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RULE 56. SUMMARY JUDGMENT

(a ) M o tio n fo r S u m m a ry Ju d g m e n t o r P a rtia l S u m m a ry Ju d g m e n t. A p a rty m a y m o ve fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t, id e n tifyin g e a ch cla im o r d e fe n se o r th e p a rt o f e a ch cla im o r d e fe n se o n w h ich su m m a ry ju d g m e n t is so u g h t. T h e co u rt sh a ll g ra n t su m m a ry ju d g m e n t if th e m o va n t sh o w s th a t th e re is n o g e n u in e d isp u te a s to a n y m a te ria l fa ct a n d th e m o va n t is e n title d to ju d g m e n t a s a m a tte r o f la w . T h e co u rt sh o u ld sta te o n th e re co rd th e re a so n s fo r g ra n tin g o r d e n yin g th e m o tio n . (b ) T im e to F ile a M o tio n . U n le ss a d iffe re n t tim e is se t b y lo ca l ru le o r th e co u rt o rd e rs o th e rw ise , a p a rty m a y file a m o tio n fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t a t a n y tim e u n til 3 0 d a ys a fte r th e clo se o f a ll d isco ve ry. (c) P ro ce d u re s. (1 ) S u p p o rtin g F a ctu a l P o sitio n s. A p a rty a sse rtin g th a t a fa ct ca n n o t b e o r is g e n u in e ly d isp u te d m u st su p p o rt th e a sse rtio n b y: (A ) citin g to p a rticu la r p a rts o f m a te ria ls in th e re co rd , in clu d in g d e p o sitio n s, d o cu m e n ts, e le ctro n ica lly sto re d in fo rm a tio n , a ffid a vits o r d e cla ra tio n s, stip u la tio n s (in clu d in g th o se m a d e fo r p u rp o se s o f th e m o tio n o n ly), a d m issio n s, in te rro g a to ry a n sw e rs, o r o th e r m a te ria ls; o r (B) sh o w in g th a t th e m a te ria ls cite d d o n o t e sta b lish th e a b se n ce o r p re se n ce o f a g e n u in e d isp u te , o r th a t a n a d ve rse p a rty ca n n o t p ro d u ce a d m issib le e vid e n ce to su p p o rt th e fa ct. (2 ) O b je ctio n T h a t a F a ct Is N o t S u p p o rte d b y A d m issib le E vid e n ce . A p a rty m a y o b je ct th a t th e m a te ria l cite d to su p p o rt o r d isp u te a fa ct ca n n o t b e p re se n te d in a fo rm th a t w o u ld b e a d m issib le in e vid e n ce . (3 ) M a te ria ls N o t C ite d . T h e co u rt n e e d co n sid e r o n ly th e cite d m a te ria ls, b u t it m a y co n sid e r o th e r m a te ria ls in th e re co rd . (4 ) A ffid a vits o r D e cla ra tio n s. A n a ffid a vit o r d e cla ra tio n u se d to su p p o rt o r o p p o se a m o tio n m u st b e m a d e o n p e rso n a l kn o w le d g e , se t o u t fa cts th a t w o u ld b e a d m issib le in e vid e n ce , a n d sh o w th a t th e a ffia n t o r d e cla ra n t is co m p e te n t to te stify o n th e m a tte rs sta te d . (d ) W h e n F a cts A re U n a va ila b le to th e N o n m o va n t. If a n o n m o va n t sh o w s b y a ffid a vit o r d e cla ra tio n th a t, fo r sp e cifie d re a so n s, it ca n n o t p re se n t fa cts e sse n tia l to ju stify its o p p o sitio n , th e co u rt m a y: (1 ) d e fe r co n sid e rin g th e m o tio n o r d e n y it; (2 ) a llo w tim e to o b ta in a ffid a vits o r d e cla ra tio n s o r to ta ke d isco ve ry; o r

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(3 ) issu e a n y o th e r a p p ro p ria te o rd e r. (e ) F a ilin g to P ro p e rly S u p p o rt o r A d d re ss a F a ct. If a p a rty fa ils to p ro p e rly su p p o rt a n a sse rtio n o f fa ct o r fa ils to p ro p e rly a d d re ss a n o th e r p a rtys a sse rtio n o f fa ct a s re q u ire d b y R u le 5 6 (c), th e co u rt m a y: (1 ) g ive a n o p p o rtu n ity to p ro p e rly su p p o rt o r a d d re ss th e fa ct; (2 ) co n sid e r th e fa ct u n d isp u te d fo r p u rp o se s o f th e m o tio n ;
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(3 ) g ra n t su m m a ry ju d g m e n t if th e m o tio n a n d su p p o rtin g m a te ria ls in clu d in g th e fa cts co n sid e re d u n d isp u te d sh o w th a t th e m o va n t is e n title d to it; o r (4 ) issu e a n y o th e r a p p ro p ria te o rd e r. (f) Ju d g m e n t In d e p e n d e n t o f th e M o tio n . A fte r g ivin g n o tice a n d a re a so n a b le tim e to re sp o n d , th e co u rt m a y:

