Aim The purpose of this lab session is to look at some of the applications and the limitations of the Operational

Amplifier. Description In this lab we will experiment the operational-amplifier (op-amp), an active circuit that is designed for certain characteristics (high input resistance, low output resistance, and a large differential gain) that make it nearly ideal and non-ideal amplifier and useful building-block in circuits. In this lab we will learn about DC biasing for active circuits and explore a few of the basic functional op-amp circuits. For this experiment, we will use inverting and non-inverting amplifier and to connect these circuits we need to know the basic theory of these amplifiers----Theory: Inverting Amplifier An inverting-amplifier circuit is built by grounding the positive input of the operational amplifier and connecting resistors R1 and R2, called the feedback networks, between the inverting input and the signal source and amplifier output node, respectively. With assumption that reverse-transfer parameter is negligibly small, open-circuit voltage gain Av.

Figure: Inverting Amplifier configuration of an op-amp

Non-Inverting Amplifier The operational amplifier can also be used to construct a non-inverting amplifier with the circuit indicated below. The input signal is applied to the positive or non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier, gh the feedback circuit (closed loop) formed by the input resistor R1 and the feedback resistor R2. This creates ve feedback as follows. Resistors R1 and R2 form a voltage-divider circuit, which reduces Vo and connects the reduced voltage V2 to the inverting input and a portion of

the output signal is fed back to the negative input terminal. Analysis of the circuit is performed by relating the voltage at V2 to both the input voltage Vin and the output voltage Vo. The output is applied back to the inverting (-) input through.

Figure: Non-Inverting Amplifier configuration of an op-amp

Part 1 Ideal Amplifier

1.1 Here, we assembled an inverting amplifier with R1 = R2 = 10k and applied 1 kHz and 2Vpp sinusoidal input signal. i. Vo = - 2.08 v and V1 = 2.08v So, Av = Vo/V1 = -2.08/2.08 = -1 Since it is an inverting amplifier, there will be an 180o phase shift between input and output voltage.

ii.

For inverting amplifier, Vo = - (R2/R1)V1 So, V1 = - Vo/(R2/R1) = -(-2.08)/(10/10) = 2.08v which is expected.

1.2 Here, we assembled an non-inverting amplifier with R1 = R2 = 10k and applied 1kHz and 2Vpp sinusoidal input signal. i. Vo = 4.08 v and V1 = 2.08v So, Av = Vo/V1 = 4.08/2.08 = 2 Since it is a non-inverting amplifier, there will be no phase shift between input and output voltage.

ii.

For non-inverting amplifier, Vo = (1 + R2/R1)V1 So, V1 = Vo/(1 + R2/R1) = (4.08)/(1 + 10/10) = 2.08v which is expected.

Part 2 Non-ideal Amplifier

2.1

Below sketch is the waveform of input voltage and output voltage after increasing the amplitude of the input signal until the clipping occurs----

Vo(p-p) = 21.8v VL+ = 11.6 v VL- = -10.2 v

2.2 Here, R1 = 10k and R2 = 100 Now, output voltage, Vo(p-p) = 4.6 v (before it was 21.8v when R2 = 10k) So, V1 = Vo/(1 + R2/R1) = (4.6)/(1 + 100/(10*103)) = 4.55v VL+ = 2.6 v VL- = -2 v So, I = V1/R1 = 4.55/10 = .455mA RL = (12-4.55)/.455 = 16.37 k

2.3 In this section, we measured input offset Vf by connecting the circuit as below-------

Here, R1 = 100 and R2 = 100k Now, output voltage, Vo(p-p) = 1.697 v So, Vf = Vo/(1 + R2/R1) = (1.697)/(1 + (100*103)/100) = 1.7 mv In the appendix, Vf = 2mv

2.4 In this section, we measured bias current Ib by connecting the circuit as below-------

Here, R3 = 10M So, Vo = .301v = R3 Ib Ib = V0/ R3 = .301/10*106 = 30.1nA In the appendix, Ib = 80nA

2.5
i.

Here, we configured the op amp as an inverting amplifier with R1 = R2 = 1k and input Vi = 10Vpp. The following sketch is the output waveform when the input frequency is 1kHz-----

The following sketch is the output waveform when the input frequency is 100kHz-----

ii.

Here, we measured slew rate(SR) of op amp at 100 kHz---SR = 2.48v/5s = .496v/s In the appendix, SR = .5v/s Here, output voltage Vo(p-p) = 2.48 v, Input frequency, f = 100 kHz = 105 Hz and SR = .496v/s = 496000v/s So, SR/f = 496000/*105 = 1.578v When we reduced the amplitude, we found the following waveform as undistorted-------

iii.

2.6 i. R1 1k 1k 1k ii. Typical electrical characteristic for Vs = 15v 2mv 80nA .5v/s 1M Experimental results for Vs = 12v 1.7mv 30.1nA .496v/s 759.375 kHz R2 1k 10k 100k Vi 160mv 160mv 160mv Vo 270mv 1.4v 13v Av 1.6875 8.75 81.25 .707*Vo 190.89mv 989.8mv 9.19v F2 450kHz 83.5kHz 9.1kHz Avf2 759.375kHz 730.625 kHz 739.375 kHz

Input offset voltage Input bias current Slew rate Gain-bandwidth