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Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements For the technical writing/seminar report work for the Degree of Master of Technology in Structural Engineering.
PRIST UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PUDUCHERRY APRIL 2013
PRIST UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PUDUCHERRY
CONSTRUCTION TEQUNIQUES is a Bonafide Record of work done by Mr.A.S.BALAJI with Reg. No 69122520002 for the technical writing/seminar report for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology in Structural Engineering of PRIST University puducherry, During the academic year 2012-2013.
Staff in charge
Submitted
to
university
practical
examination
held
on.
External Examiner
Internal Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We owe our thanks to the almighty and our beloved parents for their grace in making this Technical writing report work a grand success. An endeavor over a long period can be successfully only with the advice and support of many well wishers. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude and appreciation to all of them. We are elected to place in record our most sincere appreciation and thanks to our honorable Founder-chancellor Dr.P.MURUGESAN And our Pro chancellor
Dr.PSM.KANNAN and also extend my thanks to our vice chancellor Dr.N.ETHIRAJALU We express our profound thanks to our beloved Director Dr.KAILASAM KOUMARAVELOU, PRIST University, puducherry campus for helping us by providing all the facilities for the successful completion of our Technical writing. We acknowledge our grateful thanks to Asst Prof.S.DHANAUSHKODI, Associate Dean PRIST University, puducherry campus and also our Head of department of Civil Engineering Department for his constant encouragement during the Technical writing report, with in the stipulated time. We also wish to express our thanks to our beloved Guide and Coordinator THIRU.S.MADIVANAN, for his continuous encouragement and disciplined suggestions which helped us to complete our Technical writing report in the stipulated time. I would be failing in my duty if I dont acknowledge the immense help extended by my classmates, who have always be with me in all my trials and tribulations and encouraging me to complete
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Chapter 2
Literature review
2.1 Trenchless construction Method and implementation support 2.2 Standard practice for Direct Design Of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless Construction 2.3 Use of Trenchless Technologies For Comprehensive Asset Management Of Culverts and Drainage Structures.
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08
09
Chapter 3
Trenchless techniques
3.1 Pipe jacketing techniques 3.2 Description of Pipe jacking method 3.3 Various steps in pipe jacking techniques 3.4 Micro tunneling techniques 3.5 description of micro tunneling techniques 3.6 pipes used for micro tunneling
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11
14 14 15 16 17
Conclusion Reference
List of figure
Fig 1.1
12
Fig 1.2.
Concrete pipe being jacked into place behind cutter Head assembly. Note track leading out of pipe for Spoil bucket removal
13
Fig 1.3.
13
Fig 1.4.
Emerged cutter head assembly After jacked Concrete pipe emerges from the Reception pit, the pipe jacking operation is complete.
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Cutter head on Akkerman pipe jack apparatus polymer concrete reinforced pipe used micro tunneling process
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ABSTRACT Trenchless technology offers methods by which underground utilities may be installed without damage to overlying pavement, if proper precautions are observed. In the past ten years, repeated improvements in technology, materials, and methods have advanced faster than the guidelines and specifications for use of the technology.
It can reduce environmental damage, Social costs and produce in alternative to open trench method of installation, renewal and repair it includes in, development of all kinds of underground napping techniques, tunneling devices and specialist materials and equipment In addition, and training in the technology for designers, engineers, and inspectors has not kept pace with developments.
Trenchless technology covers any techniques, processes or procedures, including the equipment, machines and materials involved, which minimizes or eliminates the need for surface excavation or reduces environmental damage or reduces the associated costs for underground work. Trenchless methods offer several potential advantages. They can reduce noise, dust, construction vibration, and other environmental impacts. Trenchless methods have minimal impact on economic activity in congested areas. Traffic is not interrupted, and other utilities are minimally affected. Trenchless technologies are also generally safer both for the construction workers and the general public
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION:
1.1 TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGIES Demand for installation of new underground utility systems in congested areas with existing utility lines has increased the necessity for innovative and economical systems to go underneath and alongside inplace facilities. Environmental concerns, social (indirect) costs, new and more stringent safety regulations, difficult
Inspection,
materials
testing,
and
the
training of engineers, construction and permit inspectors in contracts and bid documents, have not kept pace with new developments. Most all governmental
agencies, with a few notable exceptions, are not current with capabilities and limitations of the new methods, materials, and
underground conditions (containing natural or artificial obstructions, high water table, etc.) and new developments in equipment Have increased demand for trenchless technology. Trenchless technology methods include all methods of installing or renewing underground utility systems with minimum disruption of the surface or subsurface.
equipment.
The
development
of
these
technologies provides new solutions for installing and maintaining urban utility systems but also introduces new issues into the planning, design and operation of these systems. These new issues have impacts on the engineers who plan and design the systems, impacts on the conduct of site investigations for utility work, and impacts on the long-term arrangements of urban utility systems as the techniques are used more extensively.
