Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ELTAMALY, PhD
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Elminia University, Elminia, Egypt E-mail: eltamalv@,vahoo.com
Abstract- Induction generator is the most common generator in wind energy systems because of its simplicity, ruggedness, little maintenance, price and etc. The main drawbacks in induction generator is its need of reactive power means to build up the terminal voltage. But this drawback is not an obstacle today where PWM inverters can accurately supplies the induction generator with its need from reactive power. The minimum terminal capacitor required for induction generator to build up is the main concern. Most of previous work uses numerical iterative method to determine this minimum capacitor. But the numerical iteration takes long time and divergence may be occurs. For this reason it cannot be used online. A new simple formula for the minimum selfexcited capacitor required for induction generator is presented here. By using this formula there is no need for iteration and it can be used to obtain the minimum capacitor required online. Complete mathematical analysis for induction generator to drive this new formula is presented. The result from this new formula is typical as the results from iterative processes.
control waveform [ 5 ] . All previous techniques require an accurate capacitance value for the terminal capacitor with changing the system parameters. Many researches have been done to determine the minimum capacitor for self excited Induction generator [6,7,8,9,10]. Most of these researches use loop equations in the analysis of induction generator equivalent circuiit [7], [8]. Most of these researches have much difkulty and it needs numerical iterative techniques to obtain the minimum capacitance required. Some of these researches require several minutes of computation by computer to obtain accurate value for the minimum capacitor required for this reason it is impossible to uses these methods online [9].
I. INTRODUCTION
Induction generator has a widely acceptance in using with wind energy conversion systems for many reasons. Induction generator is very simple, very rugged, reliable, cheap, lightweight, long lifetime (more than 50 years), produces high power per unite mass of materials and requires very little maintenance. All above advantages are very important especially in wind energy conversion systems where the generator is in the top of the tower where the weight, maintenance and life time are very important aspects. Induction generator can be used with stand alone as well as grid connected wind energy conversion systems. Also, induction generator works with constant speed constant frequency systems as well as variable speed constant frequency systems. The main drawback of induction generator in wind energy conversion systems applications is its need for leading reactive power to build up the terminal voltage and to generate electric power. Using terminal capacitor across generator terminals can generate this leading reactive power. The capacitance value of the terminal capacitor is not constant but it is varying with many system parameters like shaft speed, load power and its power factor. If the proper value of capacitance is selected, the generator will operate in self-excited mode. The capacitance of the excitation capacitor can be changed by many techniques like switching capacitor bank [l], [2], thyristor controlled reactor [3] and thyristor controlled DC voltage regulator [4]. In last decade many researches uses PWM technique to provide the desired excitation by controlling the modulation index and the delay angle of the
1 0 6
+ A4)a2
+(4X,+%>a +(4X,+ $1 = 0
Q(X,,u) = (BIX, + B2)a4+ (B3X, + B4)a3
(5)
I Rr
(6)
given in [7].
,....._.____________________.~.~.,
__.____I
Knowing the relationship between X, and (Via) (It can be experimentally determined [7]) it is possible to compute C,, by using the following iterative procedure: (i) Assume initial value of terminal capacitor C and solve ( 5 ) and (6) for X , and a. The initial value of C should be large enough to cause self-excitation of self-excited induction generator; X, has a value that lies in the saturation region. (ii) Gradually decrease the value of C in steps and compute X, corresponding to each value of C. A plot of X, versus C is thus obtained. (iii) C,, is obtained from such a plot as the intersection of X , versus C curve and the line X,=X,, where X,, is the maximum saturated reactance of the machine. In this method the variation of X, with VJfis taken into account. The magnetizing reactance X, decreases with increasing saturation as shown in Fig.4. The value of X, corresponds to an operating point tangent to the magnetizing curve is X,, that can be experimentally determined [7]. The value of X, of the machine varies with operating conditions; the assumption of single value of X, in the analysis is acceptable [6] and [lo].
Im
Fig.3 The saturation characteristicsfor induction generator.
III. CALCULATING C ,, BY USINGLOOP ANALYSIS The calculation of C,, by using loop analysis technique has been presented in many researches [6], [7], [8] and [lo]. This technique is listed in this section to explain its drawbacks. The loop equation for Is of Fig.2 can be written as :I,Z=O (3) Where Z is the loop impedance seen by the current, Is and can be obtained as in (4) z=z, +ZLC+ZS (4) Where
If we use the value of X, in.the calculation of C , , then the result is the minimum the minimum capacitance required (Cmifl)for successful build up in self-excited induction generator. According to this assumption (X, = constant) reference [6] modifies ( 5 ) and (6) to be as shown in (7) and (8) are function in a and Xc. - ala3+ a2a2+ (a3X , + a4>a - a, X, = o (7)
-b1a4+b2a3+(b3X , + b 4 ) a 2 +(b, X , +b,)a-b, X , = O Then by separation of Xc in (7) and (8) we can get the following two equations: X, =
ala3-a2a2- a4a a3a-a5
Z ,,
=(+]Il[$+
(9)
j X L ) And Z,
=S+ R jX,
In steady state operation IS f 0 otherwise there is no generated voltage. Then; from (3); Z has to be equal to zero. By equating both the real and imaginary parts of (3) by zero we get two nonlinear equations ((5) and (6)) in function of X , and a. Solving ( 5 ) and (6) together yields the values of X, and a.