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(1 ) g ra n t su m m a ry ju d g m e n t fo r a n o n m o va n t; (2 ) g ra n t th e m o tio n o n g ro u n d s n o t ra ise d b y a p a rty;o r (3 ) co n sid e r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t o n its o w n a fte r id e n tifyin g fo r th e p a rtie s m a te ria l fa cts th a t m a y n o t b e g e n u in e ly in d isp u te . (g ) F a ilin g to G ra n t A ll th e R e q u e ste d R e lie f. If th e co u rt d o e s n o t g ra n t a ll th e re lie f re q u e ste d b y th e m o tio n , it m a y e n te r a n o rd e r sta tin g a n y m a te ria l fa ct in clu d in g a n ite m o f d a m a g e s o r o th e r re lie f th a t is n o t g e n u in e ly in d isp u te a n d tre a tin g th e fa ct a s e sta b lish e d in th e ca se . (h ) A ffid a vit o r D e cla ra tio n S u b m itte d in Ba d F a ith . If sa tisfie d th a t a n a ffid a vit o r d e cla ra tio n u n d e r th is ru le is su b m itte d in b a d fa ith o r so le ly fo r d e la y, th e co u rt a fte r n o tice a n d a re a so n a b le tim e to re sp o n d m a y o rd e r th e su b m ittin g p a rty to p a y th e o th e r p a rty th e re a so n a b le e x p e n se s, in clu d in g a tto rn e ys fe e s, it in cu rre d a s a re su lt. A n o ffe n d in g p a rty o r a tto rn e y m a y a lso b e h e ld in co n te m p t o r su b je cte d to o th e r a p p ro p ria te sa n ctio n s. (A s a m e n d e d D e c. 2 7 , 1 9 4 6 , e ff. M a r. 1 9 , 1 9 4 8 ; Ja n . 2 1 , 1 9 6 3 , e ff. Ju ly 1 , 1 9 6 3 ; M a r. 2 , 1 9 8 7 , e ff. A u g . 1 , 1 9 8 7 ; A p r. 3 0 , 2 0 0 7 , e ff. D e c. 1 , 2 0 0 7 ; M a r. 2 6 , 2 0 0 9 , e ff. D e c. 1 , 2 0 0 9 ; A p r. 2 8 , 2 0 1 0 , e ff. D e c. 1 , 2 0 1 0 .) N O TES O F A DV ISO RY C O M M ITTEE O N R U LES 1 9 3 7 T h is ru le is a p p lica b le to a ll a ctio n s, in clu d in g th o se a g a in st th e U n ite d S ta te s o r a n o ffice r o r a g e n cy th e re o f. S u m m a ry ju d g m e n t p ro ce d u re is a m e th o d fo r p ro m p tly d isp o sin g o f a ctio n s in w h ich th e re is n o g e n u in e issu e a s to a n y m a te ria l fa ct. It h a s b e e n e x te n sive ly u se d in E n g la n d fo r m o re th a n 5 0 ye a rs a n d h a s b e e n a d o p te d in a n u m b e r o f A m e rica n sta te s. N e w Y o rk, fo r e x a m p le , h a s m a d e g re a t u se o f it. D u rin g th e first n in e ye a rs a fte r its a d o p tio n th e re , th e re co rd s o f N e w Y o rk co u n ty a lo n e sh o w 5 ,6 0 0 a p p lica tio n s fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n ts. R e p o rt o f th e C o m m issio n o n th e A d m in istra tio n o f Ju stice in N e w Y o rk S ta te (1 9 3 4 ), p . 3 8 3 . S e e a lso T h ird A n n u a l R e p o rt o f th e Ju d icia l C o u n cil o f th e S ta te o f N e w Y o rk (1 9 3 7 ), p. 30. In E n g la n d it w a s first e m p lo ye d o n ly in ca se s o f liq u id a te d cla im s, b u t th e re h a s b e e n a ste a d y e n la rg e m e n t o f th e sco p e o f th e re m e d y u n til it is n o w u se d in a ctio n s to re co ve r la n d o r ch a tte ls a n d in a ll o th e r a ctio n s a t la w , fo r liq u id a te d o r u n liq u id a te d cla im s, e x ce p t fo r a fe w d e sig n a te d to rts a n d b re a ch o f p ro m ise o f m a rria g e . E n g lish R u le s U n d e r th e Ju d ica tu re A ct (T h e A n n u a l P ra ctice , 1 9 3 7 ) O . 3 , r. 6 ; O rd e rs 1 4 , 1 4 A , a n d 1 5 ; se e a lso O . 3 2 , r. 6 , a u th o riz in g a n a p p lica tio n fo r ju d g m e n t a t a n y tim e u p o n a d m issio n s. In M ich ig a n (3 C o m p .La w s (1 9 2 9 ) 1 4 2 6 0 ) a n d Illin o is (Ill.R e v.S ta t. (1 9 3 7 ) ch . 1 1 0 , 1 8 1 , 2 5 9 .1 5 , 2 5 9 .1 6 ), it is n o t lim ite d to liq u id a te d d e m a n d s. N e w Y o rk (N .Y .R .C .P . (1 9 3 7 ) R u le 1 1 3 ; se e a lso R u le 1 0 7 ) h a s b ro u g h t so m a n y cla sse s o f a ctio n s u n d e r th e o p e ra tio n o f th e ru le th a t th e C o m m issio n o n A d m in istra tio n o f Ju stice in N e w Y o rk S ta te (1 9 3 4 ) re co m m e n d th a t a ll re strictio n s b e re m o ve d a n d th a t th e re m e d y b e a va ila b le in a n y a ctio n (p . 2 8 7 ). F o r th e h isto ry a n d n a tu re o f th e su m m a ry ju d g m e n t p ro ce d u re a n d cita tio n s o f sta te sta tu te s, se e C la rk a n d S a m e n o w , T h e S u m m a ry Ju d g m e n t (1 9 2 9 ), 3 8 Y a le L.J. 4 2 3 .
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N o te to S u b d ivisio n (d ) . S e e R u le 1 6 (P re -T ria l P ro ce d u re ; F o rm u la tin g Issu e s) a n d th e N o te th e re to . N o te to S u b d ivisio n s (e ) a n d (f) . T h e se a re sim ila r to ru le s in M ich ig a n . M ich .C o u rt R u le s

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A n n . (S e a rl, 1 9 3 3 ) R u le 3 0 . N O TES O F A DV ISO RY C O M M ITTEE O N R U LES 1 9 4 6 A M ENDM ENT

