SOLUTION:Population forcasting by Geometric Increase Method.

YEAR 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

POPULATION 95,000 125,000 140,000 145,000 155,000 165,000 185,000 195,000 200,000

PERIOD 1910-1920 1920-1930 1930-1940 1940-1950 1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990

INCREASER IN POPULATION 30,000 15,000 5,000 10,000 10,000 20,000 10,000 5,000

GROWTH RATE(%) 31.58 12 3.57 6.9 6.45 13.12 5.41 2.56

Arithmetic average= (31.58+12+3.57+6.9+6.45+13.12+5.41+2.56)/8 =10.2% per decade Geometric average=

=7.58% per decade As per GoI manual on Water and Water treatment geometric mean should be used. But, the design engineers in the field generally consider the arithmetic mean, because it is slightly greater than the geometric mean, and hence gives conservative higher values of forecasted population. Therefore, design r = 10.2% per decade Now P2020= population after 3 decades
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=P1990*(1+r/100)n =200,000*(1 + 10.2/100)3 = 267655 Therefore, design population in 2020= 267655 Per capita demand = 250 lpcd Therefore, total water requirement in 2020= (267655*250) litre/day =66.9 MLD= 67 MLD

DESIGN OF PRE-SEDIMENTATION TANK:We shall design the tank to remove the particles up to 0.5 mm size. General Parameters:I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Overflow rate = 20-80 m3/m2/day, Minimum side water depth = 2.5 mm, Detention time = 0.5 to 3 hours, Side slope = 15% (from sides towards centre line), Longitudinal slope = 1.5% in rectangular tank, Ratio of length to breadth = 3:1 to 5:1 Settling velocity = to ensure removal of minimum size of particles of 0.5 mm.

Hydraulic Design

1. Dimension of tank:Water required by the year 2020 = 67 MLD = 67*106 L/day ={(67*106*10-3)/24} m3/hour =2791.67 m3/hour Let us pumping is for 16 hours, the discharge coming into the pre-sedimentation tank = {(2791.67*24)/16} = 4187.5 m3/hour Water los in desludging = 2% Therefore, design average flow = 4271.25 m3/hour
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Assume detention time = 2 hours ( between 0.5 to 3 hours) Therefore, effective storage of sedimentation tank = (4271.25*2) m3 = 8542.5 m3 Assuming effective depth = 3.0 m. Therefore, area of tank required = (8542.5/3) m2 Assume L:B = 3:1

L = 3B

3B * B = 2847.5 B = 949.17 ; B=30.8m = 31m L = (3*30.8) m= 92.4 m

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Provide a tank of size = 92.4 m * 31 m * 3 m(water depth). Provide a free board = 0.5 m

Hence use a tank = 92.4 m X 31 m X 3.5m

Loading on the tank, i.e. overflow rate =

= {(4271.25*24)/(92.4*31)} = 35.8 m3/m2/day

(i.e. in the range of 2 to 80 m3/m2/day) ................................. [ OK] 2. Settlement velocity(vs) by the method of Stokes Law:Here, a) b) c) d) Size of particles(d) = 0.5 mm, Specific gravity = 2.65, Kinematic viscosity at 200 C = 1.01*10-6 m2/sec, Value of g = 9.81 m/sec2 ( min. size of particles = 0.5 mm)

vs = 1.8
=1.8

=0.16 m/secs Reynolds no. R= [(vs.d)/v] = 79.20>1

3.Settlement velocity by the method of Discharge entering the tank and tank dimensions :-

a) b) c) d)

Discharge entering the basin (Q) = 4271.5 m3/hr. Depth of water in tank (H) = 3 m, Width of basin(B) = 31 m, Length of the Tank (L) = 92.4 m.

Horizontal flow velocity is given as:v = Q/B.H = {1.186/(31*3)} m/sec = 0.0128 m/sec = 0.768 m/min Settling velocity, vs = v.H/L = {(0.768*3)/92.4} m/min = 0.025 m/min = 0.00042 m/sec

The particles having settling velocity greater than or equal to 0.00042 m/sec shall settle in the tank of dimensions assumed above.

4.time period required for particles to settle in the tank:As given in para(ii) above, a particle of size 0.5 mm shall setle in the tank if its settling velocity is greater than equal to 0.16 m/sec. Since we have assumed the water depth = 3 m,

Time required to settle down this depth = t1 =(3/0.16) secs = 18.75 secs = 0.0052 hours
Since the horizontal velocity of flow is 0.0128 m/sec and the length of the tank and the length of the tank is 92.4 m,
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 The time taken by water to reach the outlet = t2 = (92.4/0.0128)= 7218.75 secs = 2 hours.
Thus the time reqd. by the water to flow from the inlet to the outlet is more than the the time required by the particle size 0.5 mm to settle down.

