U.S. Finnish Danish Chilean Switzwerland France Britain U.S. Britain Sweden France Britain U.S. Icelandic

1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977

Juan Ramon Jimenez Albert Camus Boris L.Pasternak Salvatore Quasimodo Saint-John Perse Ivo Andric John Steinbeck Giorgos Seferis Jean Paul Sartre Mikhail Sholokhov Samuel Joseph Agnon Nelly Sachs Muguel Angel Asturias Yasunari Kawabata Samuel Beckett Aleksandr I. Solzhenisyn Pablo Neruda Heinrich Boll Patrick White Eyvind Johnson, Harry Edmund Martinson Eugenio Montale Saul Bellow Vicente Aleixandre

Spain France USSR Italy France Yugoslavia U.S. France USSR Isreal Sweden Guate Japan Iran USSR Chilean West Germany Austral Sweden Italy U.S. Spain

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Isaac Bashevis Singer Odysseus Elytis Czerslaw Milosz Elias Canetti Gabriel HGarcia Marquez William Golding Jaroslav Siefert Claude Simon Wole Soyinka Joseph Brodsky Naguib Mahfouz Camilo Jose Cela Octavio Paz Nadine Gordimer Derek Walcott Toni Morrison Kenzaburo Oe Seamus Heaney Wislawa zymorska Dario Fo Jose Saramago Gunter Grass Gao Xingjian

U.S. Gk Poland-U.S. BulgiumBritain ColombianMexico Britain Czech France Nigerian USSR-U.S. England Spain Mexico South Africa West India U.S. Japan Iran Poland Italy Portugal Germany China

2001 2002

V.S. Naipaul Imre Kertsz

LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD Languages spoken by the most people (Native speakers only) Chinese Mandarin 1 billion + English 512 million Hindustania 498 million Spanish 391 million Russian 280 million Arabic 245 million Bengali 211 million Portuguese 192 million Malay-Indonesian 160 million Japanese 125 million German 100 million Korean 78 million French 77 million Chinese, Wu 77 million Javanese 75 million COMMON BODY DISORDERS ALLERGY: A special reaction to a certain substance such as pollen or certain foods (causing sneeze, skin rashes etc). Allergy can be from any materials, even by colours etc. ARTHRITIS: Inflammation of joints.

ASTHMA: A respiratory disorder caused by narrowing of bronchial tubes. It can be caused by infection or due to allergy. BRONCHITIS: Inflammation of bronchial tubes caused by bacteria or virus. CANCER: An abnormal growth of body cells, often resulting in a malignant tumour. DIABETES MELLITUS: Excess sugar in the body, when the body is not able to control the level of blood sugar due to malfunctioning of pancreas when it produces inadequate insulin. EPILEPSY: Unwarned and periodic loss of consciousness along with convulsions, due to nervous disorders. MUMPS: An acute infection particularly in children and young adults in which there is swelling of neck and high fever. HEPATITIS: An infectious or inflammatory disease of the liver commonly identified by its primary symptoms of jaundice. HERNIA: A weakness of the muscle surrounding an organ allowing it to bulge through, often found in the groin. JAUNDICE: Excessive bilirubin (present in bile juice secreted by liver) in the blood, causes yellowing of eyes, skin and even urine. LEUKEMIA: Blood cancer MEASLES: A contagious disease caused by virus, red rashes appear on the body along with fever. MIGRAINE: A type of a headache followed by disturbed vision and no speech accompanied by nausea. PELLAGRA: A disease caused by the deficiency of Vitamin B5. Its symptoms are 3D's: Diarrhoea, Dermatosis, Dementila. OSTEOMALACIA: A disease caused by shortage of VItamin D (calciferol) which results in softening of bones, frequent fractures and bending of the backbone. PLEURISY: Inflammation of the membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity. RABIES: A viral disease transmitted by the saliva of infected

animals. Symptoms include convulsions and repulsion to water (hydrophobia). RINGWORM: A skin diseases causing circular swellings on the skin. Transmitted through air-borne pores and contact with infected person. SLIPPED DISC: A painful condition in which a cartilage disc in the spine is displaced putting pressure on the nearest nerve. SMALL POX: A contagious viral disease, common among children, Symptoms are rashes on skin. THROMBOSIS: Formation of blood clot in a blood vessel or in the heart causing death. ULCER: An inflamed open sore on the skin, or on the membrane of a body cavity. Peptic ulcer is a condition in which ulcer is there in the food pipe causing burning sensations. COMMON DRUGS ANAESTHETICS: Drugs that block sensory nerves and make the patient fully unconscious to prevent him from feeling pain. In case of local anaesthesia a particular area is made senseless temporarily. ANALGESICS: Drugs used to prevent or relieve pain like aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid). ANTIBIOTICS: Drugs used to prevent growth of body germs and to destroy them as soon as possible. Most common drugs under this category are penicillin, tetramycelin etc. ANTIHISTAMINES: These drugs are used to relieve symptoms of asthma, hay fever and other allergies. ANTIPYRETICS: Drugs used to lower body temperature. HORMONES: Drugs used to combat hormones deficiency that causes diseases. Drugs like insulin or adrenaline come under this category. NARCOTICS: Drugs that deaden the nervous system and prevent a person from feeling pain, e.g. Opium and the

derivatives such as codeline, heroin, morphine etc. SEDATIVES: Drugs used to induce sleep. TRANQUILLIZERS: Drugs that calm nervous system and prevent worry, tension, etc. VACCINES: Drugs that are injected to help the body to develop resistance to diseases or immunisation of the body. COMMON HUMAN DISEASES AND AFFECTED BODY PART AFFECTED DISEASE AFFECTED PART DISEASE PART Immune system of the AIDS Malaria Spleen body joints Arthritis Joints Meningitis Brain Asthma Bronchial muscles Ottis Ear Cataract Eyes Paralysis Nerves and limbs Conjunctivitis Eyes Polio Legs Glaucoma Eyes Pyarrhoea Teeth Diabetes Pancreas and blood Pleurisy Lungs Dermatitis Skin Rheumatism Joints Diphtheria Throat Pneumonia Lungs Dementila Brain Sinusitis Facial bones Eczema Skin Typhoid Intestine Goitre Thyroid Tuberculosis Lungs Tonsils gland in Hepatitis Liver Tonsillitis throat Jaundice Liver

COMMON DISEASES DISEASE: It is a condition of the body or a part of it in which functions are distrubed or deranged. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: Infectious as spread from infected person to health one. They are of further two types: Contagious: Spread through direct contact. Examples: Chickenpox, mumps, syphilis, measles, dermatitis, eczema etc. Non-contagious:Spread through without incoming in direct contact. Examples:Influenza, tetanus, malaria, tuberculosis etc. NON-COMMUNICABLE:Not spreadable or non-infectious

