GENERAL INTRODUCTION : INTRODUCTION OF FAMILY: Cynanchum acutum , belongs to the family Apocynaceae.

This family (Including Asclepiadaceae) is a monophyletic family (Judd et al.,2002) containing 355 genera and 3700 species, the majority of them are poisonous and many medicinal uses.The plant is quiet poisonous with few medical application.It has been used as a purgative in the French pharmaceutical Codex (Garnier et al .,1961) and its milky latex is used for skin and eyes problem in Tunisian folk medicine (Sayed et al.,2003;Boukef,1986) and its seeds are fit to be eaten in some parts of Iran. INTRODUCTION OF GENUS: Cynanchum acutum is belongs to kingdom plantae and unranked to angiosperm ,and also belongs to family of Apocynaceae (sub family Asclepiadaceae).In cynanchum acutum the genus is cynanchum and species are acutum. INTRODUCTION OF CYNANCHUM ACUTUM: Cynanchum acutum (Cynanchum comes from the Greek words kyon ,meaning dog and anchein , meaning strangle or poison . acutum means ending to sharp point, pertaining to its leaves) is an persistent plant species belonging to family Apocynaceae.(Judd et al .,2002).The common name for several species is dog strangling vine .most species are not moist climber or twiners.There some toxicity.(Sigid Liede et al., 2002).These plants are permanent herbs or sub shrubs , often growing from rhizomes .The leaves are usually oppositly arranged and sometimes are borne on petioles.The inflorescences and flowers come in variety of shapes .Like other species of the milkweed family, these plants bears follicles ,which are podlike dry fruit.(Alan s.,April 2002).Anti hyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of metanolic extract of aerial parts of Cynanchum acutum has been reported and antiulcerogenic effect s of ethanolic extract of the plant also have been shown in rats (Atta et al.,2005).The effective substances of many plant species are isolated for direct use as drugs . lead compound or pharmacological agents (Fabrican and Farnsworth. 2001).The medicinal properties of medicinal plants are mainly due to the presence of various complex chemical substances of different composition which occur in secondary metabolits (Karthikeyan et al .,2009:Lozoya and Lozoya.1989).The are grouped as alkaloids , glycosides,flavnoids,sapnins,tannins,carbohydrates and essential oil.plant based natural constituents can be derived from any part of the plant like bark,leaves,flower,roots, fruits ,seeds etc.(Gordon and David .2001).Cynanchum acutum was named by Carous Linnaeus (1753),who named a great many plant.The author,s name is usually abbreviated

Linnaeus is abbreviated simply L as he considered the father of botanical nomenclature .So , finally the plant is written as Cynanchum acutum L. The plant is permanent climber of grown height three meter with white flower of 8-12 mm and smooth seed capsules with a incurable tuff of long white silky hairs(Thomas and Allen,1997). Paprika pepper (Capsicum autum L.,) is important vegetable crops for Indonesia since it is contain good nutritive value such as protein ,fat ,carbohydrates ,mineral and vitamins (Cahyono .Aa2003:Pijoto.2003).According to world health organization of the main causes of morbidity and mortality is diseases resulted from pathogenic bacteria and fungi (World health organization.1998).Many common used drugs are of herbal origin and over 80% of world,s people use medicinal plants for their primary health care needs. The use of plants as source of analysis for treatment of many diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.The search for reagent to cure infection diseases began before people were aware of the existence of microbe.These are used as natural substance ,usually native plants or their extract and many herbal remedies proved successful (Sofowora 1982).Cynanchum aphyllum L., (Asclepiadaceae.Malagasy name Vahimasy) is leafless and delicious sharb which scrects yellow latex.we can study the chemical substance of Malagasy plants, we separated a pregnane called Cynaphyllogenin , and its eight glycoside ,Cynaphylloside A-H(2-9),. From the aerial parts of this plant.we separated and structural clarification of these compounds.(Deepak et al.,1989). Cynanchum ascyrifolium MATASUMURA(Asclepiadaceae) is widely distributed species in eastern Asia,the roots of which are used as an antitussive and expectorant in Korea.(Kim j.et al 1984).Cynanchum Otophyllum Schhid has been used for cure of many nervous system and mental disorder such as epilepsy , depression and Menier,s condition . we noted the separation and determinationof six prenane glycoside from the roots (MUQZ.et al.,1986). Cynanchum Komorovii Al IIjinki a shrub widely distributed over the northern desert of China .The sheep and cattle do not eat the shrub in rural area. In Cynanchum Komorovii root the phenanthroindizidi are separated .we explain the separation and structure elucidation of five new C21 steroidal glycosides named Komorosides D(1), E(2),F(3),G(4) and H(5) along with known compounds cynatratoside E(6) and hancoside A(7) (Wang LQ et al.,2002). Family A sclepiadaceae consist of s many medicinal parts with a large rang of therapeutic works.Cynanchum arnottium has been used in insecticide and parasiticide in India and tropical America .(Lewis , H.W. and Lewis .,1977).Cynanchum atratum dried whole plants has been used as

antifebrile and diuretic in China (Zhung et al.,1985).The of Cynanchum paniculatum has been used has been used as anodyne and for the therapy of chronic tracheitis in China.(Sakuma et al .,1968). DISTRIBUTION: These species are found world wide ,in the tropic and sub tropic region.several species are also found in temperate region.Cynanchum acutum is found in Egypt , North Africa ,South Europe,South Asia and Pakistan (Gilgit,Hunza ,Chitral and Kashmir).(Rusong et al.,2007). CLASSIFICATION OF CYNANCHUM ACUTUM: Cynanachum is defined in the late 20th century (to include 400 species ) is polyphyletic and is being broken up .Species are being moved to genera Orthosia ,Pentarrhium and Vincetoxium , with a group of mostly old World species staying in Cynanchum.

