IECONO1: The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

The Distribution STATCOM for Reducing the Effect of Voltage Sag and Swell
Sung-Min Woo, Dae-Wook Kang, Woo-Chol Lee, Dong-Seok Hyun
Department of Electrical Engineering, HanYang University, HaengDang Dong, SungDong GU , SEOUL 133-791 samiswoo@,soback.kornet.net
Absfracf - The concept of Flexible Alternating Current

Transmission Systems(FACTs) and Custom Power is widly studied by the researcher. FACTs use Power electronic devices and methods to control the high-voltage side of the network for improving the power flow. Custom Power is for low-voltage distribution, and improving the poor power quality and reliability of supply affecting factories, offices and homes. Power quality and Reliability are becoming important issues for critical and sensitive loads after introducing the term of Custom Power by Hingorani in early 1980s. Custom Power Devices is classified into three categories by their structures such as Dynamic Voltage Restorer(DVR), Distribution STATCOM(DSTATC0M) and Unified Power Quality Conipensator(UPQC). Among these devices, the main purpose of DVR that injects voltage in series with a distribution feeder is reducing the effect of short-term voltage sags, dips, swells and momentary interruptions. The DVR is capable of generating and absorbing the voltage independently controllable real and reactive power. It consists of three-phase voltage source inverter, injection transformer, DC LINK and Rectifier for charging the DC LINK or Battery. As you know, Rectifier is generating the harmonic problem in distribution lines. Rectifier or devices for charging DC LINK is useless in this proposed system by their structure. The proposed system have a function of generating and absorbing voltage by self-charging control technique. This system has three states : 1) normal operation, 2) charging operation and 3) recharging operation. The paper discusses control issues and the proposed control algorithm. The proposed control technique is applied to DSTATCOM for protecting voltage sags, swell and momentary interruption. The dynamic performance is analysed and verified through the simulation.

I. INTROIXJCTION
Nowadays, Cost and environment problems have delayed the construction of both power plant and new transmission lines, nevertheless the demand for electric power has continued to grow rapidly. This situation has studied a review of the power system in order to achieve or improve better operating with good respondency in transient state. Recently, It has made.the use of the voltage source inverters both the transmission lines and distribution lines that advances in the high power handling capabilities of static switches such as GTO, IGBT, IGCT, etc. As a result, a variety of Voltage-Source Inverter(VS1) based equipment such as the static compensator(STATCOM), static series synchronous

compensator(SSSC) and Unified Power Flow Controller(UPFC) to develop the Flexible Ac Transmission System(FACTs) possible. In the power systems, Reactive Compensation is important issue. Reactive power increase the Transmission system lines, the variation of the receiving-end voltage and also reduce the transmission capability of transmission lines. The use of FACTs device enables the transmission system to play an role in maximizing the power transmission capability and providing high power quality at the point of common coupling(PCC) of a distribution system including voltage regulation and reactive power/harmonic compensation. In general, FACTs devices, which are classified into 1) series controllers 2) shunt controllers 3) combined series-shunt controllers, have studied to compensate for reactive power, flicker, voltage sag(dig), swell in transmission power system. The FACTs devices offer fast and reliable control over the transmission system parameters, i.e. voltage, line impedance, and phase angle between the sending-voltage and the receiving voltage. That makes it possible to control voltage stability dynamically[1[61[71[s1. On the other hand, the custom power is or low-voltage distribution, and improving the poor quality and reliability of supply affecting sensitive loads. The custom power devices is very similar to FACTs. However, the most well known custom power devices are DSTATCOM, DVR and UPQC in distribution systems. It is classified into three categories as like FACTs. Among devices, the DSTATCOM, as you know, have a function of Compensating Reactive Power, absorbing the harmonic and compensating the voltage sag. This paper focuses on com ensating voltage sags, swells and momentary interruptions[411R.The dynamic performance is analysed and verified through the simulation. 11. POWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY Power quality and reliability cost the industry large amounts due to mainly sags and short-term interruptions Distorted and unwanted voltage waveforms, too. As shown in Fig.1, the problem of distribution lines is divided into two major categories. First group is power quality, second is power reliability . First group consists mainly of harmonic distortions, impulses and swell. Second groups voltage sags and outages. Voltage sags is much more serious and can cause a large amount of damage. If exceeds a few cycle, motors, robots, servo drives and machine tools cannot maintain

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IECONOl: The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

control of the processes.

3) DC LINK(Battery) - traditional STATCOM doesnt

have a DC source, it only has a DC capacitor to maintain its DC side voltage. In this system, the capacitor serves only as a DC source and is necessary for unbalanced system operation and harmonic absorption. If the problem of the distribution lines such as sags, dips, swells and blackout. DC LINK supplys the power to the loads. The proposed system have a function of charging and recharging the DCLINK simultaneously. 4) Static Switch - static switch is closed even if sags, swells and other quality problem except for blackout. This switch will be opened during blackout.