Deficiency diseases (hormonal and vitamin deficiency) Degenerative diseases (diseases due to inactively working of body organs) Allergic diseases (diseases due to colour, dust etc.) Addiction GENETIC DISORDERS: Haemophilia, colourblindness, sickle-cell anaemia, syndromes etc. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD): Gonorrhoea, syphilis, trichomoniasis etc. VIRAL DISEASES: Chicken pox, measles, polio, rabies, mumps, influenza, hepatitis, herpes, AIDS. BACTERIAL DISEASES: Cholera, diphtheria, tuberculosis, leprosy, tetanus, typhoid, plague, whooping cough, sore throat, pneumonia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, botulism. FUNGAL DISEASES: Ringworm, athlete's foot, dhobie itch. PROTOZOANS DISEASES: Amoebiasis, malaria,

sleeping sickness, kalaazar, diarrhoea. INSECT CARRYING DISEASES: Mosquito (Anopheles female) - Malaria Aedes Rat flea Sand fly Tse-tse fly House fly Dengu fever Plague Kalaazar Sleeping sickness Cholera

Military ,Aviation And Naval Terms Place where arms and ammunition are ARSENAL manufactured and stored. BATTALION BATTERY BULL'S EYE COCKPIT An army unit consisting of 1,000 combatants led by a Lieutenant Colonel. A unit of a number of artillery guns, mobile or fixed. The point of target that has t be aimed or hit while practicing shooting. Pilot's seat in the fuselage of an aeroplane. Hiding of objects by various means to deceive or bamboozle the enemy about their real location thereby protecting them from air and ground attacks. A mobile body of guerilla fighters. Compulsory recruitment of personnel for service in the armed forces.

CAMOUFLAGE COMMANDO CONSCRIPTION

DIVISION

Normally, a division has 20,000 troops commanded by a Major General equipped with two or more brigades of infantry with befitting artillery and engineering equipment. An aerial duel between two or more aircraft's at a close range. A fleet of boats or small ships. Powered by rockets or jet propulsion, they are unmanned, self propelled air or space vehicle fitted with explosive warheads. Guided missiles are either self directed with inlaid controls or under remote controls based on the firing range. Inter Continental Ballistic Missile is a rocket propelled surface to surface guided missile carrying a nuclear warhead which can reach a destined city or installation in the world and destroy it entirely. It is of three types, viz, air to air, surface to air, and air to surface. Air to air guided missile, launched from an aircraft is employed to hit target in the battlefield. Surface to surface and air to air guided missiles are employed against enemy missiles or targets. A large passenger jet aircraft having the capacity to life nearly 447 passengers.

DOGFIGHT FLOTILLA

GUIDED MISSILES

ICBM

INTERMEDIATE RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILE (IRBM)

JUMBO JET

NUCLEAR UMBRELLA

Giving air shield to a city or by nuclear weapons. It is also called parasol or Sombrero. Deployment of weapons on satellites in space with a view to destroy intercontinental ballistic missiles in space coming from the enemy.

STAR WARS

Air Force formation consisting of 20 SQUADRON aircraft's commanded by a Squadron Leader. SCIENTIFIC MEASURES Unit of electric current. It is approximately equal to the flow of 6 x 1018 electrons per second. ATOMIC WEIGHT: The weight of an atom of hydrogen is taken as the standard; the respective weights of the atoms of all other substances are expressed in terms of it. So when it is stated that the atomic weight of iron is 56, it is meant that the atom of iron is 56 times as heavy as the atom of hydrogen. ANGSTROM: The unit of wavelength of light is Angstrom. 1 Angstrom = 10-8 cm. There is a bigger unit for measuring the wavelength of infrared light; it is called a milli-micron and is equal to 10-7 cm. Micron =10-4 cm, is a still bigger unit. Bar is the unit of atmospheric pressure; one bar is equal to a pressure of 106 dynes per sq cm. CALORY Calory is the unit of heat. It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature or one gram of water through 1 C. HORSE POWER: The practical unit of power - the power of an agent which can

work at the rate of 550 foot-pounds per second or 33,000 footpounds per minute. 1 HP=746 watts. JOULE Joule is the unit of work or energy. It is equal to 107 ergs. It is the energy consumed in one second in an electrical circuit through which a current energy of one ampere is flowing against a potential difference of one volt. KNOT Knot is a measure to know the speed of a ship. LIGHT YEAR: A light year is the distance light travels in one mean solar year, at speed of 1, 86,000 miles per second. It is equal to 5,880,000,000,000 miles. It is used as a unit for measuring stellar distances. NAUTICAL MILE: A unit of distance used in navigation - one minute of longitude measured along the Equator. A Nautical Mile is approximately equal to 6, 080 feet. PRESSURE: The pressure is expressed in pounds weight per sq cm. The pressure of the atmosphere is expressed in millibars. One millibar = 1 dyne per sq cm. If the pressure are very high, they are expressed in multiples of atmospheric pressure. 1 atmosphere is a pressure exerted by a column of mercury 76 cm high at sea level and at a latitude of 45 . QUINTAL: Metric measure of weight; 100 kilograms = 1 quintal. VOLT: The unit of potential difference. It is that much potential difference which when applied to the ends of an electrical conductor of resistance one ohm, the amount of energy consumed in the circuit in one second is one Joule (=107 ergs). WATT:

Unit of power - the rate of work done in joules per second; the energy expended per second by an unvarying electric current of 1 ampere. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES Ammeter is an instrument to measure the strength of an electric current. Anemometer is an instrument to measure the velocity and find the direction of the wind. Audiometer is an instrument to measure difference in hearing. Barometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure. Binocular is an optical instrument designed for magnified view of distant objects by both eyes simultaneously. Calorimeter is an instrument for measuring quantities of heat. Chronometer is a clock to determine longitude of a vessel of sea. Clinical Thermometer is a thermometer for measuring the temperature of human body. Calorimeter is an instrument for comparing intensities of colour. Commutator is an instrument to change of reverse the direction of an electric current. In dynamo used to convert the alternating current into direct current. Computer is a technical device designed to find instantaneous solutions of huge and complex calculation based on the information already fed. Dynamo is a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Electroscope is an instrument for detecting the presence of electric charge. Galvanometer is an instrument for measuring electric current. Hydrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density

of liquids. Hydrophone is an instrument for measuring sound under water. Hygrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere. Hygroscope is an instrument to show the changes in atmospheric humidity. Lactometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density of milk. Micrometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring small distances or angles. Manometer is instrument to measure the pressure of gases. Magnetometer is an instrument used to compare the magnetic moments and fields, Mariner's Compass is an apparatus for determining direction, graduated to indicate 33 directions. The "N" point on the dial indicates north pole and the "S" point, south pole. Microscope is an instrument for magnified view of very small objects. Periscope is an apparatus for viewing objects lying above the eye level of the observer and whose direct vision is obstructed. It consists of a tube bent twice at right angles and having plane mirrors at these bends inclined at angles of 45 to the tube. Photometer is an instrument for comparing the luminous intensity of the sources of light. Planimeter is a mechanical integrating instrument to measure area of a plane surface. Pyknometer is an instrument used to measure the density and co-efficient of expansion of liquid. Pyrheliometer is an instrument for measuring solar radiations. Pyrometers are thermometers to measure high temperatures. Quadrant is an instrument for measuring altitudes and angles in navigation and astronomy. Quartz clock is a highly accurate clock used in astronomical

observations and other precision work. Radio micrometer is an instrument for measuring heat radiations. Rain gauge is an instrument for measuring rainfall. Refractometer is an instrument used to measure the refractive index of a substance. Resistance thermometer is used for determining the electrical resistance of conductor. Salinometer is a type of hydrometer used to determine the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their densities. Seismograph is an instrument used for recording the intensity and origin of earthquake shocks. Sextant is an instrument used for measurement of angular distances between two objects. Spectroscope is an instrument used for spectrum analysis. Spectrometer is a type of spectroscope so calibrated as to make it suitable for the precise measurement of refractive indices. Spherometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring the curvature of spherical objects. Sphygmomanometer is an apparatus for measuring blood pressure. Spring balance is used to measure the mass of a body. It is preferred only when quick but approximate determinations are to be carried out. Stereoscope is an optical device to see two dimensional pictures as having depth and solidity. Stethoscope is a medical instrument for hearing and analyzing the sound of heart and lungs. Stroboscope is an instrument used for viewing the objects moving rapidly with a periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest. Tangent galvanometer is an instrument for measuring the strength of direct current.

