Red Beryl, Be3Al2Si6O18-

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Figure 16.1: Schematic representation of the three states of matter

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Figure 16.2: (a) The electrostatic interaction of two polar molecules. (b) The interaction of many dipoles in a condensed state.

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Figure 16.3: The polar water molecule.

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Figure 16.4: The boiling points of the covalent hydrides of elements in Groups 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A.

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Figure 16.5: An instantaneous polarization can occur on atom a, creating instantaneous dipole.

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Figure 16.6: A molecule in the interior of a liquid is attracted to the molecules surrounding it, whereas a molecule at the surface of liquid is attracted only by molecules below it and on each side of it.

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Figure 16.7: Nonpolar liquid mercury forms a convex meniscus in a glass tube.

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Figure 16.8: Several crystalline solids

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Figure 16.9: Three cubic unit cells and the corresponding lattices.

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Figure 16.10: X-rays scattered from two different atoms may reinforce (constructive interference) or cancel (destructive interference) one another.

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Figure 16.11: Reflection of X rays of wavelength

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A conch shell on a beach.

Source: Corbis
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Figure 16.12: Examples of three types of cyrstalline solids.

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Figure 16.13: The closest packing arrangement of uniform spheres.

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Figure 16.14: When spheres are closest packed so that the spheres in the third layer are directlly over those in the first layer (aba), the unit cell is the hexagonal prism illustrated here in red.

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A toy slide puzzle

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A section of a surface containing copper atoms (red) and an indium atom (yellow).

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Figure 16.15: When spheres are packed in the abc arrangement, the unit cell is face-centered cubic.

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Figure 16.16: The indicated sphere has 12 equivalent nearest neighbors.

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Figure 16.17: The net number of spheres in a face-centered cubic unit cell.

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Volume of a unit cell (2r, 4r, r)

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Figure 16.18: In the body-centered cubic unit cell the spheres touch along the body diagonal.

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Figure 16.19: The body-centered cubic unit cell with the center sphere deleted.

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Figure 16.20: On the face of the body-centered cubic unit cell.

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Figure 16.21: The relationship of the body diagonal (b) to the face diagonal (f) and the edge (e) for the body-centered cubic unit cell.

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Figure 16.22: The electron sea model for metals postulates a regular array of cations in a "sea" of valence electrons.

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Grains of nanophase palladium magnified 200,000 times by an electron microscope.

Source: Nanophase Technologies Corporation

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Figure 16.23: The molecular orbital energy levels produced when various numbers of atomic orbitals interact.

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Figure 16.24: A representation of the energy levels (bands) in a magnesium crystal

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Figure 16.25: Two types of alloys

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Figure 16.26: The structures of (a) diamond and (b) graphite.

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Figure 16.27: Partial representation of the MO energies in (a) diamond and (b) a typical metal

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Graphite consitst of layers of carbon atoms.

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Figure 16.28: The p orbitals (a) perpendicular to the plane of th carbon ring system in graphite can combine to form (b) an extensive pie bonding network.

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