S u b d ivisio n (a ) . T h e a m e n d m e n t a llo w s a cla im a n t to m o ve fo r a su m m a ry ju d g m e n t a t a n y tim e a fte r th e e x p ira tio n o f 2 0 d a ys fro m th e co m m e n ce m e n t o f th e a ctio n o r a fte r se rvice o f a m o tio n fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t b y th e a d ve rse p a rty. T h is w ill n o rm a lly o p e ra te to p e rm it a n e a rlie r m o tio n b y th e cla im a n t th a n u n d e r th e o rig in a l ru le , w h e re th e p h ra se a t a n y tim e a fte r th e p le a d in g in a n sw e r th e re to h a s b e e n se rve d o p e ra te s to p re ve n t a cla im a n t fro m m o vin g fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t, e ve n in a ca se cle a rly p ro p e r fo r its e x e rcise , u n til a fo rm a l a n sw e r h a s b e e n file d . T h u s in P e o p le s Ba n k v. F e d e ra l R e se rve Ba n k o f S a n F ra n cisco (N .D .C a l. 1 9 4 4 ) 5 8 F .S u p p . 2 5 , th e p la in tiff's co u n te r-m o tio n fo r a su m m a ry ju d g m e n t w a s stricke n a s p re m a tu re , b e ca u se th e d e fe n d a n t h a d n o t file d a n a n sw e r. S in ce R u le 1 2 (a ) a llo w s a t le a st 2 0 d a ys fo r a n a n sw e r, th a t tim e p lu s th e 1 0 d a ys re q u ire d in R u le 5 6 (c) m e a n s th a t u n d e r o rig in a l R u le 5 6 (a ) a m in im u m p e rio d o f 3 0 d a ys n e ce ssa rily h a s to e la p se in e ve ry ca se b e fo re th e cla im a n t ca n b e h e a rd o n h is rig h t to a su m m a ry ju d g m e n t. A n e x te n sio n o f tim e b y th e co u rt o r th e se rvice o f p re lim in a ry m o tio n s o f a n y kin d w ill p ro lo n g th a t p e rio d e ve n fu rth e r. In m a n y ca se s th is m e re ly re p re se n ts u n n e ce ssa ry d e la y. S e e U n ite d S ta te s v. A d le r's C re a m e ry, In c . (C .C .A .2 d , 1 9 3 9 ) 1 0 7 F .(2 d ) 9 8 7 . T h e ch a n g e s a re in th e in te re st o f m o re e x p e d itio u s litig a tio n . T h e 2 0 -d a y p e rio d , a s p ro vid e d , g ive s th e d e fe n d a n t a n o p p o rtu n ity to se cu re co u n se l a n d d e te rm in e a co u rse o f a ctio n . Bu t in a ca se w h e re th e d e fe n d a n t h im se lf se rve s a m o tio n fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t w ith in th a t tim e , th e re is n o re a so n to re strict th e p la in tiff a n d th e a m e n d e d ru le so p ro vid e s. S u b d ivisio n (c) . T h e a m e n d m e n t o f R u le 5 6 (c), b y th e a d d itio n o f th e fin a l se n te n ce , re so lve s a d o u b t e x p re sse d in S a rto r v. A rka n sa s N a tu ra l G a s C o rp . (1 9 4 4 ) 3 2 1 U .S . 6 2 0 . S e e a lso C o m m e n ta ry, S u m m a ry Ju d g m e n t a s to D a m a g e s (1 9 4 4 ) 7 F e d .R u le s S e rv. 9 7 4 ; M a d e ire n se D o Bra sil S /A v. S tu lm a n -E m rick Lu m b e r C o . (C .C .A .2 d , 1 9 4 5 ) 1 4 7 F .(2 d ) 3 9 9 , ce rt. d e n . (1 9 4 5 ) 3 2 5 U .S . 8 6 1 . It m a ke s cle a r th a t a lth o u g h th e q u e stio n o f re co ve ry d e p e n d s o n th e a m o u n t o f d a m a g e s, th e su m m a ry ju d g m e n t ru le is a p p lica b le a n d su m m a ry ju d g m e n t m a y b e g ra n te d in a p ro p e r ca se . If th e ca se is n o t fu lly a d ju d ica te d it m a y b e d e a lt w ith a s p ro vid e d in su b d ivisio n (d ) o f R u le 5 6 , a n d th e rig h t to su m m a ry re co ve ry d e te rm in e d b y a p re lim in a ry o rd e r, in te rlo cu to ry in ch a ra cte r, a n d th e p re cise a m o u n t o f re co ve ry le ft fo r tria l. S u b d ivisio n (d ) . R u le 5 4 (a ) d e fin e s ju d g m e n t a s in clu d in g a d e cre e a n d a n y o rd e r fro m w h ich a n a p p e a l lie s. S u b d ivisio n (d ) o f R u le 5 6 in d ica te s cle a rly, h o w e ve r, th a t a p a rtia l su m m a ry ju d g m e n t is n o t a fin a l ju d g m e n t, a n d , th e re fo re , th a t it is n o t a p p e a la b le , u n le ss in th e p a rticu la r ca se so m e sta tu te a llo w s a n a p p e a l fro m th e in te rlo cu to ry o rd e r in vo lve d . T h e p a rtia l su m m a ry ju d g m e n t is m e re ly a p re tria l a d ju d ica tio n th a t ce rta in issu e s sh a ll b e d e e m e d e sta b lish e d fo r th e tria l o f th e ca se . T h is a d ju d ica tio n is m o re n e a rly a kin to th e p re lim in a ry o rd e r u n d e r R u le 1 6 , a n d like w ise se rve s th e p u rp o se o f sp e e d in g u p litig a tio n b y e lim in a tin g b e fo re tria l m a tte rs w h e re in th e re is n o g e n u in e issu e o f fa ct. S e e Le o n a rd v. S o co n y-V a cu u m O il C o . (C .C .A .7 th , 1 9 4 2 ) 1 3 0 F .(2 d ) 5 3 5 ; Big g in s v. O ltm e r Iro n W o rks (C .C .A .7 th , 1 9 4 6 ) 1 5 4 F .(2 d ) 2 1 4 ; 3 M o o re 's F e d e ra l P ra ctice (1 9 3 8 ). 3 1 9 0 3 1 9 2 . S in ce in te rlo cu to ry a p p e a ls a re n o t a llo w e d , e x ce p t w h e re sp e cifica lly p ro vid e d b y sta tu te (se e 3 M o o re , o p . cit. su p ra , 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 6 ) th is in te rp re ta tio n is in lin e w ith th a t p o licy, Le o n a rd v. S o co n y-V a cu u m O il C o ., su p ra . S e e a lso A u d i V isio n In c., v. R C A M fg . C o . (C .C .A .2 d , 1 9 4 3 ) 1 3 6 F .(2 d ) 6 2 1 ; T o o m e y v. T o o m e y (A p p .D .C . 1 9 4 5 ) 1 4 9 F .(2 d ) 1 9 ; Big g in s v. O ltm e r Iro n W o rks, su p ra ; C a tlin v. U n ite d S ta te s (1 9 4 5 ) 3 2 4 U .S . 2 2 9 .
N O TES O F A DV ISO RY C O M M ITTEE O N R U LES 1 9 6 3 A M ENDM ENT