Telemeter is an apparatus for recording physical events happening at a distance. Teleprinter is a communication medium for automatic sending, receiving and printing of telegraphic message from distant places. Telescope is an instrument for viewing distant objects as magnified. Television is an instrument used for transmitting the visible moving images by means of wireless waves. Thermometer is an instrument to measure the temperature. Thermoscope is used for measuring the temperature change (approximately) of the substances by nothing the corresponding change in volume. Thermostat is an automatic device for regulating constant tempera-tures. Transistor is a small device which may be used to amplify currents and perform other functions usually performed by a thermionic value. Vernier is an adjustable scale with marking of 10 sub-divisions of one-tenth of an inch or any other suitable marking for measuring small sub-divisions of scale. Viscometer is an instrument for measuring the viscosity, i.e. the property of resistance of a fluid to relative motion within itself. Voltmeter is an instrument to measure potential difference between two points.

Arabic & Roman Arabic numerals and their corresponding Roman numerals. 1 2 I II

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 42 50 60 90

III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL XLII L LX XC

100 200 400 500 600 900 1000

C CC CD D DC CM M Nations Germany Dutch

Nobel Prize Winners Physics Year Name 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 Wilhelm C.Roentgen Hendrik A.Lorentz & Pieter Zeeman

Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie France and Marie Curie John W. Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Philipp E.A.Von Lenard Sir. Joseph J.Thomson Albert A.Michelson Gabriel Lippmann Carl F. Braun Guglielmo Marconi Johannes D. Van der Waals Wilhelm Wien Nils G. Dalen Heike kamerlingh Onnes Max von Laue Britain Germany Britain U.S Franch Germany Italy Dutch Germany Sweden Dutch Germany

1915 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1932 1933 1935 1936 1937

Sir William H. Bragg, Sir William H. Britain Bragg Charles G. Barkla Max K.E.L. Planck Johnnes Stark Charles E.Guillaume Albert Einstein Niels Bohr Robert A. Millikan Karl M.G. Siegbahn James Franck, Gustav Hertz Jean B. Perrin Arthur H.Compton Charles T.R Wilson Owen W. Richardson Prince Louis-victor de Broglie Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman Werner Heisenberg Paul A.M. Dirac Erwin Schrodinger Sir James Chadwick Carl D. Anderson Victor F. Hess Cliton J. Davisson Sir Geroge P. Thomson Britain Germany Germany France Germany U.S. Danish U.S Sweden Germany France U.S Britain Britain France India Germany Britain Australia Britain U.S Australia U.S. Britain

1938 1939 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958

Enrico Fermi Ernest O. Lawrence Otto Stern Isidor Issac Rabi Wolfgang Pauli Percy Williams Bridgman Sir Edward V. Appleton Patrick M.S.Blackett Hideki Yukawa Cecil f. Powell Sir John D. Cockroft Ernest T.S.Walton Felix Bloch Edward M. Purcell Frits Zernike Max Born Walter Bothe Polykarp Kusch, Willis E.Lamb John Bardeen Walter H. Brattain William Shockley Tsung-dao-Lee Chenning Yang Pavel Cherenkov Ilya Frank,

Italy U.S U.S. U.S U.S. U.S U.S. Britain Britain Japan Britain Britain Iran U.S Dutch Britain Germany U.S U.S U.S USSR

Igor Y. Tamm 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 Owen Chamberlain Emilio G.Segre Donald A. Glaser Robert Hofstadter Rudolf L. Mossbauer Lev. D. Landau Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Eugene P. Wigner J. Hans D. Jensen Nikolai G. Basov, aleksander M. Prochorov Charles H. Townes Richard P. Feynman Julian S. Schwinger Shinichiro Tomonaga Alfred Kastler Hans A. Bethe Luis W. Alvarez Murray Gell-Mann Louis Neel,br>Hammes Alfven Dennis Gabor John Bardeen Leon N. Cooper John R. Schrieffer Ivar Giaever Leo Esaki U.S U.S U.S Germany USSR U.S Germany USSR U.S U.S Japan Franch U.S U.S U.S France Switzerland Britain U.S U.S Japan

1964

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

Vrian D. Josephson 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish James Rainwater Ben Mottelson Aage Bohr Burton Richter Samuel C.C Ting John H.Van Vleck,Philip W. Anderson Nevill F. Mott Pyotr Kapitsa Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson

Britain Britain U.S U.S-Danish Danish U.S U.S Britain USSR U.S

steven Weinberg, Sheldon L. Glashow U.S Abdus Salam Pakistan James W. Cronin Val L. fitch Nicolass Bloembergen, Arthur Schaalow Kai M.Siegbahn Kenneth G. Wilson Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar William a. Fowler Carlo Rubbia Simonvan der Meer Klaus von Klitzing Ernest Ruska,br>Gerd Binnig U.S U.S Sweden U.S Indian U.S Citizen U.S Italy Dutch West Germany Germany

Heinrich Rohrer

West Germany Swiss Switzerland West Germany U.S U.S. GrmanyU.S. Germany Canada U.S France Poland France U.S. Canada U.S

1987 1988

K.Alex Muller J. Georg Bednorz Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Jack Steinberger Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wo9lfgang Paul Richard E. Taylor Jerome I. Griedman, Hendry W.Kendall Pierre - Giles de Gennes Georges Charpak Joseph H. Taylor, Russell A. Hulse Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull

1989

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Martin L. Perl of Standfrod University Switzerland and Frederick Reins of the University U.S. of California David M.Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C.Richardson Steven Chu, William D. Phillips Claude Cohen Tannoudji Prof. Robert B. Laughlin, Prof Horst U.S U.S. France U.S

L. Stormer, Prof. Daniel C. Tsui 1999 2000 Gerardus T. Hooft, Martinus J.D. Veltman Mr.Zhores I.Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack Kilby Eric A. Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl E. Wieman Netherland Russia German USA German USA USA USA Japan Country Dutch Germany Sweden Britain Germany France Germany Britain Germany Germany Poland Franch Franch

2001

Raymond Davis Jr. 2002 Riccardo Giacconi Masatoshi Koshiba Nobel Prize Winners - Chemistry Name Year 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 Jacobus H. Vant's Hoff Emil fischer Svante A. Arrhenius Sir William Ramsay Adolf von Beayer Henri Moissan Eduard Buchner Ernest Rutherford Wilhelm Ostwald Otto Wallach Marie Curie Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier

1913 1914 1915 1918 1920 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939

