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Tia X lan au tien c Rnghen nam 1895 khi nghien cu cac tia
catod
Rnghen t chup hnh xng ban tay va tia X nhanh chong c s
dung trong y khoa
Nam 1912, Von Laue va cac cong s a chng minh c ban chat
song cua tia X qua pho nhieu xa cua tia X tren tinh the ong sulfat,
ong thi chng minh c rang trong tinh the cac nguyen t sap
xep theo mang khong gian
33
Kieu bc xa
Tia gamma
<10-12 m
Hat nhan
Tia X
1 nm-1 pm
UV
400 nm-1 nm
VIS
750 nm-400 nm
Can IR
2,5 m-750 nm
IR
25 m-2,5 m
Vi song
1 mm-25 m
Quay phan t
Song radio
>1 mm
ca K ()
0.71
1.54
1.79
1.94
2.29
7
Nhiu x l hin tng quan st c khi sng lan truyn qua khe nh hoc
mp vt cn (r nht vi cc vt cn c kch thc tng ng vi bc
sng), trong sng b lch hng lan truyn, lan to v mi pha t v tr vt
cn, v t giao thoa vi cc sng khc lan ra t vt cn.
Hin tng nhiu x c quan st vi mi loi sng, nh m thanh, sng
nc, sng in t (nh nh sng hay sng radio), hay cc ht th hin tnh
cht sng thng qua lng tnh sng ht.
8
10
11
lch = 2
tia 1
tia 2
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
V tr cc mi ph
V tr cc mi cho cc thng tin v cc yu t i xng tnh tin
(translational symmetry), c ngha l xc nh c hnh dng v
kch thc mng.
T y c th xc nh tn khong cht, vt liu, hp cht,
phanu c cc ph chun so snh.
Cng cc mi ph
C th tnh mt electron bn trong mng, c ngha l xc nh
c v tr ca cc nguyn t trong mng.
Hnh dng v b rng mi
B rng v hnh dng cc mi c th cung cp thng tin v s sai
lch so vi tinh th hon ho (sai khuyt trong tinh th)
23
24
25
26
29
30
35-0734
SrTiO3
Strontium Titanium Oxide
Tausonite, syn
Wavelength = 1.54056
2
Int
hkl
22.873
12
100
32.424
100
110
: 1.5405
Rad.: CuK1
39.984
30
111
Ref: Swanson, H., Fuyat, Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Circ. 539, 3, 44, (1954).
46.483
52.357
50
3
200
210
System:
a: 3.9050
:
57.794
67.803
72.543
77.175
40
25
1
15
211
220
300
310
81.721
86.204
95.127
5
8
16
311
222
321
Cubic
Filter: Ni Beta
S.G.: Pm m (221)
b:
c:
:
g:
31
32
33
34
35
n 2d hkl sin
d hkl
2
sin
n
2d nh nk nl sin
2d hkl sin
d hkl
a
h k l
2
sin
0.34
0.69
a
d 220
8
a
d110
2
Mt tinh th
20.7 Bc 1 (110)
Bc 2 (110)
43.92
Hoc (220)
d 220 1
d110 2
36
Mang
Co nhieu xa
Khong co nhieu xa
sc
Tat ca
Khong
bcc
(h2+k2+l2) = chan
(h2+k2+l2) = le
fcc
37
So b cam
sc
fcc
bcc
hkl tng ng
100
110
111
200
210
211
220
7
8
221-300
10
10
11
11
12
12
310
311
12
13
222
320
14
14
15
321
16
16
16
400
38
a 3 4r
4 *1,30.1010
10
a
3,00.10 m
3
a
3.1010
10
d110
2,12.10 m
2
2
10
1,542.10
sin 1
0,363
10
2d110 2 * 2,12.10
1 = 21,3o
39
13.26
16.32
19.01
21.27
23.41
25.44
9.3
13.26
16.32
19.01
21.27
23.41
25.44
sin
0.162
0.229
0.281
0.326
0.363
0.397
0.430
sin2
0.026
0.053
0.079
0.106
0.132
0.158
0.185
dhkl
4.768
3.359
2.742
2.365
2.124
1.939
1.794
d2
5.595
4.511
3.761
3.217
TH1: SC
a2
TH2: BCC
a2
TH1: FCC
a2
10
12
14
11
12
16
19
9.3
13.26
16.32
19.01
21.27
23.41
25.44
sin
0.162
0.229
0.281
0.326
0.363
0.397
0.430
sin2
0.026
0.053
0.079
0.106
0.132
0.158
0.185
dhkl
4.768
3.359
2.742
2.365
2.124
1.939
1.794
4.77(0.9)
1.794(0.55)
Brucite Mg(OH)2
42
43
VD3: Mot vat lieu tinh the bot co cac vach nhieu xa c ghi nhan
ng vi cac goc sau (bc song s dung la 1,542):
13,41o;15,51o; 22,44o; 26,56o; 28,14o; 33,7o; 36,32o; 37,39o; 42o;
45,13o; 50,36o; 53,54o; 55,2o; 59,45o.
a) Xac nh cau truc tinh the cua vat lieu bot nay, cho biet no thuoc
he lap phng.
b) Pho nhieu xa cho thay cac mui co cng o manh nhat la mui th
hai (100%), mui th ba (55%) va mui th nam (15%). Da tren ngan
hang pho chuan, xac nh ten cua vat lieu bot nay.
44
hkl(o)
sin2
h2+k2+l2
hkl
13,41
15,51
22,44
26,56
28,14
33,7
36,32
37,39
42,0
45,13
50,36
53,54
52,2
59,45
0,0560
0,0746
0,1492
0,2052
0,2239
0,2984
0,3544
0,3731
0,4477
0,5036
0,5972
0,6529
0,6715
0,7462
3
4
8
11
12
16
19
20
24
27
32
35
36
40
111
200
220
311
222
440
331
420
422
511,333
440
531
600,442
620
45