S u b d ivisio n (c) . By th e a m e n d m e n t a n sw e rs to in te rro g a to rie s a re in clu d e d a m o n g th e m a te ria ls w h ich m a y b e co n sid e re d o n m o tio n fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t. T h e p h ra se w a s in a d ve rte n tly o m itte d fro m th e ru le , se e 3 Ba rro n & H o ltz o ff, F e d e ra l P ra ctice a n d P ro ce d u re 1 5 9 6 0 (W rig h t e d . 1 9 5 8 ), a n d th e co u rts h a ve g e n e ra lly re a ch e d b y in te rp re ta tio n th e re su lt w h ich w ill h e re a fte r b e re q u ire d b y th e te x t o f th e a m e n d e d ru le . S e e A n n o t., 7 4 A .L.R .2 d 9 8 4 (1 9 6 0 ). S u b d ivisio n (e ) . T h e w o rd s a n sw e rs to in te rro g a to rie s a re a d d e d in th e th ird se n te n ce o f th is su b d ivisio n to co n fo rm to th e a m e n d m e n t o f su b d ivisio n (c).
T h e la st tw o se n te n ce s a re a d d e d to o ve rco m e a lin e o f ca se s, ch ie fly in th e T h ird C ircu it,
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w h ich h a s im p a ire d th e u tility o f th e su m m a ry ju d g m e n t d e vice . A typ ica l ca se is a s fo llo w s: A p a rty su p p o rts h is m o tio n fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t b y a ffid a vits o r o th e r e vid e n tia ry m a tte rs su fficie n t to sh o w th a t th e re is n o g e n u in e issu e a s to a m a te ria l fa ct. T h e a d ve rse p a rty, in o p p o sin g th e m o tio n , d o e s n o t p ro d u ce a n y e vid e n tia ry m a tte r, o r p ro d u ce s so m e b u t n o t e n o u g h to e sta b lish th a t th e re is a g e n u in e issu e fo r tria l. In ste a d , th e a d ve rse p a rty re sts o n a ve rm e n ts o f h is p le a d in g s w h ich o n th e ir fa ce p re se n t a n issu e . In th is situ a tio n T h ird C ircu it ca se s h a ve ta ke n th e vie w th a t su m m a ry ju d g m e n t m u st b e d e n ie d , a t le a st if th e a ve rm e n ts a re w e ll-p le a d e d , a n d n o t su p p o sitio u s, co n clu so ry, o r u ltim a te . S e e F re d e rick H a rt & C o ., In c. v. R e co rd g ra p h C o rp ., 1 6 9 F .2 d 5 8 0 (3 d C ir. 1 9 4 8 ); U n ite d S ta te s e x re l. K o lto n v. H a lp e rn , 2 6 0 F .2 d 5 9 0 (3 d C ir. 1 9 5 8 ); U n ite d S ta te s e x re l. N o b le s v. Ive y Bro s. C o n str. C o ., In c ., 1 9 1 F .S u p p . 3 8 3 (D .D e l. 1 9 6 1 ); Ja m iso n v. P e n n sylva n ia S a lt M fg . C o ., 2 2 F .R .D . 2 3 8 (W .D .P a . 1 9 5 8 ); Bu n n y Be a r, In c. v. D e n n is M itch e ll In d u strie s , 1 3 9 F .S u p p . 5 4 2 (E .D .P a . 1 9 5 6 ); Le vy v. E q u ita b le Life A ssu r. S o cie ty , 1 8 F .R .D . 1 6 4 (E .D .P a . 1 9 5 5 ). T h e ve ry m issio n o f th e su m m a ry ju d g m e n t p ro ce d u re is to p ie rce th e p le a d in g s a n d to a sse ss th e p ro o f in o rd e r to se e w h e th e r th e re is a g e n u in e n e e d fo r tria l. T h e T h ird C ircu it d o ctrin e , w h ich p e rm its th e p le a d in g s th e m se lve s to sta n d in th e w a y o f g ra n tin g a n o th e rw ise ju stifie d su m m a ry ju d g m e n t, is in co m p a tib le w ith th e b a sic p u rp o se o f th e ru le . S e e 6 M o o re 's F e d e ra l P ra ctice 2 0 6 9 (2 d e d . 1 9 5 3 ); 3 Ba rro n & H o ltz o ff, su p ra , 1 2 3 5 .1 . It is h o p e d th a t th e a m e n d m e n t w ill co n trib u te to th e m o re e ffe ctive u tiliz a tio n o f th e sa lu ta ry d e vice o f su m m a ry ju d g m e n t. T h e a m e n d m e n t is n o t in te n d e d to d e ro g a te fro m th e so le m n ity o f th e p le a d in g s. R a th e r it re co g n iz e s th a t, d e sp ite th e b e st e ffo rts o f co u n se l to m a ke h is p le a d in g s a ccu ra te , th e y m a y b e o ve rw h e lm in g ly co n tra d icte d b y th e p ro o f a va ila b le to h is a d ve rsa ry. N o r is th e a m e n d m e n t d e sig n e d to a ffe ct th e o rd in a ry sta n d a rd s a p p lica b le to th e su m m a ry ju d g m e n t m o tio n . S o , fo r e x a m p le : W h e re a n issu e a s to a m a te ria l fa ct ca n n o t b e re so lve d w ith o u t o b se rva tio n o f th e d e m e a n o r o f w itn e sse s in o rd e r to e va lu a te th e ir cre d ib ility, su m m a ry ju d g m e n t is n o t a p p ro p ria te . W h e re th e e vid e n tia ry m a tte r in su p p o rt o f th e m o tio n d o e s n o t e sta b lish th e a b se n ce o f a g e n u in e issu e , su m m a ry ju d g m e n t m u st b e d e n ie d e ve n if n o o p p o sin g e vid e n tia ry m a tte r is p re se n te d . A n d su m m a ry ju d g m e n t m a y b e in a p p ro p ria te w h e re th e p a rty o p p o sin g it sh o w s u n d e r su b d ivisio n (f) th a t h e ca n n o t a t th e tim e p re se n t fa cts e sse n tia l to ju stify h is o p p o sitio n . N O TES O F A DV ISO RY C O M M ITTEE O N R U LES 1 9 8 7 A M ENDM ENT T h e a m e n d m e n ts a re te ch n ica l. N o su b sta n tive ch a n g e is in te n d e d . C O M M ITTEE N O TES O N R U LES 2 0 0 7 A M ENDM ENT T h e la n g u a g e o f R u le 5 6 h a s b e e n a m e n d e d a s p a rt o f th e g e n e ra l re stylin g o f th e C ivil R u le s to m a ke th e m m o re e a sily u n d e rsto o d a n d to m a ke style a n d te rm in o lo g y co n siste n t th ro u g h o u t th e ru le s. T h e se ch a n g e s a re in te n d e d to b e stylistic o n ly. F o rm e r R u le 5 6 (a ) a n d (b ) re fe rre d to su m m a ry-ju d g m e n t m o tio n s o n o r a g a in st a cla im , co u n te rcla im , o r cro sscla im , o r to o b ta in a d e cla ra to ry ju d g m e n t. T h e list w a s in co m p le te . R u le 5 6 a p p lie s to th ird -p a rty cla im a n ts, in te rve n o rs, cla im a n ts in in te rp le a d e r, a n d o th e rs. A m e n d e d R u le 5 6 (a ) a n d (b ) ca rry fo rw a rd th e p re se n t m e a n in g b y re fe rrin g to a p a rty cla im in g re lie f a n d a p a rty a g a in st w h o m re lie f is so u g h t. F o rm e r R u le 5 6 (c), (d ), a n d (e ) sta te d circu m sta n ce s in w h ich su m m a ry ju d g m e n t sh a ll b e re n d e re d , th e co u rt sh a ll if p ra ctica b le a sce rta in fa cts e x istin g w ith o u t su b sta n tia l co n tro ve rsy, a n d if a p p ro p ria te , sh a ll e n te r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t. In e a ch p la ce sh a ll is ch a n g e d to sh o u ld . It is e sta b lish e d th a t a lth o u g h th e re is n o d iscre tio n to e n te r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t w h e n th e re is a g e n u in e issu e a s to a n y m a te ria l fa ct, th e re is d iscre tio n to d e n y su m m a ry ju d g m e n t w h e n it a p p e a rs th a t th e re is n o g e n u in e issu e a s to a n y m a te ria l fa ct. K e n n e d y v. S ila s M a so n C o . , 3 3 4 U .S . 2 4 9 , 2 5 6 2 5 7 (1 9 4 8 ). M a n y lo w e r co u rt d e cisio n s a re g a th e re d in 1 0 A W rig h t, M ille r & K a n e , F e d e ra l P ra ctice & P ro ce d u re : C ivil 3 d , 2 7 2 8 . S h o u ld in a m e n d e d R u le 5 6 (c) re co g n iz e s th a t co u rts w ill se ld o m e x e rcise th e d iscre tio n to d e n y su m m a ry ju d g m e n t w h e n th e re is n o g e n u in e issu e a s to a n y m a te ria l fa ct. S im ila rly sp a rin g e x e rcise o f th is d iscre tio n is a p p ro p ria te u n d e r R u le 5 6 (e )(2 ). R u le 5 6 (d )(1 ), o n th e o th e r h a n d , re fle cts th e m o re o p e n -e n d e d d iscre tio n to