Alfred Werner Theodore W. Richards Richard M. Willstatter Fritz Haber Walther H. Nernst Frederick Soddy Francis W. Aston Fritz Pregl Richard A. Zsigmondy theodor Svedberg Heinrich O. Wieland Adolf O. R. Windaus Sir Arthur Harden Han von Euler-Chelpin Hans Fischer Friedrich Berguis, Karl Bosch Irving Langmuir Harold C. Urey Frederic Joliot-Curie, Irene Joliot Curie Peter J.W. Debyr Walter N. Haworth Paul Karrer Richard Kuhn Adolf F.J. Butenandt Leopold Ruzicka

Switzerland U.S Germany Germany Germany Britain Britain Australia Germany sweden Germany Germany Britain Sweden Germany Germany U.S U.S Franch Dutch Britain Swistzerland Germany Britain switzerland

1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

Georg de Hevesy Otto Hahn Artturi I, Virtanen James B. Summer, John H.Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley Sir Robert Robinson Arne W.K. Tiselius William F. Giauque Kurt Alder, Otto P.H. Diels Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg Hermann Staudinger Linus C. Pauling Vincent du Vigneaud Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood, Nikolai N. Semenov Sir Alexander R. Todd Frederick Sanger Jarpslav Heyr9vsky Willard F. Libby Melvini calvin John C. Kendrew, Max F. Perutz Giulio Natta Kal Ziegler Dorothy C. Hodgkin

Hungary Germany Finnish U.S Britain Sweden Switzerland Germany U.S Germany U.S U.S Britain USSR Britain Britain Czech U.S U.S Britain Italy Germany Britain

Archer J.P. Martin, Richard L.M. Synjge U.S

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

Robert B. Woodward Robert S.Mulliken Manfred Eigen Ronald G. W.Norrish, George Porter Lars Onsager Derek H.R. Barton Odd Hassel Luis F. Leloir Gerhard Herzberg Chriistian B. Aninsen, Stanford Moore, William H.Stein Ernst Otto Fischer Geoffrey Wilkinson Paul J. Flory John Cornforth, Austral Vladimir Prelog, Yugo William N. Lipscomb Ilya Prigogine Peter Mitchell Herbert C. Brown Geroge Wittig Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger Kenichi Fukui Roald Hoffmann

U.S. U.S Germany Britain U.S Britain Norway Canada U.S West Germany Britain U.S Britain Switzerland U.S Belgium Britain Britain U.S. Germany U.S U.K Japan U.S.

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Aaron Klug Henry Tabue Bruce Merrifield Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle Dudley Herchbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pepdersen Jean-Marie Lehn Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel Thomas R. Cech, Sidney Altman Elias James Corey Richard R. Ernst RudolphA. Marcus Kary B. Mullis Michael Smith George A.Olah Paul Crutzeen Mario Molina, F. Sherwood Roland Robert Curl Jr., Richard Smallery Sir Harold Kroto Paul Boyer John Walker Dane Jensskou

South Africa Canada U.S U.S U.S. Canada Britain U.S. French West Germany Britain U.S U.S Switzerland Canada, U.S U.S. BritainCanada U.S Netherland U.S U.S. britain U.S Britain Denmark

1998 1999 2000

Dr.Walter Kohn Dr. John A. Pople Ahmed Zewail Alan Heeger Alan G. Macidiarmid Hideki Shirakawa William S. Knowles Ryoji Noyori K. Barry Sharpless

AustraliaU.S Britain-U.S USA USA USA Japan USA Japan USA USA Japan Switzerland Country Germany Britain Danish Russia Germany Italy Spain France Germany France Switzerland Grmany

2001

John B. Fenn 2002 Koichi Tanaka Kurt Wthrich Nobel Prize Winners-Medicine & Physiology Name Year 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 Emil A. Von Behring Sir Ronald Ross Niels R. Finsen Ivan P. Pavlov Robert Koch Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramon Y Cajal Charles L.A. Laveran Paul Ehrlich Elie Metchnikoff Emil T. Kocher Albrecht Kossel

1911 1912 1913 1914 1919 1920 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

Allvar Gullstrand Alexis Carrel Charles R. Richet Robert Barany Jules Border Schack A.S.Krogh Archibald V. Hill Otto F. Meyerhof Frederick G. Banting John J.R.Macleod willem Einthoven Johannes A.G Fibiger JUllius Wagner-Jauregg Charles J.H. Nicolle Christiaan Eijkman Sir Frederick G.Hopkings Karl Landsteiner Otto H. Warburg Edgar D. Adrian, Sir Charles S. Sherrington Thomas H.organ George R. Minot, William P. Murphy, G.H. Whipple Hans Spemann Sir Henry H. Dale Otto Lowei

Sweden France France Australia Belgium Dan Britain Germany Canada Scotland Dutch Dan Australia France Dutch Britain U.S Germany Britain U.S. U.S. Germany Britain U.S.

1937 1938 1939 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957

Albert Szent-Gyorgyl Cornelle J.F. Heymans Gerhard Domagk Henrik C.P. Dam Edward A. Doisy Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S.Gasser Ernst B. Chain Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Howard W. Florey Hermann J.Muller Carl F.Cori, Gerty T. Cormboth Bernardo A. Houssay Paul H. Muller Walter R. Hess, Philip S. Hench, Edward C. Kendall Tadeus reichstein Max Theiler Selman A. Waksman Hans A. Krebs Fritz A. Lipmann John F.Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, Thomas H. Weller AlexH.T Theorell Andre F. Coumand,Dickinson W.Richards Jr. Wener Forssmann Daniel Bovet

HonkongU.S. Belgium Germany Dan U.S. U.S. Britain U.S. U.S. Aregentina Switzweland Switzerland U.S. Switzerland U.S U.S. Britain U.S. U.S Sweden U.S. Germany Italy

1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

George W. Beadle, Edward L. Tatum, Joshua Lederberg Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa Sir F MacFarlane Bument Peter B. Medawar Georg von Bekesy Francis H.C.rick, Maurice H.F. Wilkins James D. Wastson Sir John C.Eccles Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew F. Huxley Konard E.Bloch Feodor Letnen Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff, Jsvquew Monod Ragnar Granit Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wals

U.S. U.S. Australia Britain U.S. Britain U.S. Australia Britain U.S Germany France

Charles B. Huggins, Francis Peyton Rous U.S. Sweden U.S.

U.S. Robert W. Holly, Marshall W. Nirenberg Indian U.S. H. Gobind Khorana citizen Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador Luria Julius Axelrod Sir Bernard Katz Ulfvon Euler Earl W. Sutherland Jr. Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R.Porter U.S. U.S. Britain Sweden U.S. U.S. Britain

1973

Karl Von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolass Tinbergen Albert Claude, Lux George Emil Palade Christian Rene De Duve Davidaltimore, Howard Temin Renato Dulbecco Baruch S.Blumberg, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek

Geramny GermanyAustralia Britain U.S. Rom-U.S. Belgium U.S.ItalyU.S U.S.

1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C.L. Guilemin, U.S. Andrew V. Schaly Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O.Smith Werner Arber Alian M. Cormack Geoffrey N. Hounsfield Baruj Benacerraf, George Snell Jean Dausset Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Tosten N. Wisel Sune Bergstrom, Bengt Samuelsson John R.Vane Barbara McClintock Cesar Milstein, Georges J.F. Koehler Niels K. Jerne, Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein U.S. Switzerland U.S. Britain U.S France U.S. Sweden Britan U.S. BritainArgentina Germany Britain U.S.

