CHAPTER I 1.

1 INTRODUCTION
Right Education must be an all-round development of human being, a harmonizing of our intellectual conflicts and capacities to cooperate with others. (Nehru, 1936) Education is a process which draws out the best in man with the aim of producing a well balanced personality-culturally producing refined, emotionally stable, ethically sound, logically correct, mentally alert, intellectually competent, technically advanced, morally upright, physically strong, socially efficient, spiritually mature, vocationally self sufficient and internationally liberal. Man is an individual born with certain innate potentialities, talents and inherent powers. Education provides opportunities. Each child is a unique person. Education should aim at the development of this uniqueness to the full. Modern view of education is Education for change. Now change is the watch word of education and life.

Education is a process of bringing or molding a child for living a congenial and comfortable life. It is a process of development that consists in the passage of human being from infancy to maturity, the process by which he gradually adapts himself in various ways to his physical, social and spiritual environment. In a more definite sense, education means those special influences, which are consciously and designedly brought to bear up the younger by the adult portion of the community. Moreover, education

outs as the most powerful agency in developing the character of a person and determining the future of the individual and of the nation.

Education is knowledge of putting ones potential to maximum use. Education dispels ignorance and is the only wealth that cannot be robbed. The importance of education is basically for two reasons. The first is that the training of a human mind is not complete without education. Education makes man a right thinker. It tells man how to think and how to make decisions. The second reason for the importance of education, man is enabled to receive information from the external world, to acquaint him with the past and all information regarding the present. Without education man is as thought in a closed room and with the attainment of education he finds himself in a room with all its windows open towards outside world.

Education helps man in developing his thinking skill and decision making. It enables man to receive information from the external world, to acquaint him with the past and receive all necessary information regarding the present. Without education man is like a blind man in the midst of the beautiful world around and with the attainment of education he find himself enjoying the gifts of the world for him.

Education has been acknowledged as a vital and crucial field of national activity. The future of India is determined by the educated youth of the country. The Education Commission (1964-66) 1 comments, The destiny

of India is now being shaped in her classrooms. Education is an important input both for the growth of the society as well as for the individual.

According to national policy of education

(1986) Education is a unique

investment in the present and future. Education to be complete must have five principle aspects relating to the actives of human being the physical, the vital, the mental, the psychic and the spiritual .usually thus phases of education succeed each other in a chronological order following the growth of the individual this however does not means that the one should replace the other but that almost continue completing each other till the end of life. In the present scenario of education is mostly utilized it gives grave importance to subjects like language, science and Mathematics.

According to Gupta 3, mathematics is the fundamental subject which includes scientific curiosity, scientific spirit, scientific skill, scientific attitude of mind with out Mathematics knowledge and skill their can be no complete knowledge of science and thus no scientific and technological achievement. Mathematics is a systematized organized and exact branch of science which deals with quantitative facts and relationship as well as with problem involving space and from it has its own language-since, symbols, terms and operation. It helps in solving the problems of our life.

IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS
Mathematics is the most important contributing factor in the rapid progress and prosperity of human race. The practical value of

Mathematics is so important that nobody can be truly educated unless he can perform ease and accuracy. Mathematics intimately involved in every movement of every once life. Courant and Robbins
4

comments,

Mathematics as an expression of human mind, reflect the active will, the contemplative reason, and the desire for aesthetic perfection. Its basic elements are logic and intuition, analysis and construction, generality and individuality to beautify human civilization. Mathematics develops in the learners mind reasoning power and certain characteristics such as simplicity, certainty of results and originality. It also helps to develop intellectual powers of imagination, logical thinking and systematic reasoning. Mathematics education is a process by which child enters in to two basic regions of mathematical world, in to concepts and theories in one side and mathematical activities on other side. It has mutual, dynamic and productive interaction with the other dimensions of school education. The present system of education is geared to produce citizens who can deal with the words, concepts and mathematical or scientific symbol which are necessary to success in a technological society. The techniques of a teacher might use to help a pupil change his attitudes towards Mathematics, to develop an aesthetic sensibility or learn to enjoy studying Mathematics are not well defined at present. The reasons for this may be due to undue emphasis now being given to cognitive changes in preference to the affective changes. The National policy of education (1986) has emphasized the importance of mathematics education in our schools and in higher education in the following words Mathematics should be utilized as the vehicle to train a child think, reason, analyze and to attribute logically.

PLACE OF MATHEMATICS IN SCHOOL CURRICULUM

Mathematics is an important subject in school curriculum. Mathematics is an efficient and necessary tool which is employed by all these sciences and with out which these sciences could not have made much progress. Mathematics is active everywhere in human society. From the burned arithmetic, we perform in our daily life to the exacting calculations of science and technology. Mathematics shapes and influences every object around us. Hence if can be concluded that mathematics is the very important base of education.

The study of mathematics helps to develop intellectual powers like power of imagination, memorization, observation, invention, concretization, logical thinking and systematized reasoning. It provides opportunities for original thinking and develops concentration which is a habit of mind and cultivates the habit of continuous attention. Mathematics justifies the place in the school curriculum as an introduction to science and scientific thinking as well as in the work a-day activities of trade and commerce. Mathematics, which is the science of all sciences and art of all arts, has come to occupy place of paramount importance in every type of school curriculum. It is included as a compulsory subject in secondary school curriculum of Kerala. Mathematics is included in the school curriculum because of its practical, cultural, disciplinary voices. Science and technology are getting more and more integrated with life and therefore to

under stand science and technology, a fair knowledge of mathematics is essential. Today science and technology are developing at an amazing speed. A sound knowledge of mathematics is accepted to be essential in studying almost every branch of knowledge, particularly so to learning of science and different branch of technology. Mathematics is the gate way of all sciences. Neglect of mathematics works injury to all knowledge, since who is the ignorant of it cannot know the other science or thinks of the world. And what is worst, men who are thus ignorant are unable to perceive their own ignorance and so do not seek remedy. We cannot in fact go a step further in the science with out mathematics.

