Craige hardel Aim: to determine the maximum height of a liquid being sucked up a straw Hypothesis: the maximum height

a liquid can be sucked up a straw is dependent on its density Theory: An ideal gas is defined as one in which all collisions between atoms or molecules are perfectly elastic and in which there are no intermolecular attractive forces. Under ideal gases,

plung + gh2 = p atm + gh1 gh1 = plung + gh2 Apparatus: vernier caliper, straws, water, beaker, Coca cola, salt water

METHOD: record the height of water in the beaker then set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram attempt to suck the water up the straw as high as possible in one breath calculate the maximum height (h2 ) the water can go up using the formula plung = p atm + gh1 - gh2

Possible calculations for water plung = 300 pa (lowest lung pressure) Density of water () = 4200 kg m-3 gh1 is neglible plung = p atm + gh1 - gh2 gh2 = p atm - plung h2 = (p atm - plung ) / g = (1.01 * 10^5 300) / (4200 * 9.81) = 2.42 m

Discussion The gases in the experiment are considered to obey the ideal gas law. Because of the small h1 figure, initial pressure was omitted from the formula since it would be considered negligible in that case. With salt water, which has a higher density than tap water, the pressure would increase since pressure is proportional to density. This would in turn cause a reduction in the height (h2). In the case of a coca- cola, things are more complicated, because the dissolved carbon dioxide will start to boil out of solution under vacuum. If you sucked extremely slowly, first of all you would only get CO2 and then, when you had removed the gas, you would get flat soft drink. If you sucked very quickly, then you might get the drink to rise up before the CO2 nucleated and formed bubbles. More likely you would get a froth of liquid and CO2 bubbles, and you might actually be able to suck this up to a much greater height because the effective density of the foamy mixture would be lower than pure liquid water. At intermediate suction rates, the foam bubbles would coalesce and you would be limited to a lower column height. The estimates of the values shown above depends on the temperature as well, since the water pressure varies directly to temperature e.g. if the water was heated the pressure value would be higher hence resulting in a lower height (h2). Sources of error possible constrictions in the straw holes in the straw parallax error in measuring the initial water height Precautions close surrounding areas to minimize external wind make sure straw doesnt touch the bottom of the beaker make sure there arent any bubbles in the straw

Conclusion The denser an object, the greater the pressure, and smaller the height. Therefore salt water would have a higher maximum height than tap water (2.42 m from results). However, a soft drink (coca cola) would attain a lower height.