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Rita Levi-Montalcini Stanley Cohen Susumu Tonegawa Gertrude B. Elion, GEorge H. Hitchings Sir James Black J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus Joseph E. Murray,E. Donnall Thomas Edwin Neher, Beryt Sakmann Edmond H. Fisher, Edwin G. Krebs Stanley Cohen Philip A.Sharp Richard J. Roberts Alfred Q. Gilman, Martin Rodbell Edward Lewis, Eric Wieschaus Christiane Nusslein Volhard Peter Doherty Rolf Zinkernagel Staneley Prusiner Robert F.Furchgott, Louis J.Ignarro, Ferid Murad Guenter Blobel Dr.Arvid Carlsson Dr.Paul Greengard Dr.Eric Kandel Leland H. Hartwell Tim Hunt Sir Paul Nurse

Italy-U.S. U.S. Japan U.S. Britain U.S. U.S. Germany U.S. U.S. Britain U.S. U.S. Germany Australia Switzerland U.S. U.S. USA Sweden U.S U.S USA UK UK

2001

Sydney Brenner 2002 H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston Nobel Prize Winners - Literature Name Year 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1916 1917 1919 1920 1921 1922 Rene F.A. Sully Prudhomme Theodor Mommsen Bjornsterne Bjornson Frederic Mistral Jose Echegaray Henryk Sienkiewicz Giosue Carducci Rudyard Kipling Rudolf C. Eucken Selma Lagerlof Paul J.L.Heyse Maurice Maeterlinck Gerhart Hauptmann Rabindranath Tagore Romain Rolland Verner von Heidenstam Karl A. Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan Carl F.G. Spitteler Kunt Hamsun Anatolle France Jacinto Benavente

UK USA UK Country Franch Germany Norway Franch Spain Poland Italy Britain Germany Sweden Germany Belgium Germany India France Sweden Danish Switzerland Norway France Spanish

1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952

William Butker Wladyslaw S. Reymont George Bernard Shaw Grazia Deledda Henri Bergson Sigrid Undset Thomas Mann Sinclair Lewis Erik A. Karlfeldt John Galsworthy Ivan A. Bunin Luigi Pirandello Eugene O'Neill Roger Martin de Gard Pearl S.Buck Frans E. Sillanpa Johannes V. Jensen Gabriels Mistral Hermann Hesse Andre Gide T.S.Eliot william Fauljner Bertrand Russell RarF.Lagerkvist Francois Mauriac

Iran Poland Iran-Britain Itally France Norway German U.S. Sweden Britain USSR Italy U.S. France U.S. Finnish Danish Chilean Switzwerland France Britain U.S. Britain Sweden France

1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Sir Winston Churchill Ernest Hemingway Halldor K. Laxness Juan Ramon Jimenez Albert Camus Boris L.Pasternak Salvatore Quasimodo Saint-John Perse Ivo Andric John Steinbeck Giorgos Seferis Jean Paul Sartre Mikhail Sholokhov Samuel Joseph Agnon Nelly Sachs Muguel Angel Asturias Yasunari Kawabata Samuel Beckett Aleksandr I. Solzhenisyn Pablo Neruda Heinrich Boll Patrick White Eyvind Johnson, Harry Edmund Martinson

Britain U.S. Icelandic Spain France USSR Italy France Yugoslavia U.S. France USSR Isreal Sweden Guate Japan Iran USSR Chilean West Germany Austral Sweden

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Eugenio Montale Saul Bellow Vicente Aleixandre Isaac Bashevis Singer Odysseus Elytis Czerslaw Milosz Elias Canetti Gabriel HGarcia Marquez William Golding Jaroslav Siefert Claude Simon Wole Soyinka Joseph Brodsky Naguib Mahfouz Camilo Jose Cela Octavio Paz Nadine Gordimer Derek Walcott Toni Morrison Kenzaburo Oe Seamus Heaney Wislawa zymorska Dario Fo

Italy U.S. Spain U.S. Gk Poland-U.S. BulgiumBritain ColombianMexico Britain Czech France Nigerian USSR-U.S. England Spain Mexico South Africa West India U.S. Japan Iran Poland Italy

1998 1999 2000 2001

Jose Saramago Gunter Grass Gao Xingjian V.S. Naipaul

Portugal Germany China

2002 Imre Kertsz Nobel Prize Winners - Economics Name Year 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Ragnar Frisch Jan Tinbergen Paul A.Samuelson Simon Kuznets Kenneth J. Arrow John R. Hicks Wassily Leontief Gunnar Myrdal Friedrich A.von Hayek Tjalling Koopmans Leonid Kantorovich Milton Friedman Bertil Ohlin James E. Meade Herbert A. Simon Theodore W. Schultz Sir Arthur Lewis Lawrence R. Klein James Tobin

Country Norwegian Dutch U.S. U.S. U.S. Britain U.S. Sweden Australia Dutch-U.S USSR U.S. Swedish Britain U.S. U.S. Britain U.S. U.S.

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

George J. Stigler Gerard Debreu Richard Stone Franco Modigliani James M.Buchanan Robert M. Solow Maurice Allais Trygve Haavelmo Harry M. Markowitz William F. Sharpe, Merton H. Miller Ronald H.Coase Gary S.Becker Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C.Norht James A. Mirrlees William Vickrey Robert C. Merton, Myron S.Scholes Amarty Sen Robert Mundell James J. Heckman Daniel L. McFadden George A. Akerlof A. Michael Spence

U.S. France U.S. Britain Italy - U.S. U.S. U.S. France Norway U.S. Britain U.S U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Uk Canada U.S. India Canada USA USA USA USA

Joseph E. Stiglitz 2002

USA

Daniel Kahneman USA Vernon L. Smith USA Geographical Terms A region or place on the opposite side of a ANTIPODES point on the earth. ANTICYCLONES APHELION ARCHIPELAGO ATOLL AXIS AVALANCHE BIOSPHERE CANYON CONTINENTAL SHELF CYCLONES Winds which blow outward from the center. Position of the earth in its orbit when is at the maximum distance from the sun. A cluster of islands, e.g., Pearl Islands in the Gulf of Panama. Coral reef resembling a horse shoe, enclosing a lagoon. An imaginary line joining north and south poles. A vast mass of snow mixed with earth or stones. Animate or inanimate organic kingdom on earth. A deep valley cut by a river through a mountain region, e,g., the Grand Canyon of the Colarado river in the USA. Land adjoining a continent submerged in the sea. A low pressure system area in which the wind blows spirally inward.

