Link Budget Calculation Enabling - For Customer

For internal use only
1 Nokia Siemens Networks /

Link Budget Calculation
NPO Thailand
Agenda
Introduction
Pathloss
Cell Range
Site Area
Introduction
Coverage dimensioning steps
d
Site area
Area under
investigation
Number of sites
Site layout
Propagation model
L = f(d)
Cell range
Pathloss
4 Nokia Siemens Networks
Agenda
Pathloss
Link Budget
Release 99
Introduction
HSDPA
HSUPA
CPICH
Cell Range
Site Area
Pathloss Link Budget
Introduction
Output of the link budget calculation is a
maximum path loss estimated from transmit
antenna to the received antenna

Link budgets are used during dimensioning to
estimate the maximum allowed path loss and
the corresponding cell range

The result of the Link Budget can be used as input
for the further step of dimensioning traffic
calculations

Maximum Allowable Pathloss
is calculated to take into account
the building penetration loss and
combined standard deviation
as well as receiver sensitivity and
additional margins
is basis for cell range calculation

Maximum Mean Pathloss
is not taking shadowing margin in to account
LINK BUDGET
MAX ALLOWED PATH LOSS
CELL RANGE
The following equation is the link budget formula calculation of the max allowable pathloss (Lmax). The
formula is given in logarithmic scale, so all values are in dBm, dBi or dB. The formulas are valid for all
frequency bands.

Link Budget
n penetratio shadowing fastfading ASH SHO ce Interferen
b
NB
NB feeder NB ant
body UE feeder UE ant UE UL
L M M G G M
N
E
NF
Density Noise Thermal Rate n Informatio L G
L L G P L
+ +
+
+ =
0
, ,
, , max_

_ _ _
b
UE
body UE feeder UE ant
insertion BTS feeder BTS ant user per BTS DL
L M M G G M
N
E
NF
Density Noise Thermal Rate n Informatio L L G
L L G P L
+ +
+
+ =
0
, ,
, , _ _ max_

_ _ _
Uplink
Downlink
Tx End Rx End
Propagation
related
Noise, Sensitivity, Min RX Level
NF Density Noise Thermal N + = _ _
Total effective noise [dBm/Hz]
Rx sensitivity
Min Rx level
Effective noise [dBm/Hz]
0
_ _
N
E
Rate n Informatio N y Sensitivit Rx
b
total
+ + =
additional ce Interferen total
M M NF Density Noise Thermal N + + + = _ _
body feeder ant fastfading oth SHO ASH
L L G M G G G y Sensitivit Rx Level Rx Min + + + = _ _ _
BTS Power

Maximum output power of the BTS

Depends on RF Module used

Link Budget is calcualted per carrier

P [W] 8 15 20 30 40 60
P [dBm] 39 41.76 43 44.77 46 47.78
] [dBm P
BTS
( ) 30 ] [ log 10 ] [ + = W P dBm P
BTS BTS
UE Power
] [dBm P
UE
Maximum output power of the user equipment

Possibility to choose different UE types:
UE Power Class 3 (Data Card w/ RXdiv) 24 dBm
UE Power Class 3 (Data Card w/o RXdiv) 24 dBm
UE Power Class 3 (Handset w/o RXdiv) 24 dBm
UE Power Class 4 (Handset w/o RXdiv) 21 dBm

UE type has impact on:
Total UE TX Power
UL Body Loss
EbNo Selection (w/ or w/o RxDiversity)
BTS Antenna Gain / UE Antenna Gain
Antenna gain of the BTS antenna.

Each UMTS band enforce implementation of
antenna types designed such to cover desired
frequency range.