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d e cid e w h e th e r it is p ra ctica b le to d e te rm in e w h a t m a te ria l fa cts a re n o t g e n u in e ly a t issu e . F o rm e r R u le 5 6 (d ) u se d a va rie ty o f d iffe re n t p h ra se s to e x p re ss th e R u le 5 6 (c) sta n d a rd fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t th a t th e re is n o g e n u in e issu e a s to a n y m a te ria l fa ct. A m e n d e d R u le 5 6 (d ) a d o p ts te rm s d ire ctly p a ra lle l to R u le 5 6 (c). C O M M ITTEE N O TES O N R U LES 2 0 0 9 A M ENDM ENT T h e tim in g p ro visio n s fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t a re o u tm o d e d . T h e y a re co n so lid a te d a n d su b sta n tia lly re vise d in n e w su b d ivisio n (c)(1 ). T h e n e w ru le a llo w s a p a rty to m o ve fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t a t a n y tim e , e ve n a s e a rly a s th e co m m e n ce m e n t o f th e a ctio n . If th e m o tio n se e m s p re m a tu re b o th su b d ivisio n (c)(1 ) a n d R u le 6 (b ) a llo w th e co u rt to e x te n d th e tim e to re sp o n d . T h e ru le d o e s se t a p re su m p tive d e a d lin e a t 3 0 d a ys a fte r th e clo se o f a ll d isco ve ry. T h e p re su m p tive tim in g ru le s a re d e fa u lt p ro visio n s th a t m a y b e a lte re d b y a n o rd e r in th e ca se o r b y lo ca l ru le . S ch e d u lin g o rd e rs a re like ly to su p e rse d e th e ru le p ro visio n s in m o st ca se s, d e fe rrin g su m m a ry-ju d g m e n t m o tio n s u n til a sta te d tim e o r e sta b lish in g d iffe re n t d e a d lin e s. S ch e d u lin g o rd e rs ta ilo re d to th e n e e d s o f th e sp e cific ca se , p e rh a p s a d ju ste d a s it p ro g re sse s, a re like ly to w o rk b e tte r th a n d e fa u lt ru le s. A sch e d u lin g o rd e r m a y b e a d ju ste d to a d o p t th e p a rtie s a g re e m e n t o n tim in g , o r m a y re q u ire th a t d isco ve ry a n d m o tio n s o ccu r in sta g e s in clu d in g se p a ra tio n o f e x p e rt-w itn e ss d isco ve ry fro m o th e r d isco ve ry. Lo ca l ru le s m a y p ro ve u se fu l w h e n lo ca l d o cke t co n d itio n s o r p ra ctice s a re in co m p a tib le w ith th e g e n e ra l R u le 5 6 tim in g p ro visio n s. If a m o tio n fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t is file d b e fo re a re sp o n sive p le a d in g is d u e fro m a p a rty a ffe cte d b y th e m o tio n , th e tim e fo r re sp o n d in g to th e m o tio n is 2 1 d a ys a fte r th e re sp o n sive p le a d in g is d u e . C O M M ITTEE N O TES O N R U LES 2 0 1 0 A M ENDM ENT R u le 5 6 is re vise d to im p ro ve th e p ro ce d u re s fo r p re se n tin g a n d d e cid in g su m m a ryju d g m e n t m o tio n s a n d to m a ke th e p ro ce d u re s m o re co n siste n t w ith th o se a lre a d y u se d in m a n y co u rts. T h e sta n d a rd fo r g ra n tin g su m m a ry ju d g m e n t re m a in s u n ch a n g e d . T h e la n g u a g e o f su b d ivisio n (a ) co n tin u e s to re q u ire th a t th e re b e n o g e n u in e d isp u te a s to a n y m a te ria l fa ct a n d th a t th e m o va n t b e e n title d to ju d g m e n t a s a m a tte r o f la w . T h e a m e n d m e n ts w ill n o t a ffe ct co n tin u in g d e ve lo p m e n t o f th e d e cisio n a l la w co n stru in g a n d a p p lyin g th e se p h ra se s.

S u b d ivisio n (a ). S u b d ivisio n (a ) ca rrie s fo rw a rd th e su m m a ry-ju d g m e n t sta n d a rd e x p re sse d in fo rm e r su b d ivisio n (c), ch a n g in g o n ly o n e w o rd g e n u in e issu e b e co m e s g e n u in e d isp u te . D isp u te b e tte r re fle cts th e fo cu s o f a su m m a ry-ju d g m e n t d e te rm in a tio n . A s e x p la in e d b e lo w , sh a ll a lso is re sto re d to th e p la ce it h e ld fro m 1 9 3 8 to 2 0 0 7 .
T h e first se n te n ce is a d d e d to m a ke cle a r a t th e b e g in n in g th a t su m m a ry ju d g m e n t m a y b e re q u e ste d n o t o n ly a s to a n e n tire ca se b u t a lso a s to a cla im , d e fe n se , o r p a rt o f a cla im o r d e fe n se . T h e su b d ivisio n ca p tio n a d o p ts th e co m m o n p h ra se p a rtia l su m m a ry ju d g m e n t to d e scrib e d isp o sitio n o f le ss th a n th e w h o le a ctio n , w h e th e r o r n o t th e o rd e r g ra n ts a ll th e re lie f re q u e ste d b y th e m o tio n . S h a ll is re sto re d to e x p re ss th e d ire ctio n to g ra n t su m m a ry ju d g m e n t. T h e w o rd sh a ll in R u le 5 6 a cq u ire d sig n ifica n ce o ve r m a n y d e ca d e s o f u se . R u le 5 6 w a s a m e n d e d in 2 0 0 7 to re p la ce sh a ll w ith sh o u ld a s p a rt o f th e S tyle P ro je ct, a ctin g u n d e r a co n ve n tio n th a t p ro h ib ite d a n y u se o f sh a ll. C o m m e n ts o n p ro p o sa ls to a m e n d R u le 5 6 , a s p u b lish e d in 2 0 0 8 , h a ve sh o w n th a t n e ith e r o f th e ch o ice s a va ila b le u n d e r th e S tyle P ro je ct co n ve n tio n s m u st o r sh o u ld is su ita b le in lig h t o f th e ca se la w o n w h e th e r a d istrict co u rt h a s d iscre tio n to d e n y su m m a ry ju d g m e n t w h e n th e re a p p e a rs to b e n o g e n u in e d isp u te a s to a n y m a te ria l fa ct. C o m p a re A n d e rso n v. Lib e rty Lo b b y, In c. , 4 7 7 U .S . 2 4 2 , 2 5 5 (1 9 8 6 ) (N e ith e r d o w e su g g e st th a t th e tria l co u rts sh o u ld a ct o th e r th a n w ith ca u tio n in g ra n tin g su m m a ry ju d g m e n t o r th a t th e tria l co u rt m a y n o t d e n y su m m a ry ju d g m e n t in a ca se in w h ich th e re is re a so n to b e lie ve th a t th e b e tte r co u rse w o u ld b e to p ro ce e d to a fu ll tria l.