CROP ROTATION Growing different crops needing different

minerals for their growth in the same piece of land in order to get more yield. DATE LINE An imaginary line pointing north-south approximating to the Meridian 180 (east or west) where the date changes by one day the moment it is crossed. Alluvial deposit shaped like Greek letter, formed at the mouth of the river, where it falls into the sea, e.g., the Sunderban delta. Condensed atmospheric water vapours due to the cooling of the air. Growing of crops in low rainfall areas by moisture conservation, crop rotation but without irrigation. An imaginary line dividing the earth into two equal parts. The day on which nights and days are of equal duration, e.g., March 22 and September 23. Wearing away of the earth's land surface by rain, wind, water, etc. rendering the land infertile. When one earthly body obscures another one partially or completely. When the atmospheric moisture touches cold earth and condenses on dust particles. When the atmospheric moisture deposits in the shape of icy flakes on the exposed objects or near the ground due to below

DELTA DEW DRY FARMING EQUATOR EQUINOXES

EROSION ECLIPSE FOG FROST

freezing point temperature. HIGH SEAS The parts of the sea which do not come under the territorial jurisdiction of the nations. Huge mass of ice separated from glacier in the polar regions. These masses of ice float in the oceans with 9 parts submerged in the ocean and one part visible. Lines on the map connecting the places of the same pressure. Lines on the map joining the places of the same temperature. Narrow neck of land joining two land areas. Anew variety of wheat which gives high yields in both rained and irrigated tracts and responds well to low dose of water and fertiliser. A shallow stream of water at the mouth of a river enclosed bu dunes of river silt. The distance traveled by light in one year. It is equal to 9.4*10612 km. Time calculated from the sun at noon at any place of earth. Imaginary line joining north and south poles and cutting the equator at right angles. It is just like fog but contain more moisture.

ICEBERG

ISOBARS ISOTHERMS ISTHMUS

KUNDAN

LAGOON LIGHT YEAR LOCAL TIME MERIDIAN MIST

OASIS ORBIT PYGMALLION POINT PRAIRIES REEF SAVANNA SIDEREAL DAY SNOW LINE

A part of the desert where water and vegetation are found. The path of the heavenly bodies. The southernmost point of India, 700 km away from mainland India. Smooth, treeless, green plain of Central and North America. Jutting of rock or shingle or sand at just above or below sea level. Land covered with natural grass. Time taken by the earth to rotate once round its axis. Altitudinal line along which the area remains snow clad. Higher tides in the ocean caused by the sun and the moon together. When the sun, the earth and the moon are positioned in a straight line. Tides caused by the differences of the forces exerted by the moon and the sun when both are at right angles to each other. A brisk and violent storm generally having rotator motion. Peripheral area of Arctic ocean. Violent hurricane in China Sea. Artificial satellite designed to forecast weather. Constant winds blowing from south-west in

SPRING TIDES

NEAP TIDES TORNADO TUNDRAS TYCOON WEATHER SATELLITE WESTERLIES

the northern hemisphere and north-west in south hemisphere. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL TERMS Policy of racial segregation practiced APARTHEID by the South African Government. ADJOURNMENT A motion moved by a member of a legislature to adjourn consideration of the issues in hand for discussing a matter of urgent public importance. Grant of pardon or exemption from prosecution to political importance. Temporary cessation of hostilities pending formal negotiations for peace. The policy of gratifying one's enemy with concession and special grants by sacrificing even principles. Power to control internal affairs. An agreement between two countries. Imposing closure of ports and waterways to prevent ships from reaching or leaving it. The doctrine of Proletarian Dictatorship as propounded by Lenin. Capitalist class in Marxian terminology. A small neutral state between two big states. A mid term election to fill a seat

AMNESTY ARMISTICE APPEASEMENT AUTONOMY BILATERAL AGREEMENT BLOCKADES BOLSHEVISM BOURGEOISE BUFFER STATE BY-ELECTION

rendered vacant. CASTING VOTE CAUCUS A vote casting of which decides the tie. A powerful group of party.

The senior most diplomat after the head CHARGED AFFAIRS of the mission, officiating in his absence. COALITION Combination of two or more parties with the purpose of forming a composite government. Alliance of nations for some specific purpose our retaining the respective individual nation sovereignty. The state of ideological or wordy warfare between two countries or blocks. A diplomatic emissary accredited to the country and holding position below that of an ambassador. An anti-national clique of spies and saboteurs. The act of changing political loyalty by a person or a group. Right to cast vote in the public elections. An opinion poll-may be with the help of interview. Intention to destroy wholly or in part a religious, ethnic or political group.

CONFEDERATION

COLD WAR

ENVOY FIFTH COLUMN FLOOR CROSSING FRANCHISE GALLUP POLL GENOCIDE

GHERAO

Encircling a person and rending him incapable of doing anything till he/she concedes demands. Means openness. Term used for reforms introduced in Russian society by M.Gorbachov. A type of a writ issued by a High Court or Supreme court against illegal detention of a person. A direct telephone link between the White House and Kremlin established in 1963. Trial by the Parliament. Exercising influence or pressure on members of the legislative bodies in the lobby for supporting or opposing an issue in the House. An official appointed by the President to investigate public complaints against ministers and high officials. A declaration of political party about its policies and programmes given at the time of elections. The act of taking business undertakings an institutions by the state and controlling them. A movement violent in character believing in Maoism: the term was first used for the peasants of Naxalbari (West Bengal) who rose against the

GLOSNOST

HABEAS CORPUS

HOT LINE IMPEACHMENT LOBBYING

LOK PAL

MANIFESTO

NATIONALISATION

NAXALITE

landlords demanding land for the landless. NEW DEAL The name given to the policy of Franklin D.Roosevelt to revive and boost American economy . An Act or decree promulgated by the Head of State in an emergency or when the legislative body is not in session. Used for Gorbachov's move to restructure political and economical structure of the Russian society. Voting on regional or national issue. Too much adulation for a ruler or a political figure. Yearly allowances granted to the princes of Indian states after the merger of their states with the Indian Union. (New these purses are abolished).

ORDINANCE

PERESTROIKA PLEBISCITE PERSONALITY CULT

PRIVY PURSE

A motion moved by a legislator drawing attention of the House towards PRIVILEGE MOTION a matter involving breach of privilege of the House or any of its members. REFERENDUM People's verdict on some constitutional amendment and some other legislative issue of controversial nature. Affirmation in all the faiths, showing no official patronage to any religions or religions. Penalty or reward imposed for

SECULARISM SANCTIONS

disobedience or obedience attached to the law. SOCIALISM STATUTE SUFFRAGE SELFDETERMINATION TERRITORIAL WATERS UNICAMERAL VETO Control of production and means of distribution in the hands of the State. Law made by the Parliament, enshrined in the statue book, which are binding on al subjects, of a particular country. Right of voting in political elections. Right of a nation deciding its own form of government, its political destiny or independence. Areas of the sea up to 12 km measured from the low water mark of the coast and within the executive control of an adjacent State. A legislature having only one House.

Right to reject any resolution or enactment passed by the legislature. Economic , Commercial and Trade Terms ARBITRATION Referring dispute to disinterested party called arbitrator for decision, which will be binding. Payment of a fixed amount periodically for a limited time. It is an investment on which the owner receives not only interest on his money but also return of his capital. The difference between the value of imports and exports. It is favourable

ANNUITY

BALANCE OF TRADE

when the value of exported goods exceeds the value of imported goods. If it is reverse balance is unfavourable. Statements of accounts, generally os a business house prepared at the end of a year, showing debits and credits under broad heads, in order to find out the profit and loss positions in the outgoing year. Exchange of commodity with other commodities without the interface of any form of currency. Document by which a government, a company or a person agrees to pay a sum of money in a certain time. Annual estimate of expenditure and revenue of a country or a subordinate authority like a corporation. Written order by a drawer to pay sum on given date ot named payee. An economic phenomenon where there are more goods in market than demanded and so the buyers can dictate the prices of goods. Place where officials of the banks meet daily to exchange cheques drawn on the respective banks and settle the account by the payment of balances only.