Antennas transmitting signals of lower
frequencies are characterized by lower antenna
gain.
Antenna gain of the user equipment antenna.
] [
,
dBi G
BTS ant
] [
,
dBi G
UE ant
Typical values of G
ant,UE

Typically assumed to be 02 dBi
For data card 2 dBi can be assumed
Feeder Loss / TMA Insertion Loss
Feeder loss between the BTS and the antenna
connector, respectively the user equipment
and the antenna connector

In terms of improvement for uplink coverage, a
tower mounted amplifier (TMA) is proposed,
which will compensate for the feeder loss
between receiver antenna and BTS.
Additional loss that is assumed only in DL
direction which has to be noticed when TMA is
mounted

TMA benefits
Feeder loss reduction for UL
Lower Noise Figure in UL
] [ and
, ,
dB L L
UE feeder BTS feeder
] [dB L
insertion
F
e
e
d
e
r
F
e
e
d
e
r R
F

M
o
d
u
l
e
R
F

M
o
d
u
le
S
M
R
F

M
o
d
u
le
S
M
S
M
TMA
R
F

M
o
d
u
le
S
M
Feederless
Solution
Feeder
with TMA
Feeder
without TMA
F
i
b
e
r
Typical values of
L
insertion

0,3dB or 0,5dB
Typical value of
L
feeder,BTS

0,05dB / 1m
Body Loss
The users body affects the radiation and receiving
performance of the radio waves while the user is talking on
the phone.

When the antenna is positioned at shoulder level, the
receiving signal level decreases by about 3 dB.

When the user is using the portable handheld phone for
data communication, a body loss of 0 dB can be
assumed.
] [dB L
body
Information Rate
Information rate is the channel bit rate. R
b
is the
bit rate in [bps] of the considered bearer.

Information Rate is related to the service bit rate

Processing Gain could be expressed using the
Chip Rate and the Processing Gain

RAB Traffic Class CS/PS
Bit Rate
[bps]
Information
Rate [dB/Hz]
NB-AMR
Speech
Conversational CS
12200 40,86
7950 39,00
5900 37,71
4750 36,77
Packet
Interactive
/
Background
PS
8000 39,03
16000 42,04
32000 45,05
64000 48,06
128000 51,07
256000 54,08
384000 55,84
] / [ _ Hz dB Rate n Informatio
) log( 10 _
b
R Rate n Informatio =
] [ ] [ ] [ dB nRate Informatio dB ChipRate dB Gain Processing =
Thermal Noise Density
B T k Noise Thermal = _
Thermal Noise Density is the noise generated by
thermal agitation of electrons in a conductor.

The thermal noise density is at room temperature
(20
0
C = 293 K) about 174 dBm/Hz.

k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 10
-23
J/K
T = temperature in Kelvin (0 C = 273 K)

] / [ _ _ Hz dBm Density Noise Thermal
Frequency [Hz]
N
o
i
s
e

P
o
w
e
r

[
d
B
m
]
5MHz
Noise Figure
A receivers noise figure is the amount of
noise caused by e.g. the signal processing in
active electronic components, added to the
thermal noise density within the receivers
noise bandwidth.

The Noise Figure of the user equipment of the
850/900 MHz band equals to 9 dB

The Noise Figure of the user equipment of the
2 GHz band equals to 7 dB

It is strongly recommended to consult the
operator about the value of NF
UE
.

Noise Figure depends on
Node B (TMA)
Frequency
] [ and

dB NF NF
UE BTS
NF
BTS

850/900 MHz -> NF = 2.3 dB
2000 MHz -> NF = 2 dB
NF
UE

850/900 MHz -> NF = 9 dB
2000 MHz -> NF = 7 dB
Eb/No
Eb/No is the minimum value of received
energy per bit to noise ratio (N + I) where the
receiver is still able to decode the received
signal at the required BER.

The number of active users per sector or cell is
limited in order to keep the suitable Eb/(No+Io)
ratio.

Eb/No changes with
Bearer
Link (uplink, downlink)
Cell type
Channel Model
Frequency (for Veh. 3km/h and Ped. 3km/h is no
changes)
Coding scheme
] [dB
N
E
o
b
Pathloss - Link Budget
Interference Margin
The interference margin takes into account the noise rise due to intra-cell and inter-cell
interference.

The total noise increases with the increase in number of users in the system.

With this margin, the dependency of cell range on traffic load in the cell is considered (Cell Breathing)

] [dB M
Soft Handover Gain
This gain is considered at the cell edge.