Hence, all the particles of size 0.5 mm having a settling velocity greater than or equal to 0.16 m/sec shall be retained in the sedimentation tank. NOTE:- Longitudinal slope of 1in50 is being provided; and side slope of 1 in 30 is being provided towards the longitudinal centre line.

5. Check against scour of deposited particles:Scour velocity (vd)= { } unigranular particles) f = 0.03 (Darcy-Weisbach friction factor) G = sp. Gravity of particles = 2.65 g = 9.81 m/sec2 d = size of settling particles = 0.5 mm = 0.5 *10-3 m

vd =
= 0.3 m/sec

m/sec

Thus to avoid scour the flow velocity should not exceed vd. Here, the horizontal flow velocity (v) = 0.0128 m/sec. Which is less than scour velocity(vd).........................................[OK]

 DESIGN OF RAW WATER TANK AT BHERI:A raw water storage tank of 8.0 hours detention period is proposed to be provided, so that the water coming from the rising main at the rate 1.5*average discharge due to 16 hours pumping can be stored in it for 8 hours. The outflows from the Bheri Tank will be at the rate of average discharge and the water stored in the tank shall maintain the continuous flow in the filtration plant for 24 hours. Water requirement for the year 2020 = 67.0 MLD Taking 8 hours detention period, Capacity of tank = {(8.0*67.0)/24} = 22.3 ML = 22300 m3 Provide water depth = 3.0 m. Plan area of tank required = (22300/3) m2 =7433.3 m2 Assume a ratio of L:B =2.5:1,

2.5B*B = 7433.3 B =55 m ;

L = 138 m.

Provide a tank of size 138 m * 55 m * 3 m(water depth) Provide a free board = 0.5 m Hence, Provide a tank of size 138 m * 55 m* 3.5 m

 DESIGN OF CASCADE AERATOR:Water requirement for the year 2020 = 67.0 MLD

Average water requirement (discharge) Q = {(67*106)/(24*3600*1000)} m3/sec

= 0.775 m3/sec Width of the weir proposed = 4.0 m For broad crested weir, Q = 1.65*B*H3/2

H = {0.775/(1.65*4)}2/3
= 0.24 m = 24 cm So, a total depth of 24 cm shall be flowing over the weir. At the outlet chamber, one side wall has been kept 200 mm below the top surface of the tank so as to prevent excess flow of water towards alum mixing chamber. Four pipes of 250 mm dia. have been provided at the outlet of Aerator to the alum mixing chamber. Enough discharge of water will flow through these pipes. The overflow shall take place only when the outlet of alum mixing chamber are clogged. All the masonry walls shall be plastered. Wall thickness has been proposed to be kept as 0.30 m.

Alum dose :- The dose of alum varies from 150to 20 mg/L of water, but actual dose is to be ascertained by experiments in the laboratory from time to time. The optimum coagulation occurs when the pH value of water is between 6 to 8. Since alum makes the water acidic, the alum dosing tank will be lined with rubber or preferably polyethylene tanks shall be used. Here, we shall use 2 such tanks each of 3000L capacity.
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Now, assuming the peak alum dose to be 20 mg/L and normal dose to be 20% of that, we get, Alum required @ 20 mg/L = {(20*67*106)/(1000*1000)} kg/day = 1340 kg/day Only 20% of 1340 kg shall be used in normal conditions. Thus, for most of the year, the alum to be used will be 32 kg/day.

 DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK:-

General Provisions a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) Overflow rate = 15 to 30 m3/day/m2 Minimum side water depth = 2.5 m Detention period for coagulated water = 2.0 to 4.0 hours Weir loading = 300 m3/day/m2 Side slopes for non mechanical cleaning = 10% from sides towards the longitudinal central line Longitudinal slope = 1% in case of rectangular tank Ratio of length and width = 3:1 to 5:1 Settling velocity = to ensure minimum size of particles of 0.02 mm Detention time to flocculation chamber = 10 to 30 minutes Skimming weir = to check the froth on the surface of outlet to reduce load on the filter Horizontal flow velocity = 0.15 to 0.9 m/min

Hydraulic Design of Proposed Sedimentation cum Flocculation Tank

(i)

