A. Primary and Secondary Cell 1. Describe, Define and give examples of: a.

Battery a group of two or more galvanic cells connected in series. Electron flow only occurs when a device that draws electrical energy is attached to the terminals. This is why unused batteries work after being stored for months. Ex. in a 9 volt battery are six 1.5 volt cells. b. Primary Cells a cell that cannot be recharged. A primary cell provides electrical energy until its reactants are completely used up. The redox reaction in a primary cell is not easily reversible. Disposable batteries are primary cell batteries. c. Secondary Cells - a cell that can be recharged. An external source of electrical energy is used to reverse the redox reaction that is occurring in the cell. The recharging process occurs through the regeneration of the reactants. Ex. Cell phone, iPod, and camera batteries are all secondary cells. 2. Determine if they are primary or secondary cells, identify main uses, identify half cell reactions, what is being reduced, what is being oxidized, and a basic description of the cell (what it is made up of) Alkaline Dry cells are a common type of primary cells. They are used in remote controls, flashlights, and watches because they are tiny, lightweight, and long lasting. Anode: Zn(s) + 2OH (aq) ZnO(s) + H2O (l) + 2e - Oxidized Cathode: 2MnO2 (s) + H2O (l) + 2e Mn2O3 (s) + 2OH(aq) Reduced The anode contains a paste which has zinc metal in it. The cathode surrounds the paste and contains manganese dioxide in solid form. The two chemicals are separated by a porous fabric. Lead Storage Battery are a type of secondary cells. They are mainly used in cars. They can be jump started when they are dead as the live battery gives the dead battery enough electrical energy to start the dead battery. Reduced Oxidized In the battery, the anode has a lead grid filled with lead and the cathode has a lead grid filled with PbO2 Lithium ion Cells and batteries are the most popular kind of secondary cell batteries. These batteries are commonly found in cordless tools, cell phones, electrical cars and laptops. The outside of the cell is metal, with a pressure sensitive vent hole. Inside the cell are several sheets of material that are pressed together, an anode sheet, a cathode sheet, and a separator sheet. The separator is made of porous plastic so that ions can flow from one half-cell to the other. Fuel Cells (do redox reaction for hydrogen cell) are secondary cells because they are continually re-supplied with the reactant for the redox reaction. They are mainly used by NASA to generate electrical energy. They are not practical for commercial use because they weigh about 225 kg. Anode: 2H2 + 4OH (aq) 4H2O (l) + 4e Oxidized Cathode: 4e + O2 (g) + 2H2O(l) 4OH (aq) Reduced

In Ontario, hydrocarbons are used as a source of hydrogen in many designs. Newer designs, use fuels such as methane and diesel directly, without having to produce hydrogen first. 3. Questions #1-3, 5, 7 B. Corrosion/ Rust assignment. Define Corrosion. a. Corrosion is the deterioration of a metal by a redox reaction. It is usually considered the process or metals returning to their natural state. Explain why almost all metals experience corrosion, and what metal doesn't and why. a. Metals corrode because they oxidize easily. Excepting gold, all the metals that are commonly used for structural and decorative purposes have standard reduction potentials below the reduction potential of oxygen. This means that the oxidization of most metals by oxygen is spontaneous. Why can metals like Aluminum with a large oxidation value be used as structural materials? a. There is a thin adherent metal of aluminum oxide that forms on the surface of the aluminum. This layer protects the internal atoms from further oxidization. A similar layer is formed with metals like iron, but does not adhere well to the iron surface. Outline the process / chemical reaction of "rusting". identify what is being oxidized and what is being reduced, the movement of electrons a. Most of the metals commonly used for structural and decorative purposes have standard reduction potentials below oxygen gas. When the half reaction for any of these metals is reversed and combined with the reduction half-reaction for oxygen, the result is a positive E Knott value. Thus the oxidization of most metals by oxygen is spontaneous. How can corrosion be prevented (brief descriptions) (5 types) a. Questions 2 - 6

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