Introduction of Medicinal plant: Medicinal plants are famous for source discovery of new therapeutical products, which can be in the conduct of many diseases (Shirwaike et al.,2009).One three quter of world population depends mainly on plants extract for health care intention.medicinal plants are large source of organic compounds .Medicinal plants provide minerals ,fibers.vitamins and essential fatty acid and improve taste and colour in diet(Green et al.,1992). Classfication of Medicinal Plants: Medicinal plants are classified as follows: 1:Medicinal herbs 2:Medicinal sherbs 3:Medicinal climber 4:Medicinal trees SCOPE AND IMPOTANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS:

Medicinal plants have curative properties , which are due to the presence of active substances, such as alkaloid ,flavonoids, vitamins,tannins and coumarins compounds. Medicinal plants also have special group of active compounds which is known as antibiotics.(Yildrim et al .,2001). The most important of these bioactive substances of plants are steroid ,terpenoid , carotenoid , flavanoids ,alkaloids, tannis and glycoside.The phytochemical substance which are phenols ,anthraqunone ,alkaloids ,glycoside, and saponin antibiotic properties.from thesephytochemical substance saponin have been used in hemolytic and foaming works,antifungal ,anti-anflammatory ,fungistatic molluscidal. Plants are now occupying impotant position in allopathic medicine ,herbal medicine ,homoeopathy and aromatherapy.In modern world the impotant drugs are obtain from medicinal plants.Many of these original medicinal plant are used as tasty for food plants; they are also sometimes ,added to food meant for pregnant mother for medicinal purpose. Medicinal impotance of Cynanchum acutum: Cynanchum acutum L. and Cionura eretca (L) Griseb (Family Asclepiadaceae ) contain many medicinal parts with large series of therapeutic works.The phytochemical analysis of the genus Cynanchum to allow the separation and properties of many classes of natural product such as steroidal glycosides ,carbohydrates , alkaloid ,phenolic compound and triterpene. The Cynanchum genus comprise about 200 species noted for their use in folk medicine as antifebrile, antitumour, anti tussive ,diuretic ,expectorant,anticonvulsar,anodyne and tonic agent,and is effective against chronic hepatitis .Transmission of the biological activities of the total alcoholic extract of the underground organs of Cynanchum acutum to allow that it could reduce the force and frequency of intestine ,heart and uterine contraction , it also use in anti inflammatory effects(Tawfiq,1991). The alcoholic extract of leaves should be used as anti inflammatory , analgesic ,antipyretic ,molluscidal insecticide,and the cure of cardiac arrhythmia,intestinal colic ,as hypotensive and clear respiration in asthma(El-Lithi,1993 ;Abou Zeid et al.,2001; Award 2000). The roots of Cynanchum aurichulatm Royle ex weight have been used in traditional medicine for the anticipation and treatment of geriatric diseases and prolong life.(Yue Qi WANG et al 2002). Cynanchum otophyllum schneid is a folk medicine plant endemic to Yunnan province of China,whose root was used for the treatment of epilepsy ,rheumatic pain ,kidney weakness ,and injures by the local

people of its growing area.Based on the chemical and pharmacological experiment it has been developed as anti-epilepsy medicine and lay into industrial produce for many years in China.(MU QZ.,et al.,1983). These are large number of creation that have been used as antiulcerogenic ,but most of these agents produced several side effect including arrhythmias,impotence,gynaecomastia and haematopoitic changes .In addition of repetition rates are high .In Egypt ,a large number of herbs are used for various types of gastrolintestinal pain particularly among population that have little(Atta AH et al .,2005). The steroidal glycosides isolated from roots of Cynanchum .auricultum were reduce the growth and induce apoptosis in humam breast cancer cell,The C ynanchum atratum have been exposed to have cardiotonic effect ,treating impulsive ventricular contraction and attractive heart function.Cynannchum .paniculatum aquas extract was inhibitory to anti hepatitis B virus (Bin et al.,2005). Flavonoid from Cynanchum acutum exhibited significant antioxidant and anti diabetic tricks.Coumarins from the same species showed anti-inflammatory ,analgesic and anti pyritic activities(Awaad,2000). The seed of Cynanchum acutum plant is used before the cure and after thermal and chemical treatment , to crude oil , 0.6g below which mechanical means for removing crude oil becomes less more valuable .The crude oil is very multifarious mixture of many different chemical ,as a result the effect of an oil spill on the marine environment is needy on the accurate nature and capacity of the oil spilled , as well as such factors as the general weather condition and the ecological characteristics of the affected region.According to the complex nature of oil ,they do not behave as the same environment .Some substance have been seen for they power in vapour form while other obviously favor attach to soild. Some oil hydrocarbon extremely unreactive while the other cooperate with light , so they have different toxicological effects on the aquatic life and consequently on human being.(SATED et al .,2003). The root of Cynanchum atratum is used in chinese tradition medicine and called Bai ,Wei . Several other species had tradition Chinese medicinal uses.