Dimensions of the tank

Water required by the year 2020 = 67 MLD = 2791.67 m3/hr Water lost in desludging Design average flow = 2% = {(2791.67*100)/(100-2)} = 2848.64 m3/hr

Assume a total detention period of 2.6 hours. Effective storage of sedimentation tank = (2848.64*2.6) = 7406.46 m3 Assume a effective depth H = 3.0 m Area of tank required = A = (7406.46/3)m2 = 2468.82 m2
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Assume L/B =3:1

3B*B = 2468.82
B = 28.7m ; L = 86.1m
Provide a tank of size 86.1 m*28.7 m* 3.0 m(water depth) Provide a free board = 0.5 m Loading on the tank ,i.e. overflow rate = Q/area = {(2848.64*24)/(86.1*28.7)} = 27.67 m3/m2/day (which is within the prescribed range of 15 to 30 m3/m2/day, O.K.) Hence, use a tank of size 86.1 m* 28.7 m* 3.5 m. Provide extra depth for sludge storage. Provide longitudinal slope of 1 in 50. Also provide side slope of 1 in 30 towards the longitudinal central line.

(ii)

Settlement velocity(vs) by the method of Stokes Law:-

The following parameters have been adopted. Size of particles (d) = 0.02 mm. = 0.02*10-3m Specific gravity of particles, G = 2.65 Kinematic viscosity of particles at 200C = 1.01*10-6 m2/sec Vs= [{9.81*(2.65-1)*(0.02*10-3)2}/(18 * 1.01*10-6)] = 3.56 * 10-4 m/s (iii) Settlement velocity by the method of Discharge entering the tank and Tank dimensions:-

Parameters adopted:Discharge entering the basin Q= 2848.64 m3/hr = 0.79 m3/sec Depth of water in the tank, H Width of tank, B Length of tank, L =86.1 m
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=3m = 28.7 m

Horizontal flow velocity v = (Q/B.H) = (0.79/28.7*3) = 9.18 * 10 -3 m/sec = 0.551 m/min Settling velocity = (9.18*10-3*3)/86.1 = 3.2*10-4 m/sec Thus, the particles having settling velocity greater than or equal to 3.2*10 -4 m/sec shall settle in the tank of dimensions calculated above. (iv) Time period required for particles to settle in the tank

As given earlier, a particle of size of 0.02 mm shall settle in the tank if its settling velocity is greater than or equal to 3.56*10-4. Since we have assumed the water depth as 3.0 m, the time required by the particles to settle down is equal to t1 = (3.0/3.56*10-4) = 2.34 hours Now the horizontal velocity of flow is 9.18*10-3m/sec and the length of tank is 86.1 m, the time taken by water to reach the outlet : t2 =(86.1/9.18*10-3) = 2.6 hrs<t1 thus the time required by water to flow from the inlet to the outlet is more than the time required by the particles size 0.02 mm to settle down. Hence, all the particles of size 0.02 mm having a settling velocity.

(v)

Check against scour of deposited particles:-

Scour velocity (vd)= { } unigranular particles) f = 0.03 (Darcy-Weisbach friction factor) G = sp. Gravity of particles = 2.65 g = 9.81 m/sec2 d = size of settling particles = 0.02 mm = 0.02 *10-3 m

vd =
= 0.058 m/sec

m/sec

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Thus to avoid scour the flow velocity should not exceed vd. Here, the horizontal flow velocity (v) = 0.00918 m/sec. Which is less than scour velocity(vd).........................................[OK]

Design of Floc Chamber:In addition to 86.1 m length of settling tank, the floc chamber at the the entry has to be provided. Assume the depth of the floc chamber as half the depth of the sedimentation tank i.e. 3.5/2 =1.75 m ; say 1.8 m. Detention period Capacity of the chamber = 20 minutes = flow required in 20 minutes = 0.79*20*60 = 948 m3 Width of the chamber Length of the chamber = 28.7 m = (948/28.7*1.8) = 18.88 m = 19 m

Thus the floc chamber shall have the effective dimensions of 19 m * 28.7 m * 1.8 m

Design of Inlet-Outlet :Inlet structure

The inlet structure is designed to minimize turbulence ; distribute the water and suspended solids throughout the depth of the basin ; and avoid the deposition of solids. Provide a 0.6 m wide and 0.6 m deep influent channel that runs across the width of the tank. The design that follows provides overflow weir in the inlet structure for whole width of the tank. The depth of flow over the weir on full discharge shall be : Q = 1.65 * B* H3/2 (for broad crested weirs) B = 28.7 m ; Q = 0.79 m3/sec