The Coefficients al to a5and bl to b7 are positive real constants given in [61. By equating the right hand sides in (9) and (10) then we have the following equations:-
107
a3a-a,
(11)
(12)
The coefficients MI,MI, h43 and M4 of (17) are shown in Appendix I . In this method we used the real part of Y,=O to determine the frequency due to the resultant equation does not contains Xc and substituting this frequency in imaginary part to calculate C,;,, in a simple form as shown in (17).
This new formula can be used on line to calculate the minimum capacitor required for induction generator to build up. This new formula does not require any numerical analysis iteration.
From (12) the frequency can be calculated and then substitute this ftequency in (9) or (10) to calculate Xc and C,;,,. Then [6] can eliminate the iteration process and numerical solution in [7] and [8].
-Y,=o v,
U
(14)
=0
(15)
n=O, 1, 2, 3, 4 are shown in The Coefficients C,,, Appendix 1. The coefficients of this equation do not contain Xi. The frequency can be obtained directly by solving (16) to get the operating frequency. There are four roots; the positive real roots only have the physical meaning. If there is no any positive real root, then there is no self-excitation.
2- From the imaginary part we can drive a simple formula for the minimum value of terminal capacitor as shown in (17).
Fig.7 shows the variation of reactive power required for the induction generator and the output power with rotational speed at different values of load resistance (RL=0.7,1and 2pu) and unity power factor. It is clear from Fig.7 that the active and reactive power is increasing with speed. The variation of the stator frequency with rotational speed is shown in Fig.8.
108
C ,
,uF
: Active powbr
100
80
60
40
20 0
50
Fig.4 variation of
100
% speed
150
200
50
100 %speed
150
200
c,,
Fig.6 Variation of reactive power and output power w i t h rotational speed at RL=lpu and unity power factor.
Active pcjwer
80
60
40
20
50
I
100
%Speed
150
50
Fig.5 Variation of
100
%Speed
, c ,
150
I 200
Fig.7 Variation of reactive power and output power w i t h rotational speed at different values of load resistance (R~=0.7,1and 2pu) and unity power factor.
109
REFERENCES
1.4
I
1 . 8
0
A
No load
/A
4 :
L=lpu
~
N
VI CONCLUSIONS In this paper a new formula for the m i n i capacitance required for self-excited induction generator is presented. This new formula is simple and it does not need numerical iteration. For this reason this new formula helps to determine the minimum capacitance required for self excited induction generator on line. The new formula gives typical results as the results obtained fiom iterative technique without any iteration or divergence problem.
[ 11 R. M Hilloowala, A. M. Sharaf Modeling, simulation and analysis of variable speed constant frequ.ency wind energy conversion scheme using self excited induction generator, 1991. Proceedings, TwentyThird Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, Page(s): 33 -38. [2] E. Muljadi and J. Sallan, M. Sam and C. P. Butterfield Investigation of Self-Excited Induction Generators for Wind Turbine Applications, LPS conference, IEEE, 3-7 October 1999, Phoenix, Arizona USA. [3] A. A. Shaltout and M. A. Abdel-Halim, Solid-state control of a wind driven self-excited induction generator ,International Journal on Electric machines andpower .systems,vol. 23, 1995, pp. 571-582. [4] N. Ammasaigounden, M. Subbiah Chopper-controlled wind-driven self-excited induction generators IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1989 Volume: 252, Page@): 268 -276. [5] S. Wekhande V. Agarw Wind Driven Self-Excited Induction Generator w i t h Simple De-Coupled Excitation Control US conference, IEEE, 3-7 October 1999, Phoenix, Arizona USA. [6] A. K. Al. Jabri and A. L. Alolah Capacitor requirement for isolated self-excited induction generator,ZEE proceedings, Vol. 137, pt. B, No. 3, May 1990 [7] N. H. Mal& and S. E. Haque Steady state analysis and perfomance of an isolated self excited induction generator IEEE Trans., ~ 1986,EC-1, ~ pp. 134-139. ~ ~ 2 (3). [8]N. H. Malik and A. A. Mazi Capacitance requirements for isolated excited induction generators, IEEE Trans., 1987, EC-2 (I), pp. 6269. [9] M. Orabi design of wind energy conversion system, MSc. Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty o f Engineering, Elminia University, Elminia, Egvpt, 2000. [lo] S. S. Murthy and N. H. Malilc and A. K. Tandon Analysis of self excited induction generators, ZEEproceedings, Vol. 129, pt. C, No. 6, November 1982. [ 113 Say, M. G. Alternating Current Machines, book, pitman, 1976.
Appendix 1
The coefficientsof equation (: 16)
LISTOF SYMBOLS Actual or (generated) fiequency, P*N&20. Actual or (generated) rational speed, 120 fJP. Rated fiequency of induction generator , P*N,420. Rated speed of induction generator, 120f/P. Synchronous speed corresponding to actual fiequency. Synchronous speed corresponding to rated fiequency. Pu fiequencyfdfr Pu speed NJNsr. Slip of induction generator. Load resistance. Load inductance. Inductance of terminal capacitor. Stator resistance. Stator inductance. Magnetizing inductance. Rotor resistance. Rotor inductance. Terminal voltage. Maximum value of magnetizing inductance. Magnetizing current. Loop impedance. Output real power. Reactive power required for induction generator. Capacitance of the terminal capacitor. Minimum capacitance of the terminal capacitor.
c, = R;(R,
+ R, )
and,
+ L, v 2 ) R , R, (R, t.R , )
M2
=Rrf
L3
+ R, (f
and
M3 = R i
+ X: f
+ x,x,,
L2 = X , + X , and, L3=X,
+x,
110