It is achieved due to macro diversity. This
phenomenon reduces the negative effect of
small scale fast fading.

It allows to lower the transmit power

This parameter is covering gain connected with
soft and softer handover.
] [dB G
SHO
Fig. Soft and Softer Handover
Softer HO
Soft HO
RNC
Typical values of G
SHO

Rel.99: DL 2.5 dB
UL 1.5 dB
HSDPA: 0 dB
HSUPA: 1.5 dB
Macro Diversity
It is a transmission scheme which assume using several
transmitter and receiver antennas. The distance between
antennas i s much l onger than the wavel ength.
Gain Against Shadowing
This gain is considered at the cell edge.

This is roughly the gain of a handover
algorithm, in which the best BTS can always
be chosen (based on minimal transmission
power of MS) against a hard handover
algorithm based on geometrical distance.

Gain Against Shadowing can be also calculated
as difference between shadowing margin
calculated for multi-cell coverage and single-cell
coverage model.

] [dB G
ASH
Typical values of G
ASH

3.25 dB
Fast Fading Margin (1/2)
Fast fading margin reflects the amount of
power of the closed loop fast power control
algorithm to follow the steep fluctuations of the link
loss caused by the fast fading channel.

Fast fading margin (Tx power increase)
corresponds to a power backup at the
transmitting end.

This is needed at cell edge for UEs to be able to
compensate fast fading

In downlink, Fast fading is not usually applied due
to lower power control dynamic range

Fast fading margin depends on:
Operating band
Channel Model

] [dB M
fastfading
Fast Fading Margin (2/2)
Example
For probability of Fast Fading occuring equals to 90% Fast Fading is up to 5 dB
For probability of Fast Fading occuring equals to 30% Fast Fading is up to -1 dB
Chart. Exemplary Fast Fading Probability
Shadowing Margin (Slow Fading Margin) (1/2)
The shadowing margin is the amount by which
a received signal level may be reduced without
causing system performance to fall below a
specified threshold value.

The shadowing margin is defined to maintain
coverage with a certain location probability.

Shadowing Margin is required in order to
achieve higher coverage quality, Coverage
Probability
Smaller cell, less coverage holes over cell area

There are two different ways to describe the
outage probability.
related to the cell edge
related to the cell area
] [dB M
shadowing
Location Probability Standard
Deviation of
the signal
level
Log-normal
Fade
Margin
In Whole
Cell
At Cell
Edge
95 %
86,9 % 9 dB 10,1 dB
86,0 % 8 dB 8,6 dB
84,9 % 7 dB 7,2 dB
78,7 % 4 dB 3,2 dB
Tab. Examples of the Shadowing Margin
0% 50% 100%
Max Mean Pathloss
Shadowing Margin base on Std.Dev. And Location Prob.
Area
Location
Probability
Outdoor
St. Dev.
Indoor
St. Dev.
Combined
St. Dev.
Shadowing
Margin based
on Combined
St. Dev.
93 % 8 4 8,94 8,4
93 % 8 6 10,00 9,8
93 % 8 8 11,31 11,5
Tab. Examples of Shadowing Margin (Urban clutter;
one slope model, antenna height 30m)
Penetration Loss
Penetration Loss is caused because of signal
penetration over the obstacles. The UE suffers
increased propagation loss as the signal
penetrates the objects to reach the BTS.

It occurs when UE is operated
Inside a building
Inside a vehicle
Within forest area

Building penetration loss decreases, on
average, by 2 dB at 900 MHz, compared to
1800 MHz. This is taken into account while setting
values of Lpenetration for the UMTS 850.

There are big differences between rooms with
window and deep indoor (10 ..15 dB)
] [dB L
n penetratio
L
penetration
= -3 ...-15 dB
L
penetration
= -7 ...-18 dB
signal level increases with
floor number :~1,5 dB/floor
(for 1st ..10th floor)
Pathloss Other Parameters
Area Location Probability over Cell
Area Location Probability
Cell Edge Location Probability
Area Location Probability over Cell Area means the probability that the average received field strength
is better than the minimum needed received signal strength (in order to make a successful phone call) within
the cell.
Cell edge location prob is lower than areal lower than areal loc prob.

