TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION TECHIQUES

Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements For the technical writing/seminar report work for the Degree of Master of Technology in Structural Engineering.

SUBMITTED BY Mr.A.S.BALAJI (REG NO: 69122520002)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF THIRU.S.MADIVANAN.M.Tech. ASST., PROF/CIVIL ENGINEEING

PONNAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PRIST UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PUDUCHERRY APRIL 2013

PONNAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PRIST UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PUDUCHERRY

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project titled TRENCHLESS

CONSTRUCTION TEQUNIQUES is a Bonafide Record of work done by Mr.A.S.BALAJI with Reg. No 69122520002 for the technical writing/seminar report for the partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the Degree of Master of Technology in Structural Engineering of PRIST University puducherry, During the academic year 2012-2013.

Staff in charge

Head of the department

Submitted

to

university

practical

examination

held

on.

External Examiner

Internal Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We owe our thanks to the almighty and our beloved parents for their grace in making this Technical writing report work a grand success. An endeavor over a long period can be successfully only with the advice and support of many well wishers. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude and appreciation to all of them. We are elected to place in record our most sincere appreciation and thanks to our honorable Founder-chancellor Dr.P.MURUGESANAnd our Pro chancellor Dr.PSM.KANNAN and also extend my thanks to our vice chancellor Dr.N.ETHIRAJALU We express our profound thanks to our beloved Director Dr.KAILASAM KOUMARAVELOU, PRIST University, puducherry campusfor helping us by providing all the facilities for the successful completion of our Technical writing. We acknowledge our grateful thanks to AsstProf.S.DHANAUSHKODI, Associate Dean PRIST University, puducherry campus and also our Head of department of Civil Engineering Department for his constant encouragement during the Technical writing report, with in the stipulated time.

I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to Asst Prof M.S.SIVAKUMAR for his constant inspiration and support for the successful completion of technical report writing work in time.

We also wish to express our thanks to our beloved Guide and Coordinator THIRU.S.MADIVANAN, for his continuous encouragement and disciplined suggestions which helped us to complete our Technical writing report in the stipulated time. I would be failing in my duty if I dont acknowledge the immense help extended by my classmates, who have always be with me in all my trials and tribulations and encouraging me to complete

CONTENT Acknowledgement Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Trenchless technology

03 05

07

Chapter 2

Literature review
2.1 Trenchless construction Method and implementation support 2.2 Standard practice for Direct Design Of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless Construction 2.3 Use of Trenchless Technologies For Comprehensive Asset Management Of Culverts and Drainage Structures.

08

08

09

Chapter 3

Trenchless techniques
3.1 Pipe jacketing techniques 3.2 Description of Pipe jacking method 3.3 Various steps in pipe jacking techniques 3.4 Microtunneling techniques 3.5 description of micro tunneling techniques 3.6 pipes used for micro tunneling

10 10
11

14 14 15

Conclusion Reference

16 17

List of figure

Fig 1.1

various steps in pipe jacking technique

12

Fig 1.2.

Concrete pipe being jacked into place behind cutter Head assembly. Note track leading out of pipe for Spoilbucket removal

13

Fig 1.3.

View of cutter head assembly from inside of pipe Jacking equipment

13

Fig 1.4.

Emerged cutterhead assemblyAfter jacked Concrete pipe emerges from theReception pit, the pipejacking operation is complete.

13

Fig 1.5 Fig 1.6 Fig 1.7

Cutter head on Akkerman pipe jack apparatus polymer concrete reinforced pipe used micro tunneling process

13 15 15

ABSTRACT Trenchless technology offers methods by which underground utilities may be installed without damage to overlying pavement, if proper precautions are observed. In the past ten years, repeated improvements in technology, materials, and methods have advanced faster than the guidelines and specifications for use of the technology.

It can reduce environmental damage, Social costs and produce in alternative to open trench method of installation, renewal and repair it includes in, development of all kinds of underground napping techniques, tunneling devices and specialist materials and equipment In addition, and training in the technology for designers, engineers, and inspectors has not kept pace with developments.