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K e n n e d y v. S ila s M a so n C o ., 3 3 4 U .S . 2 4 9 * * * (1 9 4 8 )), w ith C e lo te x C o rp . v. C a tre tt , 4 7 7 U .S . 3 1 7 , 3 2 2 (1 9 8 6 ) (In o u r vie w , th e p la in la n g u a g e o f R u le 5 6 (c) m a n d a te s th e e n try o f su m m a ry ju d g m e n t, a fte r a d e q u a te tim e fo r d isco ve ry a n d u p o n m o tio n , a g a in st a p a rty w h o fa ils to m a ke a sh o w in g su fficie n t to e sta b lish th e e x iste n ce o f a n e le m e n t e sse n tia l to th a t p a rtys ca se , a n d o n w h ich th a t p a rty w ill b e a r th e b u rd e n o f p ro o f a t tria l.). E lim in a tin g sh a ll cre a te d a n u n a cce p ta b le risk o f ch a n g in g th e su m m a ry-ju d g m e n t sta n d a rd . R e sto rin g sh a ll a vo id s th e u n in te n d e d co n se q u e n ce s o f a n y o th e r w o rd .
S u b d ivisio n (a ) a lso a d d s a n e w d ire ctio n th a t th e co u rt sh o u ld sta te o n th e re co rd th e re a so n s fo r g ra n tin g o r d e n yin g th e m o tio n . M o st co u rts re co g n iz e th is p ra ctice . A m o n g o th e r a d va n ta g e s, a sta te m e n t o f re a so n s ca n fa cilita te a n a p p e a l o r su b se q u e n t tria lco u rt p ro ce e d in g s. It is p a rticu la rly im p o rta n t to sta te th e re a so n s fo r g ra n tin g su m m a ry ju d g m e n t. T h e fo rm a n d d e ta il o f th e sta te m e n t o f re a so n s a re le ft to th e co u rts d iscre tio n . T h e sta te m e n t o n d e n yin g su m m a ry ju d g m e n t n e e d n o t a d d re ss e ve ry a va ila b le re a so n . Bu t id e n tifica tio n o f ce n tra l issu e s m a y h e lp th e p a rtie s to fo cu s fu rth e r p ro ce e d in g s.

S u b d ivisio n (b ). T h e tim in g p ro visio n s in fo rm e r su b d ivisio n s (a ) a n d (c) a re su p e rse d e d . A lth o u g h th e ru le a llo w s a m o tio n fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t to b e file d a t th e co m m e n ce m e n t o f a n a ctio n , in m a n y ca se s th e m o tio n w ill b e p re m a tu re u n til th e n o n m o va n t h a s h a d tim e to file a re sp o n sive p le a d in g o r o th e r p re tria l p ro ce e d in g s h a ve b e e n h a d . S ch e d u lin g o rd e rs o r o th e r p re tria l o rd e rs ca n re g u la te tim in g to fit th e n e e d s o f th e ca se . S u b d ivisio n (c). S u b d ivisio n (c) is n e w . It e sta b lish e s a co m m o n p ro ce d u re fo r se ve ra l a sp e cts o f su m m a ry-ju d g m e n t m o tio n s syn th e siz e d fro m sim ila r e le m e n ts d e ve lo p e d in th e ca se s o r fo u n d in m a n y lo ca l ru le s.
S u b d ivisio n (c)(1 ) a d d re sse s th e w a ys to su p p o rt a n a sse rtio n th a t a fa ct ca n o r ca n n o t b e g e n u in e ly d isp u te d . It d o e s n o t a d d re ss th e fo rm fo r p ro vid in g th e re q u ire d su p p o rt. D iffe re n t co u rts a n d ju d g e s h a ve a d o p te d d iffe re n t fo rm s in clu d in g , fo r e x a m p le , d ire ctio n s th a t th e su p p o rt b e in clu d e d in th e m o tio n , m a d e p a rt o f a se p a ra te sta te m e n t o f fa cts, in te rp o la te d in th e b o d y o f a b rie f o r m e m o ra n d u m , o r p ro vid e d in a se p a ra te sta te m e n t o f fa cts in clu d e d in a b rie f o r m e m o ra n d u m . S u b d ivisio n (c)(1 )(A ) d e scrib e s th e fa m ilia r re co rd m a te ria ls co m m o n ly re lie d u p o n a n d re q u ire s th a t th e m o va n t cite th e p a rticu la r p a rts o f th e m a te ria ls th a t su p p o rt its fa ct p o sitio n s. M a te ria ls th a t a re n o t ye t in th e re co rd in clu d in g m a te ria ls re fe rre d to in a n a ffid a vit o r d e cla ra tio n m u st b e p la ce d in th e re co rd . O n ce m a te ria ls a re in th e re co rd , th e co u rt m a y, b y o rd e r in th e ca se , d ire ct th a t th e m a te ria ls b e g a th e re d in a n a p p e n d ix , a p a rty m a y vo lu n ta rily su b m it a n a p p e n d ix , o r th e p a rtie s m a y su b m it a jo in t a p p e n d ix . T h e a p p e n d ix p ro ce d u re a lso m a y b e e sta b lish e d b y lo ca l ru le . P o in tin g to a sp e cific lo ca tio n in a n a p p e n d ix sa tisfie s th e cita tio n re q u ire m e n t. S o to o it m a y b e co n ve n ie n t to d ire ct th a t a p a rty a ssist th e co u rt in lo ca tin g m a te ria ls b u rie d in a vo lu m in o u s re co rd . S u b d ivisio n (c)(1 )(B) re co g n iz e s th a t a p a rty n e e d n o t a lw a ys p o in t to sp e cific re co rd m a te ria ls. O n e p a rty, w ith o u t citin g a n y o th e r m a te ria ls, m a y re sp o n d o r re p ly th a t m a te ria ls cite d to d isp u te o r su p p o rt a fa ct d o n o t e sta b lish th e a b se n ce o r p re se n ce o f a g e n u in e d isp u te . A n d a p a rty w h o d o e s n o t h a ve th e tria l b u rd e n o f p ro d u ctio n m a y re ly o n a sh o w in g th a t a p a rty w h o d o e s h a ve th e tria l b u rd e n ca n n o t p ro d u ce a d m issib le e vid e n ce to ca rry its b u rd e n a s to th e fa ct. S u b d ivisio n (c)(2 ) p ro vid e s th a t a p a rty m a y o b je ct th a t m a te ria l cite d to su p p o rt o r d isp u te a fa ct ca n n o t b e p re se n te d in a fo rm th a t w o u ld b e a d m issib le in e vid e n ce . T h e o b je ctio n fu n ctio n s m u ch a s a n o b je ctio n a t tria l, a d ju ste d fo r th e p re tria l se ttin g . T h e b u rd e n is o n th e p ro p o n e n t to sh o w th a t th e m a te ria l is a d m issib le a s p re se n te d o r to e x p la in th e a d m issib le fo rm th a t is a n ticip a te d . T h e re is n o n e e d to m a ke a se p a ra te m o tio n to strike . If th e ca se g o e s to tria l, fa ilu re to ch a lle n g e a d m issib ility a t th e su m m a ryju d g m e n t sta g e d o e s n o t fo rfe it th e rig h t to ch a lle n g e a d m issib ility a t tria l. S u b d ivisio n (c)(3 ) re fle cts ju d icia l o p in io n s a n d lo ca l ru le s p ro visio n s sta tin g th a t th e co u rt m a y d e cid e a m o tio n fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t w ith o u t u n d e rta kin g a n in d e p e n d e n t se a rch o f th e re co rd . N o n e th e le ss, th e ru le a lso re co g n iz e s th a t a co u rt m a y co n sid e r re co rd m a te ria ls n o t ca lle d to its a tte n tio n b y th e p a rtie s.
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S u b d ivisio n (c)(4 ) ca rrie s fo rw a rd so m e o f th e p ro visio n s o f fo rm e r su b d ivisio n (e )(1 ). O th e r p ro visio n s a re re lo ca te d o r o m itte d . T h e re q u ire m e n t th a t a sw o rn o r ce rtifie d co p y o f a p a p e r re fe rre d to in a n a ffid a vit o r d e cla ra tio n b e a tta ch e d to th e a ffid a vit o r d e cla ra tio n is o m itte d a s u n n e ce ssa ry g ive n th e re q u ire m e n t in su b d ivisio n (c)(1 )(A ) th a t a sta te m e n t o r d isp u te o f fa ct b e su p p o rte d b y m a te ria ls in th e re co rd . A fo rm a l a ffid a vit is n o lo n g e r re q u ire d . 2 8 U .S .C . 1 7 4 6 a llo w s a w ritte n u n sw o rn d e cla ra tio n , ce rtifica te , ve rifica tio n , o r sta te m e n t su b scrib e d in p ro p e r fo rm a s tru e u n d e r p e n a lty o f p e rju ry to su b stitu te fo r a n a ffid a vit.