0% 50% 100%
Agenda
Pathloss
Release 99
General Information, Changes, Parameters, Additional Information
Introduction
HSDPA
HSUPA
General information
CPICH
Cell Range
Site Area
formula is given in logarithmic scale, so all values are in dBm, dBi or dB. The formulas are valid for all
frequency bands.

Pathloss Release 99
Link Budget
b
NB
BTS feeder BTS ant
body UE feeder UE ant UE UL
L M M G G M
N
E
NF
L L G P L
+ +
+
+ =
0
, ,
, , max_

_ _ _
b
UE
insertion BTS feeder BTS ant user per BTS DL
L M M G G M
N
E
NF
L L G P L
+ +
+
+ =
0
, ,
, , _ _ max_

_ _ _
Uplink
Downlink
Tx End Rx End
Propagation
related
Pathloss Release 99
Bearer (1/2)
The Link Budget calculation is performed
differently for Rel99 users differs from the one
for HSDPA or HSUPA users. That is why we
distinguish the three groups of RABs: Rel99,
HSDPA and HSUPA RABs.

Exemplary Release 99 bearers cell range relation
RAB Traffic Class CS/PS
Max Rates
[kbps]
UL DL
NB-AMR
Speech

Conversational CS
12.2 12.2
7.95 7.95
5.9 5.9
4.75 4.75
WB-AMR
Speech
Conversational CS
12.65 12.65
8.85 8.85
6.65 6.65
Streaming Streaming CS
14.4 14.4
57.6 57.6
UDI Conversational CS 64 64
Packet
Interactive /
Background
PS
any combination
of:
0
8
16
32
64
128
256
384
0
8
16
32
64
128
256
384
Rel. 99 single RAB combinations
R
AMR12.2

R
PS16

R
CS64

Pathloss Release 99
Bearer (2/2)
For the first offer planning, a subset of bearers is most probably sufficient and not every bearer listed
above has to be considered.
Fig. Cell range vs Area Location Probability for different bearers (UMTS2000)
Pathloss Release 99
Power per user
Power of the BTS dedicated to one user.

In CDMA the base station serves all active users
simultaneously. As a result, the total power of the BTS must
be divided into the power reserved for the signaling and the
served users N.

where
] [
_ _
dBm P
user per BTS
+
=
max
_
_ _
) log( 10 ) 1 log( 10
min
P
N signaling P
P
total BTS
user per BTS
ors No_of_sect Data_Rate
Cell_Load sectors 3 of ity Pole_Capac
N

=
Pathloss Release 99
Max Transmit Power
Power that is assigned to a single user can (Pmax) not exceed certain limitation that is coming from RNC.

CPICHTxPower [dBm] Power of the CPICH given in dBm
SRB Bit Rate [kbit/s] Throughput value for signaling RAB bearer
SRB EbNo [dB] EbNo value for signaling RAB bearer

PtxDLabsMax [dBm] defines the absolute maximum link power for any service = 38 dBm
vb
Pathloss Release 99
Signaling (1/2)
Signalling is amount of BTS output power, which is trasmitted for the common pilot channel (CPICH) and
other broadcast signaling channels

P-SCH (Primary Synchronization Channel)
S-SCH (Secondary Synchronization Channel)
P-CCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Channel)
S-CCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Channel)
PCH (Paging Channel)
FACH (Forward Access Channel)
PICH (Paging Indicator Channel)
AICH (Acquisition Indication Channel)
r outputpowe BTS
PICH AICH CCPCH S CCPCH P SCH S SCH P CPICH
Signaling
W W W W W W W
_
+ + + + + +
=
vb
Pathloss Release 99
Signaling (2/2)
20 ] [ = W P
% 72 , 20 [%] = Signaling
Relative to
CPICH
Activity
[dB] [W] [%] [W]
CPICH 33 2,0 100 2,0
P-SCH -3 1,0 10 0,1
S-SCH 3 1,0 10 0,1
P-CCPCH -5 0,6 90 0,6
S-CCPCH
PCH/FACH
0 2,0 37 0,7
AICH -8 0,3 100 0,3
PICH -8 0,3 100 0,3
14 , 4 ] [ = W Signaling
Other signaling is 10.72%, so totally signallng =
CPICH Power + Other signaling = 20.72%
Pathloss Release 99
Interference Margin
The interference margin takes into account the noise rise due to intra-cell and intercell interference.