Trenchless technology covers any techniques, processes or procedures, including the equipment, machines and materials involved, which minimizes or eliminates the need for surface excavation or reduces environmental damage or reduces the associated costs for underground work. Trenchless methods offer several potential advantages. They can reduce noise, dust, construction vibration, and other environmental impacts. Trenchless methods have minimal impact on economic activity in congested areas. Traffic is not interrupted, and other utilities are minimally affected. Trenchless technologies are also generally safer both for the construction workers and the general public

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION:
1.1 TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGIES Demand for installation of new underground utility systems in congested areas with existing utility lines has increased the necessity for innovative and economical systems to go underneath and alongside inplace facilities. Environmental concerns, social (indirect) costs, new and more stringent safety regulations, difficult

types of pipe and other advancements. Preparation of design guidelines,

construction specifications, process

Inspection,

materials

testing,

and

the

training of engineers, construction and permit inspectors in contracts and bid documents, have not kept pace with new developments. Most all governmental

agencies, with a few notable exceptions, are not current with capabilities and limitations of the newmethods, materials, and

underground conditions (containing natural or artificial obstructions, high water table, etc.) and new developments in equipment Have increased demand for trenchless technology. Trenchless technology methods include all methods of installing or renewing underground utility systems with minimum disruption of the surface or subsurface.

equipment.

The

development

of

these

technologies provides new solutions for installing and maintaining urban utility systems but also introduces new issues into the planning, design and operation of these systems. These new issues have impacts on the engineers who plan and design the systems, impacts on the conduct of site investigations for utility work, and impacts on the long-term arrangements of urban utility systems as the techniques are used more extensively.

Trenchless technology has become Popular for underground utility construction road crossings. In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in development of new trenchless technology equipment and methods. These developments have

produced improvement in jacking force capacity and increased drive length,

improvements in steering and tracking systems, availability of new and different

CHAPTER 2:

Comparison of the four types of horizontal boring has led to a better overall understanding ofthe processes involved, and

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Trenchless construction method and implementation support
Mohammad Najafi, P.E. Director, Center for Underground Infrastructure Research and Education, Michigan State University. Brett Gunnink, P.E. Department Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering Montana State University. Field observation and testing of four different types of horizontal boring and four different borings pipe has types led of for a to installed the forthese successful performance Installation

how to prevent settlement and heave during highway construction in the future

formaintaining pavement integrity. One of the horizontal bores installed centrifugally cast fiberglass reinforcedpolymer mortar pipe for the very first time in the world using horizontal directional drilling.

2.2 Standard practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless Construction
Bennett David. Center of Louisiana University Technological

development specification

new Pipe

Standard Practice for Direct Design

of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless Construction covers design and recommended installation procedures for precast concrete pipe for jacking in

byHorizontal Boring, Section 734 of the Missouri Standard Specifications for

Highway Construction. In addition, anew material specification has also been added to the Standard Specifications as a result Section 1075 Centrifugally-cast Fiberglass Reinforced Observation Polymer of an Mortar actual Pipe. MoDOT

trenchless addresses

construction. piping

This

Standard for the

intended

conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, stormwater, and drainage, as well as for utilities and access ways. The design criteria include: structural aspects, such a s

construction pipejacking installation was followed by three separate horizontal bore installations on property of the University of Missouri-Columbia.

circumferential flexure, thrust, shear and racial tension strengths; crack width control; longitudinal thrust produced by jacking; and requirements for handling and installation.

The structural design of concrete pipe is based on a limits state design procedure that accounts for strength and serviceability criteria and is consistent with the procedures in Section 17 of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for

technologies

are

not

disruptive

to

transportation systems and provide safer construction operations for both workers and the general public. If they are used at appropriate application, they provide a new design life to existing culverts and drainage structures that may double or triple the original design life of these assets. However, trenchless technologies are many and some of these methods are new, and while viable, have little field performance history in culverts and transportation systems. Each method has its own capabilities and

Highway Bridges.

2.3 Use of Trenchless Technologies for Comprehensive Asset Management of Culverts and Drainage Structures.
Sam Salem, P.E. University of Cincinnati DOTs and cities in the US are

facing severe and rising needs of renewing heavily deteriorated infrastructure. Further challenges geospatial for DOTs are of the wide

limitations, and can be applied in certain existing conditions to be effective. Lacking is a comprehensive multi-scale engineering study that would be conducted for decision making at upper this management project level. a

distribution

infrastructure

assets and environmental exposure. While the challenge is well understood, appreciated and addressed, budget allocations and resources limitations represent a major barrier to a comprehensive asset

Therefore,

provides

comprehensive study and decision making procedures for asset management using trenchless technologies to address the construction, inspection of renewal, culverts renovation, and and

management program. Culverts have the peculiarity of being characterized as both buried pipes in small diameters with no access and worker entry and larger ones with possibility of manual inspection and repair/renewal. As such, asset management procedures for culverts are a complex issue, and can benefit a great deal from an optimal asset management program that incorporates new trenchless technologies. Trenchless

drainage

infrastructures.