S u b d ivisio n (d ). S u b d ivisio n (d ) ca rrie s fo rw a rd w ith o u t su b sta n tia l ch a n g e th e p ro visio n s o f fo rm e r su b d ivisio n (f).

A p a rty w h o se e ks re lie f u n d e r su b d ivisio n (d ) m a y se e k a n o rd e r d e fe rrin g th e tim e to re sp o n d to th e su m m a ry-ju d g m e n t m o tio n .

S u b d ivisio n (e ). S u b d ivisio n (e ) a d d re sse s q u e stio n s th a t a rise w h e n a p a rty fa ils to su p p o rt a n a sse rtio n o f fa ct o r fa ils to p ro p e rly a d d re ss a n o th e r p a rtys a sse rtio n o f fa ct a s re q u ire d b y R u le 5 6 (c). A s e x p la in e d b e lo w , su m m a ry ju d g m e n t ca n n o t b e g ra n te d b y d e fa u lt e ve n if th e re is a co m p le te fa ilu re to re sp o n d to th e m o tio n , m u ch le ss w h e n a n a tte m p te d re sp o n se fa ils to co m p ly w ith R u le 5 6 (c) re q u ire m e n ts. N o r sh o u ld it b e d e n ie d b y d e fa u lt e ve n if th e m o va n t co m p le te ly fa ils to re p ly to a n o n m o va n ts re sp o n se . Be fo re d e cid in g o n o th e r p o ssib le a ctio n , su b d ivisio n (e )(1 ) re co g n iz e s th a t th e co u rt m a y a ffo rd a n o p p o rtu n ity to p ro p e rly su p p o rt o r a d d re ss th e fa ct. In m a n y circu m sta n ce s th is o p p o rtu n ity w ill b e th e co u rts p re fe rre d first ste p .
S u b d ivisio n (e )(2 ) a u th o riz e s th e co u rt to co n sid e r a fa ct a s u n d isp u te d fo r p u rp o se s o f th e m o tio n w h e n re sp o n se o r re p ly re q u ire m e n ts a re n o t sa tisfie d . T h is a p p ro a ch re fle cts th e d e e m e d a d m itte d p ro visio n s in m a n y lo ca l ru le s. T h e fa ct is co n sid e re d u n d isp u te d o n ly fo r p u rp o se s o f th e m o tio n ; if su m m a ry ju d g m e n t is d e n ie d , a p a rty w h o fa ile d to m a ke a p ro p e r R u le 5 6 re sp o n se o r re p ly re m a in s fre e to co n te st th e fa ct in fu rth e r p ro ce e d in g s. A n d th e co u rt m a y ch o o se n o t to co n sid e r th e fa ct a s u n d isp u te d , p a rticu la rly if th e co u rt kn o w s o f re co rd m a te ria ls th a t sh o w g ro u n d s fo r g e n u in e d isp u te . S u b d ivisio n (e )(3 ) re co g n iz e s th a t th e co u rt m a y g ra n t su m m a ry ju d g m e n t o n ly if th e m o tio n a n d su p p o rtin g m a te ria ls in clu d in g th e fa cts co n sid e re d u n d isp u te d u n d e r su b d ivisio n (e )(2 ) sh o w th a t th e m o va n t is e n title d to it. C o n sid e rin g so m e fa cts u n d isp u te d d o e s n o t o f itse lf a llo w su m m a ry ju d g m e n t. If th e re is a p ro p e r re sp o n se o r re p ly a s to so m e fa cts, th e co u rt ca n n o t g ra n t su m m a ry ju d g m e n t w ith o u t d e te rm in in g w h e th e r th o se fa cts ca n b e g e n u in e ly d isp u te d . O n ce th e co u rt h a s d e te rm in e d th e se t o f fa cts b o th th o se it h a s ch o se n to co n sid e r u n d isp u te d fo r w a n t o f a p ro p e r re sp o n se o r re p ly a n d a n y th a t ca n n o t b e g e n u in e ly d isp u te d d e sp ite a p ro ce d u ra lly p ro p e r re sp o n se o r re p ly it m u st d e te rm in e th e le g a l co n se q u e n ce s o f th e se fa cts a n d p e rm issib le in fe re n ce s fro m th e m . S u b d ivisio n (e )(4 ) re co g n iz e s th a t still o th e r o rd e rs m a y b e a p p ro p ria te . T h e ch o ice a m o n g p o ssib le o rd e rs sh o u ld b e d e sig n e d to e n co u ra g e p ro p e r p re se n ta tio n o f th e re co rd . M a n y co u rts ta ke e x tra ca re w ith p ro se litig a n ts, a d visin g th e m o f th e n e e d to re sp o n d a n d th e risk o f lo sin g b y su m m a ry ju d g m e n t if a n a d e q u a te re sp o n se is n o t file d . A n d th e co u rt m a y se e k to re a ssu re itse lf b y so m e e x a m in a tio n o f th e re co rd b e fo re g ra n tin g su m m a ry ju d g m e n t a g a in st a p ro se litig a n t.