Fig.] Power Quality / Reliability

Power Quality Voltage Swell Harmonics Fluctuation flicker

Power Reliability Voltage Sag Outages

B. Modelling of DSTATCOM
It is assumed that the source is a balanced, sinusoidal three-phase voltage supply with frequency W . Since reactive power compensation is desired, it is convenient for this analysis to take the angle of the input the reference angle. However the system is designed based on the following
:

Table 1 Power Quality / Reliability

111. THE SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND MODELLING

Fig.2 shows the basic scheme of DSTATCOM for modelling and simulation in this paper. This system consists of a three phase PWM inverter which is connected in parallel to utility power source and DCLINK or Battery, if want, for adding a function of Unintermptible Power Supply(UPS). Compare to DVR, Rectifier for charging DC LINK is not useless. That can be reduced the cost and the harmonics. If add Battery, it can be added the function of UPS. The static switch is closed when normal operation or voltage sag, swell. But during blackout or network have a serious problem , the switch is opened and then the DSTATCOM supply the power as like UPS.
VI

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

The three ac mains voltages are balanced; The three-phase load is balanced and linear; The inverter switches are ideal; The filer components are reactive and linear DC link output is ripple free The inverter uses a SVPWM switching pattern
f

E , = i,R

L+ V,

d i

dt

E , = i,R
E , = i,R

+ L ---+ dt
+ L+di
dt

d i

V,*
V,
. i,

IS

IJaad

VI

Load

v,, .ii = vr* . i, + v,* .is + v,*

*
Fig.2 The system configuration of DSTATCOM

A. Brief of System Configuration 1) Three Phase PWM Inverter - the Voltage Source Inverter(VS1) is a very important part of the DSTATCOM. It is the interface between the DCLINK and the distribution system. In this paper, this VSI is also operated as like converter for charging DCLINK after supplying power to the loads. 2) Output LC filter - reducing the pulse width modulation(PWM) switching ripples generated fiom Inverter of DSTATCOM.

(3)

DQ transformation matrix

T ( 6 )can be defined as follows

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IECON'O1: The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

cos(e - -1 3
@ 1 2

2w

COS(@

2n + -)
3

s = VI*,
(4)
2

S" = v'z

2w sin(@- -) 3

2w sin(@+ -)
3 1 -

From equation (12)

I, = P -jQ, L

.v
so that
AV = (Rs + j X x ) ( p L -jQL)
V

then, equation (1) and (2) are written as follows by DQ cow, transformation based on V, =eqe

=AV, +AV,

C d VL ( t ) = 3
dt
2

(6)

where C, ( t ) , c, ( t ) : from the DQ transformation DQ transformed converts fimction, which corresponds to the input, and output variables are obtained as follows.

The voltage change has a component A V , in phase with V and a component A V,, in quadrature with V, which are illustrated in Fig. 3(b). It is clear that both magnitude and the phase of V ,relative to the supply voltage E , are functions of the magnitude and phase of the load current, namely, the voltage drop depends ,on both the real and reactive power of the load. The component A V is rewritten as

c,(t)=

v,

' (
(t)

- L de-di Ri

dt

~~

+ wLi

qe

(7)

AV=I,Rs +jI,X,

From, the (8) is the voltage command of the current controller output is

where Vd: is D axis voltage command, voltage command, iie

vq: is

Q axis

is the DC voltage controller output

; , is the rcactive current command by current command, i reactive power controller.

IV. PRINCIPLE OF DSTATCOM OF VOLTAGE REGULATION A , Voltage Regulation without compensator Voltage E and Vmean source voltage and PCC voltage respectively. Without a voltage compensator, the PCC voltage drop caused by the load current, I,, is shown in Fig.3(b) as
AV

AV

=E

-V

z,r,

(1 1)

Fig.3 (a) Equivalent circuit of load and supply system (b) Phasor diagram for Fig.3(a) : uncompensated (c) Phasor diagram for Fig.3(a) : Compensated for regulation

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IECON'O1: The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

B. Voltage Regulation with DSTATCOM

Fig.3 (C) shows vector diagram with voltage compensation. By adding a compensator in parallel with the load, it is possible to make compensator.

(El= IVI by controlling the current of the

0.00
0.05

u.10

0.15

0.20

0.5

z,, =Z ,+

( I , : compensator current)

(16)

Fig.4 (a) the Source Voltage /Current Waveform and (b)DC LINK Voltage

(b)

However, phase difference between voltage increasel3] V. OPERATION OF DSTATCOM

and

B. Applied to Loads
After Charging the DC LINK voltage, the Load is connected to PCC at 0.3s. One load is three phase balanced load and the other is non-linear load that is rectifier with Resistor. Fig.S(a) is the source voltage /current and FigS(b) is DC LINK voltage. The power factor is unity.