Trenchless technology has become Popular for underground utility construction road crossings. In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in development of new trenchless technology equipment and methods. These developments have
CHAPTER 2:
Comparison of the four types of horizontal boring has led to a better overall understanding of the processes involved, and
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Trenchless construction method and implementation support
Mohammad Najafi, P.E. Director, Center for Underground Infrastructure Research and Education, Michigan State University. Brett Gunnink, P.E. Department Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering Montana State University. Field observation and testing of four different types of horizontal boring and four different borings pipe has types led of for a to installed the forthese successful performance by
how to prevent settlement and heave during highway construction in the future for maintaining pavement integrity. One of the horizontal bores installed centrifugally cast fiberglass reinforced polymer mortar pipe for the very first time in the world using horizontal directional drilling.
2.2 Standard practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless Construction
Bennett David. Center of Louisiana University Technological
development specification
new
Pipe
Installation
Highway Construction. In addition, a new material specification has also been added to the Standard Specifications as a result Section 1075 Centrifugally-cast Fiberglass Reinforced Observation Polymer of an Mortar actual Pipe. MoDOT
trenchless addresses
construction. piping
This
intended
conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, stormwater, and drainage, as well as for utilities and access ways. The design criteria include: structural aspects, such a s
construction pipe jacking installation was followed by three separate horizontal bore installations on property of the University of Missouri-Columbia.
circumferential flexure, thrust, shear and racial tension strengths; crack width control; longitudinal thrust produced by jacking; and requirements for handling and installation.
The structural design of concrete pipe is based on a limits state design procedure that accounts for strength and serviceability criteria and is consistent with the procedures in Section 17 of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for
technologies
are
not
disruptive
to
transportation systems and provide safer construction operations for both workers and the general public. If they are used at appropriate application, they provide a new design life to existing culverts and drainage structures that may double or triple the original design life of these assets. However, trenchless technologies are many and some of these methods are new, and while viable, have little field performance history in culverts and transportation systems. Each method has its own capabilities and
Highway Bridges.
2.3 Use of Trenchless Technologies for Comprehensive Asset Management of Culverts and Drainage Structures.
Sam Salem, P.E. University of Cincinnati DOTs and cities in the US are
facing severe and rising needs of renewing heavily deteriorated infrastructure. Further challenges geospatial for DOTs are of the wide
limitations, and can be applied in certain existing conditions to be effective. Lacking is a comprehensive multi-scale engineering study that would be conducted for decision making at upper this management project level. a
distribution
infrastructure
assets and environmental exposure. While the challenge is well understood, appreciated and addressed, budget allocations and resources limitations represent a major barrier to a comprehensive asset
Therefore,
provides
comprehensive study and decision making procedures for asset management using trenchless technologies to address the construction, inspection of renewal, culverts renovation, and and
management program. Culverts have the peculiarity of being characterized as both buried pipes in small diameters with no access and worker entry and larger ones with possibility of manual inspection and repair/renewal. As such, asset management procedures for culverts are a complex issue, and can benefit a great deal from an optimal asset management program that incorporates new trenchless technologies. Trenchless
drainage
infrastructures.
so that another pipe segment can be placed in position for the jacking cycle to begin again. As the excavation proceeds soil is transported out of the jacked pipe and drive shaft either manually or mechanically. The soil conveyance systems include wheeled carts or skips, belt. Chain conveyors, slurry systems, auger systems, and vacuum extraction systems. Both the excavation and spoil removal processes require workers to be inside the pipe during the jacking operation. For personnel health and safety, a minimum pipe diameter of 42-inches is recommended. Excavation can be accomplished by hand mining or mechanical excavation within a shield or by a tunnel boring
referred to as a process, it implies a tunneling operation with the use of thrust boring and pushing pipes with hydraulic jacking force. This concept of a jacking system is adopted by many trenchless technologies, including auger boring and micro tunneling. However, for the purposes of this research report, pipe jacking is regarded as an installation technique.
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF PIPE JACKING METHOD: Pipe Jacking is a method for installing a prefabricated pipe through the ground from a drive shaft to a reception shaft. The pipe is moved by jacks located in the drive shaft. The thrust power of the hydraulic jacks forces the pipe forward through the ground as the face is being excavated. After each pipe segment has been installed, the rams of the jacks are retracted
machine (TBM). The excavation method selection is based on soil conditions. If there is any possibility of the excavation face collapsing, soil stabilization techniques must be considered. Dewatering or grouting are common methods of soil stabilization. The design of the drive shaft is critical to the success of the project. The shaft floor and thrust reaction structure must be designed to withstand the large jacking forces required to push the pipe through the
ground and withstand the weight of heavy pipe segments being placed on them repeatedly. Pipe jacking equipment that has a pipe lubrication system can decrease the jacking forces necessary by 20-30 percent. The required working space must provide adequate space for storage and handling of the pipe and spoil and space for the shaft. Typically, the working space should be from 4 feet to 10 feet wider than the diameter of the pipe and from 10 feet to 25 feet longer than the length of pipe sections being installed. Shaft size will vary depending on the type of jacking and excavation equipment used. The primary concern is the
the pipe invert. With the use of the proper excavation methods many types of ground conditions can be overcome. Major factors to be considered are the presence of groundwater, such as unanticipated and obstructions changed soil
boulders,
conditions that would require different equipment to excavate. Other concerns include proper design of the shaft to withstand the large jacking thrust and that jacking thrust is uniformly transferred through a properly designed joint material. The over excavation above or ahead of the pipe is to be avoided, if overexcavation occurs or voids develop, external grouting is usually required.