With this margin, the dependency of the cell range on traffic load in the cell is considered (cell breathing).
] [dB M
) 1 log( 10 ] [
UL ce Interferen
CellLoad dB M =
1.25
3
20
10
6
25% 50% 75% 99%
I
Margin
[dB]
Load factor q
approximated with
Agenda
Pathloss
HSDPA
Introduction
HSUPA
General information
CPICH
Release 99
Cell Range
Site Area
formula is given in logarithmic scale, so all values are in dBm, dBi or dB.

Pathloss HSDPA
HSDPA Link Budget
b
NB
BTS feeder BTS ant
DPCCH HS body UE feeder UE ant UE UL
L M M G G M
N
E
NF
M L L G P L
+ +
+
+ =

0
, ,
, , max_

_ _ _
n penetratio shadowing fastfading ASH ce Interferen
b
UE
insertion BTS feeder BTS ant TTI per user per BTS DL
L M M G M
N
E
NF
L L G P L
+
+
+ =
0
, ,
, , _ _ _ _ max_

_ _ _
HSDPA/Rel 99 Uplink
HSDPA/Rel99 Downlink
Tx End Rx End
Propagation
related
Parameters described
in this chapter
Pathloss HSDPA
Genereal information
Overall same approach as normal R99 uplink link
budget

In uplink new parameter is only a Peak Overhead
for the HS-DPCCH

HS-DPCCH Overhead is dependent upon the
selected associated DCH (16/64/128/384).
It is assumed in UE Transmit Power

One of two approaches can be adopted
Target downlink bit rate at cell border can be
specified and Link Budget will return the
maximum allowed path loss

The total transmit power assigned to the HS-
PDSCH and HS-SCCH depends on RNC
parameters and CCCH power and in shared
carrier also on DCH traffic load

HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover (SHO
Gain equals to 0 dB)
UPLINK DOWNLINK
Pathloss HSDPA
Changes in refference to Release 99
HSDPA Data Rate at cell edge is input value

Different calculations of BTS power than in Rel.99

No SHO Gain in downlink

HS-DPCCH Overhead calculation in uplink

Interference Margin calculated in uplink like in
Rel.99. New calculation method in downlink.

ce interferen
M
SHO
G
1
2
3
4
DPCCH HS
M

TTI per user per BTS
P
_ _ _ _
5
Pathloss HSDPA
Bearer
In HSDPA applies for PS Interactive/Background calls, and streaming QoS class.

HSDPA traffic can be held on the shared HSDPA channel using UEs of the Release 5 and 6.

This includes configurations with:
UL: DCH/ DL: HS-DSCH and
UL: E-DCH/ DL: HS-DSCH.
RAB Traffic Class CS/PS Max Rates [kbps]
UL DL
Packet I/B PS 16 HSDPA
Packet PS Streaming PS 16 HSDPA
Pathloss HSDPA
HSDPA Power (per user in one TTI) (downlink)
The part of Tx power is dedicated to one user and depends on:
Setting of RNC data base parameter (PtxMaxHSDPA)

Power per user can be used by one or multiple HS-DPSCH codes
assigned to thise one user

[%] P
TTI per user per BTS _ _ _ _
[%]) log( 10
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TTI per user per BTS total BTS TTI per uesr per BTS
P P P + =
Pathloss HSDPA
Interference Margin (Rel.99 uplink) (1/3)
The interference margin takes into account the noise rise due to intra-cell and inter-cell interference.