CHAPTER 3: VARIOUS TRENCHLESS TECHNIQUES: 3.1.PIPE JACKING:

The term pipejacking can be used to describe a specific installation technique as well as a process applicable to

so that another pipe segment can be placed in position for the jacking cycle to begin again. As the excavation proceeds soil is transported out of the jacked pipe and drive shaft either manually or mechanically. The soil conveyance systems include wheeled carts or skips, belt. Chain conveyors, slurry systems, auger systems, and vacuum extraction systems. Both the excavation and spoil removal processes require workers to be inside the pipe during the jacking operation. For personnel health and safety, a minimum pipe diameter of 42-inches is recommended. Excavation can be accomplished by hand mining or mechanical excavation within a shield or by a tunnel boring

othertrenchless technology methods. When referred to as a process, it implies a tunneling operation with the use of thrust boring and pushing pipes with hydraulic jacking force. This concept of a jacking system is adopted by manytrenchless

technologies, including auger boring and micro tunneling. However, for the purposes of this researchreport, pipe jacking is regarded as an installation technique.

3.2 DESCRIPTION OF PIPEJACKING METHOD: Pipe Jacking is a method for installing a prefabricated pipe through the ground from a drive shaft to a reception shaft. The pipe is moved by jacks located in the drive shaft. The thrust power of the hydraulic jacks forces the pipe forward through the ground as the face is being excavated. After each pipe segment has been installed, the rams of the jacks are retracted

machine (TBM). The excavation method selection is based on soil conditions. If there is any possibility of the excavation face collapsing, soil stabilization techniques must be considered. Dewatering or grouting are common methods of soil stabilization. The design of the drive shaft is critical to the success of the project. The shaft floor and thrust reaction structure must be designed to withstand the large jacking forces required to push the pipe through the

ground and withstand the weight of heavy pipe segments being placed on them repeatedly. Pipe jacking equipment that has a pipe lubrication system can decrease the jacking forces necessary by 20-30 percent. The required working space must provide adequate space for storage and handling of the pipe and spoil and space for the shaft. Typically, the working space should be from 4 feet to 10 feet wider than the diameter of the pipe and from 10 feet to 25 feet longer than the length of pipe sections being installed. Shaft size will vary depending on the type of jacking and excavation equipment used. The primary concern is the

the pipe invert. With the use of the proper excavation methods many types of ground conditions can be overcome. Major factors to be considered are the presence of groundwater, such as unanticipated and obstructions changed soil

boulders,

conditions that would require different equipment to excavate. Other concerns include proper design of the shaft to withstand the large jacking thrust and that jacking thrust is uniformly transferred through a properly designed joint material. The over excavation above or ahead of the pipe is to be avoided, if overexcavation occurs or voids develop, external grouting is usually required.

prediction of subsurface soil behavior. Unanticipated ground conditions require corrective measures that cause cost overruns and delays. Sandy clay is the most favorable soil condition if the water table is not above

Fig 1.1 VARIOUS STEPS IN PIPE JACKINGTECHNIQUE

Figure 1.2.Concrete pipe being jacked into place behind cutterhead assembly. Note track leading out of pipe forspoil bucket removal

Figure 1.3. View of cutterheadassembly from inside of pipe jacking equipment

Figure 1.4. Emerged cutterhead assembly. Figure 1.5.Cutterhead on Akkerman pipe After jacked concrete pipe emerges from the jack apparatus Reception pit, the pipejacking operation is complete .