S u b d ivisio n (f). S u b d ivisio n (f) b rin g s in to R u le 5 6 te x t a n u m b e r o f re la te d p ro ce d u re s th a t h a ve g ro w n u p in p ra ctice . A fte r g ivin g n o tice a n d a re a so n a b le tim e to re sp o n d th e co u rt m a y g ra n t su m m a ry ju d g m e n t fo r th e n o n m o vin g p a rty; g ra n t a m o tio n o n le g a l o r fa ctu a l g ro u n d s n o t ra ise d b y th e p a rtie s; o r co n sid e r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t o n its o w n . In m a n y ca se s it m a y p ro ve u se fu l first to in vite a m o tio n ; th e in vite d m o tio n w ill a u to m a tica lly trig g e r th e re g u la r p ro ce d u re o f su b d ivisio n (c). S u b d ivisio n (g ). S u b d ivisio n (g ) a p p lie s w h e n th e co u rt d o e s n o t g ra n t a ll th e re lie f re q u e ste d b y a m o tio n fo r su m m a ry ju d g m e n t. It b e co m e s re le va n t o n ly a fte r th e co u rt h a s a p p lie d th e su m m a ry-ju d g m e n t sta n d a rd ca rrie d fo rw a rd in su b d ivisio n (a ) to e a ch cla im , d e fe n se , o r p a rt o f a cla im o r d e fe n se , id e n tifie d b y th e m o tio n . O n ce th a t d u ty is d isch a rg e d , th e co u rt m a y d e cid e w h e th e r to a p p ly th e su m m a ry-ju d g m e n t sta n d a rd to

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d isp o se o f a m a te ria l fa ct th a t is n o t g e n u in e ly in d isp u te . T h e co u rt m u st ta ke ca re th a t th is d e te rm in a tio n d o e s n o t in te rfe re w ith a p a rtys a b ility to a cce p t a fa ct fo r p u rp o se s o f th e m o tio n o n ly. A n o n m o va n t, fo r e x a m p le , m a y fe e l co n fid e n t th a t a g e n u in e d isp u te a s to o n e o r a fe w fa cts w ill d e fe a t th e m o tio n , a n d p re fe r to a vo id th e co st o f d e ta ile d re sp o n se to a ll fa cts sta te d b y th e m o va n t. T h is p o sitio n sh o u ld b e a va ila b le w ith o u t ru n n in g th e risk th a t th e fa ct w ill b e ta ke n a s e sta b lish e d u n d e r su b d ivisio n (g ) o r o th e rw ise fo u n d to h a ve b e e n a cce p te d fo r o th e r p u rp o se s. If it is re a d ily a p p a re n t th a t th e co u rt ca n n o t g ra n t a ll th e re lie f re q u e ste d b y th e m o tio n , it m a y p ro p e rly d e cid e th a t th e co st o f d e te rm in in g w h e th e r so m e p o te n tia l fa ct d isp u te s m a y b e e lim in a te d b y su m m a ry d isp o sitio n is g re a te r th a n th e co st o f re so lvin g th o se d isp u te s b y o th e r m e a n s, in clu d in g tria l. E ve n if th e co u rt b e lie ve s th a t a fa ct is n o t g e n u in e ly in d isp u te it m a y re fra in fro m o rd e rin g th a t th e fa ct b e tre a te d a s e sta b lish e d . T h e co u rt m a y co n clu d e th a t it is b e tte r to le a ve o p e n fo r tria l fa cts a n d issu e s th a t m a y b e b e tte r illu m in a te d b y th e tria l o f re la te d fa cts th a t m u st b e trie d in a n y e ve n t.

S u b d ivisio n (h ). S u b d ivisio n (h ) ca rrie s fo rw a rd fo rm e r su b d ivisio n (g ) w ith th re e ch a n g e s. S a n ctio n s a re m a d e d iscre tio n a ry, n o t m a n d a to ry, re fle ctin g th e e x p e rie n ce th a t co u rts se ld o m in vo ke th e in d e p e n d e n t R u le 5 6 a u th o rity to im p o se sa n ctio n s. S e e C e cil & C o rt, F e d e ra l Ju d icia l C e n te r M e m o ra n d u m o n F e d e ra l R u le o f C ivil P ro ce d u re 5 6 (g ) M o tio n s fo r S a n ctio n s (A p ril 2 , 2 0 0 7 ). In a d d itio n , th e ru le te x t is e x p a n d e d to re co g n iz e th e n e e d to p ro vid e n o tice a n d a re a so n a b le tim e to re sp o n d . F in a lly, a u th o rity to im p o se o th e r a p p ro p ria te sa n ctio n s a lso is re co g n iz e d . C h a n g e s M a d e A fte r P u b lica tio n a n d C o m m e n t
S U B DIV ISIO N ( A ) : [S ]h o u ld g ra n t w a s ch a n g e d to sh a ll g ra n t. [T ]h e m o va n t sh o w s th a t w a s a d d e d . La n g u a g e a b o u t id e n tifyin g th e cla im o r d e fe n se w a s m o ve d u p fro m su b d ivisio n (c)(1 ) a s p u b lish e d . S U B DIV ISIO N ( B ) : T h e sp e cifica tio n s o f tim e s to re sp o n d a n d to re p ly w e re d e le te d . W o rd s re fe rrin g to a n o rd e r in th e ca se w e re d e le te d . S U B DIV ISIO N ( C ) : T h e d e ta ile d p o in t-co u n te rp o in t p ro visio n s p u b lish e d a s su b d ivisio n (c)(1 ) a n d (2 ) w e re d e le te d . T h e re q u ire m e n t th a t th e co u rt g ive n o tice b e fo re g ra n tin g su m m a ry ju d g m e n t o n th e b a sis o f re co rd m a te ria ls n o t cite d b y th e p a rtie s w a s d e le te d . T h e p ro visio n th a t a p a rty m a y a cce p t o r d isp u te a fa ct fo r p u rp o se s o f th e m o tio n o n ly w a s d e le te d . S U B DIV ISIO N ( E ) : T h e la n g u a g e w a s re vise d to re fle ct e lim in a tio n o f th e p o in tco u n te rp o in t p ro ce d u re fro m su b d ivisio n (c). T h e n e w la n g u a g e re a ch e s fa ilu re to p ro p e rly su p p o rt a n a sse rtio n o f fa ct in a m o tio n . S U B DIV ISIO N ( F ) : T h e p ro visio n re q u irin g n o tice b e fo re d e n yin g su m m a ry ju d g m e n t o n g ro u n d s n o t ra ise d b y a p a rty w a s d e le te d . S U B DIV ISIO N ( H ) : R e co g n itio n o f th e a u th o rity to im p o se o th e r a p p ro p ria te sa n ctio n s w a s added. O THER C HA NG ES : M a n y style ch a n g e s w e re m a d e to e x p re ss m o re cle a rly th e in te n d e d m e a n in g o f th e p u b lish e d p ro p o sa l. R u le 5 5 . D e fa u lt; D e fa u lt Ju d g m e n t up R u le 5 7 . D e cla ra to ry Ju d g m e n t

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