BALANCE SHEET

BARTER

BOND

BUDGET BILL OF EXCHANGE

BUYER'S MARKET

CLEARING HOUSE

COOPERATIVE FARMING

Joint farming wherein farmers pool their land, capital and resources and divide the produce at the end of the harvest in proportion to their land put in the pool. The farmers retain their proprietary rights. Imposition of a maximum limit of the land which an individual should have. Its purpose is rational distribution of land. A sort of tax imposed on the property inherited at death of its previous owner. Government's step to reduce the value of its own currency relatively to a foreign currency. It aims to increase exports and reduce imports. A monetary state characterised by decrease in the supply of money and bank deposits and falling profits, wages, incomes and employment accompanied by unemployment and falling prices. The governmental measure of depriving metallic coins or paper currency od specified denominations of its status money. It is meant to unearth the hidden money which is unaccounted for purpose of income tax assessment.

CEILING ON LAND AND HOLDING DEATH DUTY (ESTATE DUTY)

DEVALUATION

DEFLATION

DEMONETISATION

EXCISE DUTY FOREIGN EXCHANGE

Duty levied on goods manufactured within the country. Transfer of money of one country to another. Increase in the quality of money in circulation without any corresponding increase in goods; so, it leads to rising prices spiral. An individualistic theory advocating private initiative in trade and noninterference by State in commercial or business ventures. Closure of a factory by owners to force the workers to accept the imposed terms. It states that the food supply increase in arithmetical progression while population increase by geometrical progression resulting in overpopulation. Tax imposed on articles coming inside a city. Applies to State enterprises or undertaking. An economic phenomenon characterised by excessive production, less demand, tight money market. Currency of a country with which we

INFLATION

LAISSEZ FAIRE

LOCKOUT

MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION OCTROI PUBLIC SECTOR

RECESSION SOFT CURRENCY

have favourable balance of trade. STERLING AREA Group of countries of Commonwealth (except Canada) keeping their reserves in sterling and not gold or dollars. Measures undertaking by one country to protect industry against trade competition from outside. A statement on oath for use as evidence in legal proceedings.

TARIFFS Legal Terms AFFIDAVIT

CONTEMPT OF Any disobedience of the court verdict. COURT COPYRIGHT COVENANT DECREE DETENU INTESTATE LIBEL MANDAMUS PLAINTIFF SUMMONS Exclusive right of an author in his works, An agreement under seal between two or more persons. Judgement or decision having the force of law. Persons who dies without making any will. A person who dies without making any will. A published statement damaging to a person's reputation or business. A writ issued by a higher court to a lower court directing it to perform a specified act pertaining to its office. A person who, as complainant, brings a suit in a court of law. A directive from a court of law ordering a

person to appear before it at a specified date, time and place. A written order by a Supreme Court or High WRIT Court directing the State or a lowest court to act or abstain from acting in a particular case. SCIENCE TERMINOLOGY Science is knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief, etc. It is, in fact, systematized knowledge derived from observation, study and experimentation carried on in order to determine the nature or principles of what is being studied. There are many sciences, each concerned with a particular field of study. In each science measurement plays an important part. In each science, too, a study is made of the laws according to which objects react. Here are some sciences. ACOUSTICSThe study of sound (or the science of sound). ACROBATICS:The art of performing acrobatic feats (gymnastics). AERODYNAMICS: (i) The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases. (ii) The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles, etc., in air AERONAUTICS: The Science or art of flight. AEROSTATICS:The branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and bodies in them. AESTHETICS:The philosophy of fine arts. AETIOLOGY:The science of causation. AGROBIOLOGY:The science of plant life and plant nutrition. AGRONOMICS:The science of managing land or crops. AGRONOMY:The science of soil management and the production of field crops.

AGROSTOLOGY:The study of grasses. ALCHEMY:Chemistry in ancient times. ANATOMY:The science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body. ANTHROPOLOGY:The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development of mankind. ARBORICULTURE:Cultivation of trees and vegetables. ARCHAEOLOGY:The study of antiquities. ASTROLOGY:The ancient art of predicting the course of human destinies with the help of indications deduced from the position and movement of the heavenly bodies. ASTRONAUTICS:The science of space travel. ASTRONOMY: - The study of the heavenly bodies. ASTROPHYSICS:The branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of heavenly bodies. BACTERIOLOGY: The study of bacteria. BIOCHEMISTRY: The study of chemical processes of living things. BIOLOGY: The study of living things. BIOMETRY:The application of mathematics to the study of living things. BIONICS:The study of functions, characteristics and phenomena observed in the living world and the application of this knowledge to the world of machines. BIONOMICS:The study of the relation of an organism to its environments. BIONOMY:The science of the laws of life. BIOPHYSICS:The physics of vital processes (living things). BOTANY:The study of plants. CALISTHENICS:The systematic exercises for attaining strength and gracefulness. CARTOGRAPHY:Science of Map Making. CERAMICS:The art and technology of making objects from

clay, etc. (Pottery). CHEMISTRY:The study of elementary and their laws of combination and behaviour. CHEMOTHERAPY:The treatment of disease by using chemical substances. CHRONOBIOLOGY:The study of the duration of life. CHRONOLOGY:The science of arranging time in periods and ascertaining the dates and historical order of past events. CONCHOLOGY:The branch of zoology dealing with the shells of mollusks. COSMOGONY:The science of the nature of heavenly bodies. COSMOGRAPHY: The science that describes and maps the main feature of the universe. COSMOLOGY:The science of the nature, origin and history of the universe. CRIMINOLOGY:The study of crime and criminals. CRYTOGRAPHY:The study of ciphers (secret writings). CRYSTALLOGRAPHY:The study of the structure, forms and properties of crystals. CRYGENICS:The science dealing with the production, control and application of very low temperatures. CYTOCHEMISTRY:The branch of cytology dealing with the chemistry of cells. CYTOGENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the study of heredity from the point of view of cytology and genetics. CYTOLOGY:The study of cells, especially their formation, structure and functions. DACTYLOGRAPHY:The study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification. DACTYLIOLOGY:The technique of communication by signs made with the fingers. It is generally used by the deaf. ECOLOGY:The study of the relation of animals and plants to

their surroundings, animate and inanimate. ECONOMETRICS: The application of mathematics in testing economic theories. ECONOMICS:The science dealing with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. EMBRYOLOGY:The study of development of embryos. ENTOMOLOGY:The study of insects. EPIDEMIOLOGY:The branch of medicine dealing with epidemic diseases. EPIGRAPHY:The study of inscriptions. ETHICS:Psychological study of moral principles. ETHNOGRAPHY:A branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of individual cultures. ETHNOLOGY:A branch of anthropology that deals with the origin, distribution and distinguishing characteristics of the races of mankind. ETHOLOGY:The study of animal behaviour. ETYMOLOGY:The study of origin and history of words. EUGENICS:The study of the production of better offspring by the careful selection of parents. GENEALOGY:The study of family ancestries and histories. GENECOLOGY:The study of genetical composition of plant population in relation to their habitats. GENESIOLOGY:The science of generation. GENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the phenomena of heredity and the laws governing it. GEOBIOLOGY:The biology of terrestrial life. GEOBOTANY:The branch of botany dealing with all aspects of relations between plants and the earth's surface. GEOCHEMISTRY:The study of the chemical composition of the earth's crust and the changes which take place within it. GEOGRAPHY:The development of science of the earth's surface, physical features, climate, population, etc.