3.4MICROTUNNELINGTECHNI QUES
Micro tunneling (MT) is a method using a remotely controlled, guided pipe jacking process that provides continuous support to the excavation face. It can be used in a wide range of soil conditions while keeping close tolerances to line and grade. Spoils are removed by either a pumped slurry or by mechanical auger. Five

Working space typically would range from 20 feet to 40 feet wide and 75 feet to 150 feet long. The primary concern is the

prediction of subsurface soil behavior. Unanticipated ground conditions require corrective measures that cause cost overruns and delays. Wet sand for slurry MT and stable sandy clay for auger MT are the most favorable soil conditions for each. A wide variety of MTBM cutter heads are available that provide the capability to handle a range of soil conditions, including boulders and solid rock. Major factors to be considered are the presence of groundwater,

independent systems are incorporated into Microtunneling systems. 3.5 DESCRIPTION OF MICROTUNNELING TECHNIQUES Microtunnel boring machine. Jacking or propulsion system. Spoil removal system.

unanticipated obstructions such as boulders, and changed soil conditions that would require different equipment to excavate. Microtunneling is very accurate.

Laser guidance and remote control system. Pipe lubrication system. The required working space must provided adequate space for storage and handling of the pipe and spoil and space for the shaft. Typically, the drive shaft would range from 16 feet to 50 feet wide and from 35 feet to 100 feet long depending on pipe diameter, length and equipment dimensions.

Line and grade can be maintained to 0.01 percent of the drive length depending on many factors, the most important being the skill of the machine operator.

3.6 PIPES USED FORMICROTUNNELING Polymer-concrete, reinforced

concrete, ceramic, glass reinforced plastic and asbestos-cement pipes of all diameters are used for trenchless laying of the communications with microtunneling. For linkage of pipes special pump buckets are used in order to eliminate water entry through connection joints.

FIG 2.1 MICROTUNNELING PROCESS

CONCLUSION:
The Indian trenchless market is now on the path of growth and expansion, with the project owners realizing that these techniques are useful and, in certain cases, they are the only way to get the projects done. Globaltrenchless service providers

conservation. Its always a good policy to repurpose and reuse. Trenchless technology is yet another extension of this same idea. All that metal that we are replacing means that traditional excavation is not only inconvenient but wasteful. By relining (or by replacing smaller sections for water pipes), we are reusing the old pipe, turning it into a form for a new Cast-In-Place Pipe as well as structural reinforcement and a bonding surface.

need to take notice of this market, as the magnitude of projects available in the Indian markets is substantially large. The low wage economy that is prevalent in India, however, presents a challenge for the global

stakeholders but the opening markets have somewhat mitigated such risks to certain extent. Other positive points are the stable currency and the democratic governance systems. In addition to these presence of INDSTT for the last eight years has lent substantial support to providers presence the to and

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1) American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. Standard practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless Construction. ASCE Standard 27-00. 51 pp.

2)

American

Society

of

Civil

Engineers, 2000. Standard Practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Box Sections for Jacking in Trenchless

global trenchless service achieve the market

networking. Further, as the demands for such services are rapidly growing today, there is need for more trenchless service providers and specialists. One must

Construction. ASCE Standard 28-00. 52pp.

3)

American

Society

of

Civil

Engineers, 2004. Horizontal Auger Boring Projects. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 106. 52pp.

therefore consider expanding in the Indian markets for a better future. As a society, we are looking more towards renewable resources and

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Bennett, David; Ariaratnam, Samuel;

10)

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and Como, Casey, 2001. HDD Consortium Horizontal Good PracticesGuidelines. Iseley, Tom, and Gokhale,Sanjiv B., 1997.

TechnologyCenter

Technological University Technical Report #2001-03, prepared for the United States ArmyCorps of Engineers Engineering

5)

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Raymond L., 2001. Guidelines for Pipe Ramming. Trenchless TechnologyCenter of Louisiana Technological University

Technical Report #2001-04, prepared for the United States ArmyCorps of Engineers

6) and

Iseley, Tom; Najafi, Mohammed; Tanwani, Raj, 1999 Trenchless and Soil

Engineering Research And Development Center, 23pp.

Construction

Methods

CompatibilityManual, 3rd ed. 102pp.

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Wilde, W. James, Grant, Carolyn A.,

and Nelson, Patricia K., 2002. Manual for 7) Najafi, Mohammad, 2004. Controlling and Reducing theFrequency of Pavement Utility Cuts. Report No. FHWAIF-02-064. United States Department of TransportationFederal Administration. 173 pp. 8) Shahin, M.Y., and Crovetti, J.A., Highway Trenchless Technology Pipeline and Utility Design, Construction, and Renewal. McGraw-Hill. 489pp.

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Raymond L., 2001. Guidelines for Impact