H = 0.065 m
A free board of 0.5 m has been provided at the inlet. Velocity of flow over the weir Q = v * A v = (0.79/0.065*28.7) = 0.42 m/sec
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Outlet structure

The outlet structure shall consist of skimming weir plate, outlet box , outlet pipe, and one overflow pipe to provide overflow when water to pass through the filter is reduced. The concrete weirt on the outlet shall be 500 mm below the inlet weir crest. A skimming weir consisting of 8 mm thick and 10 mm depth steel plate with 900 V-Notches having depth of 5 cm is provided along the total width of the tank. There are 4 outlet pipes of 250 mm dia which take the watert to the filter tank. One overflow pipe of 300 mm dia has been provided on the side of the outlet box to prevent surplus water from flowing towards the filter.

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 DESIGN OF RAPID GRAVITY FILTERS:-

General provisions:a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Required flow of filtered water = 67 MLD Quantity of backwash water used = 3% of filter output Time lost during backwashing = 30 mins. Design rate of filtration = 5.4 m3/m2/hour Length to width ratio = 1.5:1 to 2:1 Under drainage system = central manifold Size of perforations = 9mm

Design:Filtered water required = 67.0 MLD

Filtered water required per hour = (67*106)/(24*103) m3

= 2791.67 m3 Design flow for filter after accounting for backwash water (3%) And washing time (0.5 hour) = (2791.67*1.03*24)/23.5 = 2936.6 m3/hour Plan area of filter required = 2936.6/5.4 m2 = 543.81 m2 Since two units are required to be designed, The area of each unit = 272 m2 Assuming, L=2B ,we have 2B.B=2B2= 272

B = 11.66 m ; L =23.32 m
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Choose 11.66 m width & 23.32 m length. Hence, two units of size 23.32 m*11.66 m are required. One additional unit as stand-by may also be provided for breakdowns , reapirs, or cleaning operations.

DESIGN OF UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM :-

Plan area of each filter unit = (11.66 * 23.32) m2 = 272 m2 Total area of perforation = 3 * 10-3 * area of filter = 0.816 m2 = 8160 cm2 Total no. of perforations of dia = 9 mm = {8160 /(3.14 * 0.92)} = 12827 Nos. Total cross-section area of laterals = 3 * area of perforations (3 * 8160) = 24480 cm2 Area of central manifold = 2 * area of laterals =(2 * 24480 ) = 48960 cm2 Dia of central manifold = {48960 * (4/pi)1/2 = 249.68 cm Assume a spacing of 15 cm for laterals No. of laterals on both sides of manifold = 2 * 23.32 * (100/15) = 311 Cross sectional area of each lateral = (24480/311) = 78.71 cm2 Dia of lateral = {78.71 * (4/pi)}1/2 = 10.01 cm =100.1 mm Provide laterals of dia = 100 mm.

no. of perforation per lateral = 12827/100 = 130

Length of lateral = 0.5 * [width of filter dia of manifold] = 0.5 * [11.66-2.5] = 4.58 m Spacing of perforations = {(4.58*100)/130}
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Check

Length of each lateral/ dia of lateral = {(4.58 * 100)/10} = 45.8 (which is less than 60) Now, let us assume that the rate of washing of filter be 45 cm/ min or 0.45 m/min The wash water discharge = 0.45*{(23.32*11.66)/60} = 2.04 m3/sec Velocity of flow = discharge/area = {(2.04*4)/(pi * 2.52)} = 0.42 m/sec (which is less than 1.8 to 2.4 m/sec maximum permissible). [ok]

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 DESIGN OF CHLORINATOR :Two polyethylene tanks, each of 3000 L capacity, shall be installed to mix clean water with the requisite amount of bleaching powder, which water will flow by gravity into the clear water tank to have contact period of more than 0.56 hour, as to cause disinfection. Quantity of bleaching powder is worked out as below :-

Normal dose of chlorine to be taken = 0.3 ppm for a contact period of 30 minutes Average daily demand of water of the year 2020 = 67.0 MLD Chlorine required per day ={ (0.3 * 67 * 106)/106} kg = 20.1 kg Since chlorine content in bleaching powder is 30% , it means that 30 kg of chlorine is contained in 100kg bleaching powder. Bleaching powder required per day = {20.1 * (100/30)}kg = 67 kg Annual consumption of bleaching powder = (67 * 365) kg = 24455 kg = 24.455 ton = 25 ton

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