GEOLOGY:The science that deals with the physical history of the earth. GEOMEDICINE:The branch of medicine dealing with the influence of climate and environmental conditions on health. GEOMORPHOLOGY:The study of the characteristics, origin and development of land forms. GEOPHYSICS:The physics of the earth. GERONTOLOGY:The study of old age, its phenomena, diseases, etc. HELIOTHEARPY: The sun cure. HISTOLOGY:The study of tissues. HORTICULTURE:The cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. HYDRODYNAMICS:The mathematical study of the forces, energy and pressure of liquid in motion. HYDROGRAPHY:The science of water measurements of the earth with special reference of their use for navigation. HYDROLOGY:The study of water with reference to its occurrence and properties in the hydrosphere and atmosphere. HYDROMETALLURGY:The process of extracting metals at ordinary temperature by bleaching ore with liquids. HYDROPATHY:The treatment of disease by the internal and external use of water. HYDROPONICS:The cultivation of plants by placing the roots in liquid nutrient solutions rather than in soil. HYDROSTATICS: The mathematical study of forces and pressure in liquids. HYGIENE:The science of health and its preservation. LCONOGRAPHY:Teaching with the aid of pictures and models. LCONOLOGY:The study of symbolic representations. JURISPRUDENCE:The science of law. LEXICOGRAPHY:The writing or compiling of dictionaries.

MAMMOGRAPHY:Radiography of the mammary glands. METALLOGRAPHY:The study of the crystalline structures of metals and alloys. METALLURGY:The process of extracting metals from their ores. METEOROLOGY:The science of the atmosphere and its phenomena. METROLOGY:The scientific study of weights and measures. MICROBIOLOGY:The study of minute living organisms, including bacteria, molds and pathogenic protozoa. MOLECCULAR BIOLOGY:The study of the structure of the molecules which are of importance in biology. MORPHOLOGY:The science of organic forms and structures. MYCOLOGY:The study of fungi and fungus diseases. NEUROLOGY:The study of the nervous system, its functions and its disorders. NEUROPATHOLOGY:The study of diseases of the nervous system. NUMEROLOGY:The study of numbers. The study of the date and year of one's birth and to determine the influence on one's future life. NUMISMATICS:The study of coins and medals. ODONTOGRAPHY:A description of the teeth. ODONTOLOGY:The scientific study of the teeth. OPTICS:The study of nature and properties of light. ORNITHOLOGY:The study of birds. ORTHOEPY:The study of correct pronunciation. ORTHOPEDICS:The science of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of musculoskeletal systems. OSTEOLOGY:The study of the bones. OSTEOPATHOLOGY:Any disease of bones. OSTEOPATHY:A therapeutic system based upon detecting and

correcting faulty structure. PALEOBOTANY:The study of fossil plants. PALEONTOLOGY:The study of fossils. PALYNOLOGY:The pollen analysis. PATHOLOGY:The study of diseases. PEDAGOGY:The art or method of teaching. PHARYNGOLOGY:The science of the pharynx and its diseases. PHENOLOGY:The study of periodicity phenomena of plants. PHILATELY:The collection and study of postage stamps, revenue stamps, etc. PHILOLOGY:The study of written records, their authenticity, etc. PHONETICS:The study of speech sounds and the production, transmission, reception, etc. PHOTOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms. PHENOLOGY:The study of the faculties and qualities of minds from the shape of the skull. PHTHISIOLOGY:The scientific study of tuberculosis. PHYCOLOGY:The study of algae. PHYSICAL SCIENCE:The study of natural laws and processes other than those peculiar to living matters, as in physics, chemistry and astronomy. PHYSICS:The study of the properties of matter. PHYSIOGRAPHY:The science of physical geography. PHYSIOLOGY:The study of the functioning of the various organs of living beings. PHYTOGENY:Origin and growth of plants. POMOLOGY:The science that deals with fruits and fruit growing. PSYCHOLOGY:The study of human and animal behaviour. RADIO ASTRONOMY:The study of heavenly bodies by the

reception and analysis of the radio frequency electromagnetic radiations which hey emit or reflect. RADIOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology which deals with the effects of radiations on living organisms. RADIOLOGY:The study of X-rays and radioactivity. RHEOLOGY:The study of the deformation and flow of matter. SEISMOLOGY:The study of earthquakes and the phenomena associated with it. SELENOLOGY:The scientific study of moon, its nature, origin, movements, etc. SERICULTURE:The raising of silk worms for the production of raw silk. SOCIOLOGY:The study of human society. SPECTROSCOPE:The study of matter and energy by the use of spectroscope. TELEOLOGY:These study of the evidences of design or purpose in nature. TELEPATHY:Communication between minds by some means other than sensory perception. THERAPEUTICS:The science and art of healing. TOPOGRAPHY:A special description of a part or region TAXICOLOGY:The study of poisons. VIROLOGY:The study of viruses. ZOOLOGY:The study of animal life. IMPORTANTS OF LAWS AND PRINCIPALS ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE: When a body is immersed either wholly or partially in a fluid at rest, the apparent loss of weight suffered by it is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it. AVOGADRO's LAW: Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of

temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules. BLACK BODY RADIATION: A black body absorbs heat or radiates heat more quickly than any other body. BOILING POINT: It increases with the increase of pressure. The presence of impurities also raises the boiling point of a liquid. CENTRE OF GRAVITY: A body will remain at rest only if the vertical line through the centres of gravity passes through the base of support of the body. COULOMB'S LAW: The force between the two electric charges reduces to a quarter of its former value when the distance between them is doubled. FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS: The amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the charge passed. The masses of substances liberated or deposited by the same quantity of electric charge are proportional to their chemical equivalents. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER: In chemical changes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The sum total of the masses of all the products of a chemical change is exactly equal to the sum total of the substances from which these products have been formed. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS: The amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal energy of the system and the external work done. It is impossible to construct a continuous self-acting machine that can pump heat energy from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher temperature. LENZ'S LAW: When an electric current is induced by a change in magnetic field, the induced current is always in such a direction that its magnetic field opposes the change of field which causes the

induction. MASS - ENERGY EQUATION: E = mc2, where E = quantity of energy released from the annihilation of matter of mass 'm', c = velocity of light. It implies that mass and energy are interchangeable. NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING: The rate at which a body cools or loses its heat to its surroundings is proportional to the excess of mean temperature of the body over that of the surroundings, provided this temperature excess is not too large. NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION: Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force, directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION: Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by a force [called Law of Inertia]. The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of the force. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. OHM'S LAW: The amount of current flowing in an electric circuit is governed by the voltage of the battery on dynamo which powers it. In other words, the current through a conductor is directly proportional the potential difference across the conductor and inversely proportional to its resistance. RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT: Light travels in a straight line. Total internal reflection takes place when a ray of light tries to pass from a denser medium to a

rarer medium at an angle of incidence more than the critical angle.