CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Overview

Power system economical operation consists of two aspects: active power regulation and reactive power dispatch. This forms a multi-objective global optimizations problem of a large-scale industrial system. This problem is considered conventionally as two separate problems: P- and Q-problems. The P-problem is to regulate active power outputs of generators to minimize fuel costs. The Q-problem is to control voltages of PVbuses and tap settings of the under load tap changing transformers to minimize network power loss.

Reactive power plays an important role in supporting the real power transfer. This support becomes especially important when an increasing number of transactions are utilizing the transmission system and voltages become a bottleneck in preventing additional power transfer. The purpose of reactive power dispatch is to determine the proper amount and location of reactive support in order to maintain a proper voltage profile. Traditionally, its objective function is to minimize the transmission losses.

The problem of reactive power dispatch (RPD) is to allocate reactive power generation so as to minimize the real power transmission losses and keep all the voltages within the limits, while satisfying a number of equality and inequality constraints including the power flow equations, upper and lower voltage limits and capacity restrictions in various reactive power sources, generators, shunt capacitor banks and transformer taps.

In Electric Power Systems the advantages of reactive power dispatching or optimization include: Improved utilization of reactive power sources hence reduction in reactive power flows and real losses of the system. Unloading of the system and equipment as a result of reactive flow reduction: the power factors of generation are improved and system security is enhanced. Reduced voltage gradients and somewhat higher voltages which result across the system from improved operation. Deferred capital investment of new reactive power sources as a result of improved utilization of existing equipment. For the National Grid Company plc (NGC), the main advantage is reduced outof-merit operation.

1.2

Objectives

The objectives of this project are to:

Minimize the active power transmission loss by means of dispatching reactive power sources while satisfying a lot of constraints, such as reactive power generation limits of generators, voltage limits of load buses, reactive power compensation limits, and power flow balance.

Determine the value of injected reactive power dispatch using Artificial Immune System (AIS)

1.3

Scope of Study

This project is about minimizing losses in the distribution system for the application of reactive power dispatch problem using the theory of artificial immune system. In order to complete this project I must study on how to write the program using MATLAB programming language, study on artificial immune system, study the modeling of reactive power dispatch for loss minimization and voltage improvement and study the system performance and analyze the result. Besides that I must be able to understand the power flow using Newton Raphson method and then develop the AIS optimization program in order to determine the optimal sizing of reactive power dispatch.

1.4

Organization of Report

This report is organized into five chapters to report on the whole project activities and a discussion on the results and analysis. Each of the following paragraphs generally describes the contents of each chapter.

Chapter 1 explains the objectives and scope of this project, and reasons why such study is needed. This chapter will tell a brief idea on what this project purposes and introduction.

Chapter 2 gives the general description of some of the research that has been done in order to fulfill knowledge to better understand this project. This chapter presents the literature review about reactive power dispatch and artificial immune system.

Chapter 3 discuses the method and process involved in making the project starting from the power flow, test system that is being used in the project, power flow in MATLAB which and Artificial Immune System (AIS) technique. The description of the

method being used in the power flow in MATLAB and AIS technique are explains in details.

Chapter 4 reveals the results, analysis and discussion of the reactive power dispatch size and the losses that are minimize. This chapter will also show the tables of data and graph

Finally, this work is summarized and concluded in Chapter 5. Suggestions for future projects are also discussed.