prediction of subsurface soil behavior. Unanticipated ground conditions require corrective measures that cause cost overruns and delays. Sandy clay is the most favorable soil condition if the water table is not above
Figure 1.2. Concrete pipe being jacked into place behind cutter head assembly. Note track leading out of pipe for spoil bucket removal
Figure 1.3. View of cutterhead assembly from inside of pipe jacking equipment
Figure 1.4. Emerged cutter head assembly. After jacked concrete pipe emerges from the Reception pit, the pipe jacking operation is complete .
diameter, length and equipment dimensions. Working space typically would range from 20 feet to 40 feet wide and 75 feet to 150 feet long. The primary concern is the
prediction of subsurface soil behavior. Unanticipated ground conditions require corrective measures that cause cost overruns and delays. Wet sand for slurry MT and stable sandy clay for auger MT are the most favorable soil conditions for each. A wide variety of MTBM cutter heads are available that provide the capability to handle a range of soil conditions, including boulders and solid rock. Major factors to be considered
independent systems are incorporated into Microtunneling systems. 3.5 DESCRIPTION OF MICROTUNNELING TECHNIQUES Microtunnel boring machine. Jacking or propulsion system. Spoil removal system. Laser guidance and remote control system. Pipe lubrication system. The required working space must provided adequate space for storage and handling of the pipe and spoil and space for the shaft. Typically, the drive shaft would range from 16 feet to 50 feet wide and from 35 feet to 100 feet long depending on pipe
are
the
presence
of
groundwater,
unanticipated obstructions such as boulders, and changed soil conditions that would require different equipment to excavate. Microtunneling is very accurate. Line and grade can be maintained to 0.01 percent of the drive length depending on many factors, the most important being the skill of the machine operator.
concrete, ceramic, glass reinforced plastic and asbestos-cement pipes of all diameters are used for trenchless laying of the communications with microtunneling. For linkage of pipes special pump buckets are used in order to eliminate water entry through connection joints.
CONCLUSION:
The Indian trenchless market is now on the path of growth and expansion, with the project owners realizing that these techniques are useful and, in certain cases, they are the only way to get the projects done. Global trenchless service providers need to take notice of this market, as the magnitude of projects available in the Indian markets is substantially large. The low wage economy that is prevalent in India, however, presents a challenge for the global
conservation. Its always a good policy to repurpose and reuse. Trenchless technology is yet another extension of this same idea. All that metal that we are replacing means that traditional excavation is not only inconvenient but wasteful. By relining (or by replacing smaller sections for water pipes), we are reusing the old pipe, turning it into a form for a new Cast-In-Place Pipe as well as structural reinforcement and a bonding surface.
stakeholders but the opening markets have somewhat mitigated such risks to certain extent. Other positive points are the stable currency and the democratic governance systems. In addition to these presence of INDSTT for the last eight years has lent substantial support to providers presence the to and
REFERENCES
1) American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. Standard practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless Construction. ASCE Standard 27-00. 51 pp.
2)
American
Society
of
Civil
Engineers, 2000. Standard Practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Box Sections for Jacking in Trenchless
networking. Further, as the demands for such services are rapidly growing today, there is need for more trenchless service providers and specialists. One must
3)
American
Society
of
Civil
Engineers, 2004. Horizontal Auger Boring Projects. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 106. 52pp.
therefore consider expanding in the Indian markets for a better future. As a society, we are looking more towards renewable resources and
4)
10) Center
Moiling. of
Trenchless Louisiana
and Como, Casey, 2001. HDD Consortium Horizontal Good Practices Guidelines. Iseley, Tom, and Gokhale, Sanjiv B., 1997.
University Technical
Report
prepared for the United States Army Corps of Engineers Engineering Research And
5)
National
11)
Council of Transportation Research Board, National Cooperative Highway Research Program NCHRP Synthesis 242. 76pp.
Raymond L., 2001. Guidelines for Pipe Ramming. Trenchless Technology Center of Louisiana Technological University
Technical Report #2001-04, prepared for the United States Army Corps of Engineers
6) and
Iseley, Tom; Najafi, Mohammed; Tanwani, Raj, 1999 Trenchless and Soil
Construction
Methods
12)
and Nelson, Patricia K., 2002. Manual for 7) Najafi, Mohammad, 2004. Controlling and Reducing the Frequency of Pavement Utility Cuts. Report No. FHWAIF-02-064. United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Trenchless Technology Pipeline and Utility Design, Construction, and Renewal. McGraw-Hill. 489pp.
1985. Final Report for the Street Excavation Impact Assessment for the City of
Burlington, Vermont. Prepared by ERES Consultants, Champaign, IL, June 12, 1985.
9)