In normal operation, the DSTATCOM has the three functions : 1) constant output voltage control with compensating reactive power , 2) Power factor control with absorbing of load current harmonics and 3) charging of the battery. Uniquely, Rectifier for charging DC LINK or Battery is not necessary in this system. It means this system is harmonic free at the end-user. When DSTATCOM is compensating the voltage sags, dips and swells, at that time DSTATCOM can be charging or discharging DCLINK or Battery at the same time. VI. SIMULATION A detailed simulation of the DSTATCOM control system was performed using ACSL program in order to verify the operation. The parameters of the DSTATCOM system are as follows : Input Voltage Line Impedance Input Impedance DC LINK Capacitor DC LINK Voltage Load I Load I1
: 220[V],60[Hz] : O.O3[SZ], 3000[pH] : 0, OS[mH] -: 14,8OO[pF] : 4OO[V] : 7.74[R], 15.4[mH] : 17.64[R]

x W.28

I
0.3 '

11

50'

0 40

<I

4d

n. 48

(b) Fig 5 (a) the Source Voltage/Current wavcform and (b)DC LINK Voltage

c Normal Condition
Fig. 6(a) shows the waveform of input source voltage/current .the power factor is unity. Fig. 6(b) is the load current. Fig. 6(c) shows the waveform of DCLINK voltage.

When the system and control algorithms are stabilized, the simulation is beginning.

A. Initial Condition In this period Os to 0.2s, the system of DC LINK is charging until rated voltage. Fig.4(a) is the source voltage / current, Fig.4(b) is about DC LINK voltage.

WI
'0.45

47

0.49

0.51

0.53

0 55

(a)
N I

IO.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.22

0.25

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IECONOI: The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

Fig.7 (a) the source Voltagc/Currcnt Waveform ,(b)Load(RL& Motor) Current Waveform and (c)DC LINK Voltage

E.

Voltage Swell

The input source voltage increases 25%. Fig.8(a) shows the input source voltage/current. Fig.8(b) shows the waveform of Load current. Fig. 8(c) is the waveform of DCLINK voltage. After occurring swell, the PCC voltage maintains the reference source voltage And also keep going on maintain the DCLINK voltage.
m 0

(c)
1.36
1 38

I . 40

Fig.6 (a) the source Voltage/Current Waveform ,(b)Load(RL& Motor) Current Waveform and (c)DC LINK Voltage

1.42

1.44

1 46

D. Voltage Sag
The source voltage decreases 25% at 0.6s. Fig.6(a) shows the input source voltage/curreat. and PCC voltage. The PCC voltage maintains the reference voltage. Fig.6(c) shows DCLINK voltage. After sags, the simulation shows that all of waveform of the source voltage/current and DCLINK voltage maintains the reference voltage. The proposed system maintains the PCC voltage and keep going on maintain the DCLINK voltage.
0

I N n

;
1 -38 1
40

(b)

a
0 578

I . 42

1.44

I . 46

1 48

(c )
F0.560

0.596,

0.614

0.632

0 65

Fig.8 (a) the source VoltageKurrent Waveform ,(b)Load(RL& Motor) Current Waveform and (c)DC LINK Voltage

VII. CONCLUSION This paper presents the performance of a shunt type compensator(a1so called Distribution STATCOM , DSTATCOM) with fast dynamic response designed to support the voltage for voltage sag and swell. The proposed system is able to compensate the voltage sag and swell even the long-term faults. Results show that the transients response is fast and a good dynamic performance. The experimental results will be shown in a further paper. VIII. REFERENCES

:Be
R0.56 62 R * - - L - L - J0 0.56 0 62
0.68 0.68

1 1

0.74 0.74

0.80

0 86

[ 11 L.Gyugyi, Power electronics in electric utilities : Static f the IEEE, vo1.76, VAR compensators, Proceedings o no.4, Apr. 1988, pp.483-493 [2] C.Schauder and H.Mehta, Vector analysis and control of

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IECONO1: The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
advanced static VAR comepsnators, IEE Proceedings -C, vo1.40, no.4, July 1993, pp.299-306 [3] T.J.E. Miller, Reactive Power Control in Electric Systems, NewYork, Willy : 1982 [4] Hingorani N.G.., Flexible AC Transmission System, IEEE Spectrum, Apr. 1993 [5] Hingorani N.G.., Introducing Custom Power, IEEE Spectrum, June 1995 [6] Gyugyi, L. Dynamic Compensation of AC Transmission Lines by solid-state Synchronous Voltage Sources, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vo1.9, no.2, April 1994 [7] Gyugyi,L., A Unified Power Flow Control Concept for IEE Flexible AC Transmission Systems, Proceedings-C, vol. 139, no.4, July 1992 [8] P.Wang, N.Jenkins, M.H.J.Bollen, Experimental Investigation of Voltage Sag Mitigation by an Advanced Static Var Compensator, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, vol. 13, no.4, Oct. 1998 [9] R.S.Weissbach, G.G.Kardy and R.G.Farmer, Dynamic Voltage compensation on Distribution Feeders Using Flywheel Energy, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, vol. 14, No.2,April 1999,pp.465-471

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