Introduction to Literatures and Searching Technique

Hana Rizmadewi Agustina, S.Kp, MN

Apa itu Scholarly literature?

Journal articles Conference papers Books Not usually magazine articles, web pages Quality controlled
In a good journal, many papers rejected, most revised after referees comments

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Types of Scholarly Literature

Primary Resources Journal article Book Chapter in book Thesis/Dissertation Document Secondary Resources Journal article Chapter in book Document

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Different Sources

Books vs. journal articles vs conference proceedings vs. the web Which tend to be the best for
Kekinian (informasi up to date) Spesifikasi pengarang Bisa dipahami?

Karya ilmiah akademik lebih terkontrol secara kualitas banyak yang ditolak karena tidak tepat atau tidak menarik untuk dibaca

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Where is the scholarly literature?

The Library
Lihat dulu list jurnal dan kemudian cari di rak buku judul yang sesuai Digital Libraries Need to use keyword searches to identify relevant articles

The Web
Gunakan keyword searches in Google (yang mengindex PDF dan PostScript academic publications)

Why Needs Search

* To find information for an essay / assignment / dissertation / presentation / or an interview To keep up to date with published literature in your field of interest To support continuing professional development To find literature to support evidence-based practice To find information on specific conditions or new ways to treat To find outcome measures in a particular area to use in clinical practice To find out what research has been done which may be similar to yours, which may feed into yours or to learn from the research methodology used by others To find an expert in a particular field

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Keyword Searches
Menentukan kata kunci adalah keterampilan hal yang sangat penting untuk mencari informasi yang dibutuhkan Digunakan untuk menjelaskan tentang suatu topik
Email, e-mail, electronic mail, online communication

STEP 2: coba lakukan berbagai cara pencarian yang berbeda untuk mencari satu informasi Jika terlalu sedikit kembangkan kata kunci Simpan informasi yang telah didapat dalam hard disk, sebelum dipilih mana yang dibutuhkan

Keyword Principle
synonyms - these are different words with the same meaning e.g. cancer and neoplasm not all words have these but if they do they should be included in your list of keywords acronyms - this is where your keywords can be condensed into a set of capital letters e.g. UML is Unified Modeling Langauge - use both the full term and the acronym when searching alternative spellings - remember to try UK and US spellings for example paediatric and pediatric alternative and related terms international terms former terms (i.e. non pc versions) changes of place name broader and narrower terms - you must be sure your results will be pitched at the right level and broader terms can retrieve very general results while narrow terms may be too specific

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Boolean searching
Most libraries allow you to AND or OR search terms together
word1 AND word2 means both must be in the document word1 OR word2 means either can be in the document

Many, like Google, assume AND

E.g word1 word2 means word1 AND word2 But you can enter word1 OR word2 in Google Boolean search operators (CSP guidelines page 9)

Alternative search
Combining words As well as using the boolean operators to combine words, there are other ways of connecting search terms to narrow down your results. This is a highly effective way of making your results more specific and relevant and most databases offer this in one form or another, so look out for it. Phrase searching Phrase searching is a technique that narrows your search down by searching for an exact phrase or sentence. It is particularly useful when searching for a title or a quotation. Usually speech marks are used to connect the words together. For example Towards a healthier Scotland will find results which contain that phrase. Some search tools may use (brackets) or 'single quote marks' rather than speech marks.

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Contd
Truncation / wildcard searching These search techniques retrieve information on similar words by replacing part of the word with a symbol usually a * or ?. However, different databases use different symbols, so check what is used. In truncation the end of the word is replaced. For example physiother* will retrieve physiotherapy, physiotherapeutic, physiotherapist and so on. In wildcard searching, letters from inside the word are replaced. For example wom*n with retrieve the terms woman and women.

Focusing Search
Focusing a search There are many ways to focus your search and all search tools offer different ways of doing this. Check the help facilities if the options are not immediately obvious. Some of the ways of limiting your search are as follows: Date Language Place Publication type Age groups Type of material e.g. you could just need to find case studies

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The Web/Google
Use Google for greatest coverage and inclusion of PDF and PostScript files Use Google Scholar for primarily academic information Use to find very up-to-date information Most importantly, use to find easy topic introductions, overviews and definitions

Google Scholar
scholar.google.com
Academic papers available from the web Abstracts of academic papers from digital libraries Not all the papers are scholarly, there are mistakes Its coverage is not complete Some free papers that are restricted elsewhere Also try the CITED BY link

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The stages of a keyword search

Specialist vocabularies
Researchers tend to use specific words or phrases to refer to their subject Knowing these phrases is a big help when searching for information
E.g. digital libraries, collaboratories, human-computer interaction, software engineering (not programming!),

Articles often have keyword lists, which can help you identify the specialist vocabulary in your area You will learn a specialist vocabulary as you progress through your literature search

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JOURNAL ARTICLES
Author Qualifications: Does the journal article clearly identify the author and his or her qualifications? If not, can you find additional information about the author online or in a print biographical source? How extensively has the author published in his or her field? What other articles has the author written and what topics are covered?

Journal Qualities:
What is the nature of the journal that has published the article? Is it an academic journal? Is it scholarly in nature? Is it published by a professional association? Are the articles in the journal refereed or peer reviewed? Does the journal have a solid publishing history? Are other articles in the journal frequently referenced by other experts in the field?

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References
1. THE CHARTERED SOCIETY OF PHYSIOTHERAPY, 2005: CSP guide to literature searching 2. http://blogs.unpad.ac.id/hana

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