IMPORTANCE OF SIMPLE EQUATIONS

Algebra may not be the most popular subject in high school, but it's still an influential one. The book "Elementary Algebra" notes that an equation shows two expressions as equal. And these expressions, as simple as they might be, have made diverse impacts on history. Solving Simple Equations can help us find the Decrease Percent of Change in prices, population, and countless other measurements. Upon completion of this pathway, you will be able to write linear equations to model and solve real world situations.

NEED FOR NEW APPROACH

Teaching methods or patterns will be changed for effective teaching and learning process. I will create new models of teaching. The introduction of new models can reduce the effort of teacher and accelerate the participation

of the learner. Thus change in the models of teaching is in evitable for considering the abilities and interests of the child.

IMPORTANCE OF CONCEPT ATTAINMENT MODEL

The concept attainment model may be used with children of all ages and grade levels. For young children the concept and examples must be simple and the lesson itself must be short and heavily teacher directed. The typical curriculum for young children is filled with concrete concepts that readily lend themselves concept attainment methodology. As with all models, we encourage teachers to take the essence of this model and incorporate its features into their natural teaching styles and forms. The concept attainment model is an excellent evaluation tool when teachers want to determine whether important ideas introduced earlier have been mastered. It quickly reveals the depth of students' understanding and reinforces their previous knowledge.

IMPORTANCE OF ADVANCE ORGANIZER MODEL

The advance organizer model is especially useful to structure extended curriculum sequences or courses and to instruct students systematically in the key ideas of a field. Step by step, major concepts and propositions are explained and integrated, so that at the end of a period of instruction, the learners should gain perspective on the entire area being studied. We would expect an increase, too, in the learners' grasps of factual information linked to and explained by the key ideas. For instance, the concept of socialization can be drawn on repeatedly in the study of

socialization patterns in different cultures and subcultures. This advance organizer thus aids in expanding students' knowledge about cultures. The model can also be shaped to teach the skills of effective reception learning. Critical thinking and cognitive reorganization can be explained to the learners, who receive direct instruction in orderly thinking and in the notion of knowledge hierarchies. Ultimately, they can apply these techniques independently to new learning. In other words, this model can increase effectiveness in reading and watching films, and in other "reception" activities.

1.2 NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The present day teaching of Mathematics is far from being satisfactory. This is not due to the drawback of any single agency at work. There are different viewpoints about necessity of different types of reforms in its teaching. The present method insists role memorization. The result is that the student does not attain clear concepts in Mathematics. The power of thinking, understanding and retention are not thus developed in the students. If the pupil does not show any interest in the subject, it can be created not by blind memorizing, but by shifting the methods. There is spoon-feeding and the daily does of mental work is much more than the student can comfortably swallow and digest. The authorities run after showy results, which are obtainable any through cramming.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The area selected for the study is aimed to find out the comparative effectiveness of Concept Attainment Model and Advance Organizer Model of the secondary school students in Mathematics. Hence the problem is entitled as COMPARATIVE

EFFECTIVENESS OF

CONCEPT ATTAINMENT MODEL AND ADVANCE ORGANISER MODEL IN LEARNING MATHEMATICS AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL
1.4 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
COMPARATIVE: EFFECTIVENESS: CONCEPT ATTAINMENT MODEL: ADVANCE ORGANIZER MODEL: LEARNING: SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL: Secondary level refers to the students in standard VIII, IX, and X. The investigator selected standard IX students for study.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is indented to find out the comparative effectiveness of teaching models in learning Mathematics at secondary level students.

The investigator brings Concept attainment Model and Advance Organizer Model for standard IX. The effectiveness of teaching by CAM and AOM were tested by conducting experimental study. The investigator prepares appropriate tools for collecting necessary data. Every attempt was made to make the study as precise and objective as possible even though the study has certain limitations. It is expected that the study would contribute some highlights toward new strategy of teaching. The study would help the mathematics teachers to understand the comparative effectiveness of CAM and AOM and the necessity of application of their new techniques in teaching of Mathematics. The findings of the study can be much useful in educational planning and helpful for educator and curriculum framers to modify the methods of teaching. Since the time allotted for the study was very limited, the study was confined to only some selected topic in negative numbers and the experimental part of analysis was limited to only 80 students. Due to practical difficulties and lack of time, the experimental teaching was limited to one school in Alappuzha district.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

The report has been presented in six chapters as follows. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION:

Presents a brief introduction of the problem, need and significance of the problem, statement of the problem, definition of key terms, objectives of the study, hypothesis, scope and limitations of the study. CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL OVERVIEW: It deals with theoretical aspects of teaching models, importance of teaching models in early childhood, theories emphasizing importance of CAM and AOM. CHAPTER 3: REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES:
This chapter consists of review of studies based on teaching models.

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY: This chapter consists of the method of investigation, tool and technique used, sample selected and statistical techniques employed. CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: This chapter of the thesis consists of the summary of procedures, findings

of the study, recommendation and suggestion for further research.

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS: The last chapter deals with the brief summary of the findings of the study.

REFERENCES
1. Education and National Development - Report of the Education Commission, 1964-66 2. National Policy of Education. (1986), New Delhi: Ministry of Human Research Development
3.

Gupta, S,C. & Kapoor,V,K. (1988). Fundamentals of Applied Statistics. New Delhi: Sultan Chand and Sons

4. Courant, Richard & Robbins, Herbet. (1941). What is Mathematics? New York:O.U.P