Calc 1 Lecture Notes Section 4.

5 Page 1 of 4
Section 4.5: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Big idea:
Big skill:
Theorem 5.1: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1
If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and F(x) is any antiderivative of f(x), then
( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
f x dx F b F a

.
Alternative notation: ( ) ( )
b
b
a
a
f x dx F x

Practice:
1.
1
2
0
x dx

2. ( )
2
3
0
1 x dx

3. ( )
0
sin x dx

Calc 1 Lecture Notes Section 4.5 Page 2 of 4

Proof:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
1
1
1
1
lim
lim
lim
1 0 2 1 3 2
0
b
n
i
n
i
a
n
i i i
n
i
n
i i
n
i
n n
n
f x dx f c x
F c x x
F x F x
F F F F F F F x F x
F x F
F b F a

+ + + +

K
The third limit comes from the Mean Value Theorem: If g is differentiable on [x
i-1
, x
i
], then there
exists c [x
i-1
, x
i
] such that ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
i i
i i
g x g x
g c
x x

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 i i i i
g c x x g x g x


Notice:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
a
b
f x dx F b F a
f x dx F a F b
F b F a

( ) ( )
b a
a b
f x dx f x dx

ie., REVERSING THE LIMITS OF INTEGRATION REVERSES THE SIGN OF THE
INTEGRAL
Practice:
1.
4
2
1
1
x dx
x
_


,

2.
4
3
0
x
e dx

Calc 1 Lecture Notes Section 4.5 Page 3 of 4

3.
1.5
0.5
2
dx
x

4.
5
1
15
x
t dt

Theorem 5.2: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2

If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and ( ) ( )
x
a
F x f t dt

, then F(x) = f(x) on [a, b].

Proof:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
lim
lim
lim
lim
lim
1
lim
lim , [ , ]
h
h
x h x
a a
h
x h a
a x
h
a x h
x a
h
x h
h
x
h
F x h F x
F x
h
F x h F a F x F a
h
f t dt f t dt
h
f t dt f t dt
h
f t dt f t dt
h
f t dt
h
f c c x x h
f x

+

+

Note: the second to last step is true by the Integral Mean Value Theorem (a function takes on its
average value somewhere in an interval).
Calc 1 Lecture Notes Section 4.5 Page 4 of 4
Notice:
The chain rule dictates that ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) u x
a
d
f t dt f u x u x
dx
1

1
]

Practice:
1. Compute F(x) for ( ) ( )
3 2
1
2 3 1
x
F x t t t dt + +

2. Compute F(x) for ( ) ( )

2
3 2
1
2 3 1
x
F x t t t dt + +

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
3 2
1
4 3 2
1
4 3 2
2 2 2 2 4 3 2
8 6 4 2
8 6 4 2
7 5 3
6 4 2
2 3 1
1 2 3
4 3 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 1 1
4 3 2 4 3 2
1 2 3 5
4 3 2 12
1 2 3 5
4 3 2 12
2 4 6 2
2 3 1 2
OR
x
x
F x t t t dt
t t t t
x x x x
F x x x x x
d
F x x x x x
dx
x x x x
F x x x x x
F x f u x u
+ +
_
+ +

,
_ _
+ + + +

, ,
+ +
1
+ +
1
]
+ +
+ +

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3 2
2 2 2 2
6 4 2
2 3 1
2 3 1 2
x
d
x x x x
dx
F x x x x x
1 + +
]
+ +
Rate of change problems: Integrate the rate of change to find the total change in the underlying
quantity