With this margin, the dependency of the cell range on traffic load in the cell is considered (cell breathing).
] [dB M
) 1 log( 10 ] [
UL ce Interferen
CellLoad dB M =
1.25
3
20
10
6
25% 50% 75% 99%
I
Margin
[dB]
Load factor q
The same approach like in Rel. 99
Pathloss HSDPA
Interference Margin (downlink) (2/3)
Interference Margin describes the impact of intra- and intercell interference on the receiver
sensitivity

] [dB M
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

=
o i
No
Eb
E
W
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
1
log 10 M[dB]
where
orthogonality factor
i other-to-own cell interference factor
part of the Tx power of the own BTS dedicated to the single user in TTI

power TX total Actual
user per power HSDPA
_ _ _
_ _ _
=
SCCH_power HS
r Rel99_powe _power Other_user
r_per_user HSDPA_powe Signaling r al_TX_powe Actual_Tot
+
+ +
+ =
At the cell edge:
= 0.6
i = 1.7

Inside cell (close to BTS):
1
i 0

Pathloss HSDPA
Interference Margin (downlink) (3/3)
Inside cell and i parameters depends on distance from BTS

0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
Normalized distance from antenna
O
t
h
e
r
-
t
o
-
o
w
n

c
e
l
l

i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

f
a
c
t
o
r
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
Normalized distance from antenna
O
r
t
h
o
g
o
n
a
l
i
t
y

f
a
c
t
o
r
Pathloss HSDPA
HS-DPCCH overhead (Rel. 99 uplink)
Requirement to include an overhead for the HS-
DPCCH

HS-DPCCH includes the ACK/NACK and CQI

Average overhead generated by HS-DPCCH
depends upon activity of ACK/NACK and CQI

Overhead impacts both uplink coverage and
uplink capacity

HS-DPCCH overhead can be included in uplink
EbNo in same way as DPCCH overhead

Link budgets consider peak rather than average
overhead

] [dB M
DPCCH HS
HS-DPCCH offset for link budget [dB]
16 kb/s 64 kb/s 128 kb/s 384 kb/s
w/o
SHO
2.42 1.3 0.7 0.5
With
SHO
4.57 2.8 1.6 1.1
Agenda
Pathloss
Release 99
HSUPA
Introduction
HSDPA
I-HSPA
General information
CPICH
Cell Range
Site Area
Overview (Transmiting End, Receiving End)
formula is given in logarithmic scale, so all values are in dBm, dBi or dB.

Pathloss HSUPA
HSUPA Link Budget
n penetratio shadowing fastfading ASH OCI SHO ce Interferen
b
NB
BTS feeder BTS ant
DPCCH HS body UE feeder UE ant UE UL
L M M G M G M
N
E
NF
M L L G P L
+ +
+
+ =

0
, ,
, , max_

_ _ _
n penetratio shadowing fastfading ASH ce Interferen
b
UE
insertion BTS feeder BTS ant TTI per user per BTS DL
L M M G M
N
E
NF
L L G P L
+
+
+ =
0
, ,
, , _ _ _ _ max_

_ _ _
HSDPA/HSUPA 99 Uplink
HSDPA/HSUPA Downlink
Tx End Rx End
Propagation
related
Pathloss HSUPA
Similar to an HSDPA also in HSUPA link
budget, one of two approaches can be
adopted
Target uplink bit rate at cell border can be
specified and link budget will return the
maximum allowed path loss
Existing maximum allowed path loss can be
specified and link budget via graphs can
determine the achievable uplink bit rate at cell
edge

Pathloss HSUPA
Changes in refferences to HSDPA
HSUPA Data rate at cell edge is input value

No SHO Gain in downlink

Own connection interference calculation added

Interference Margin in uplink as in Rel99

ce interferen
M
OCI
M
SHO
G
1
2
3
4
Pathloss HSUPA
Own Connection Interference Margin
The own connection interference factor reduces the uplink interference floor by the UEs own
contribution to the uplink interference, i.e. by the desired uplink signal power.

This factor is included in the HSUPA link budget because uplink bit rates can be greater and the uplink
interference contribution from each UE can be more significant.
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
W
R
LOG M
No
Eb
OCI
10
10
1 10
] [dB M
OCI
Agenda
Pathloss
Release 99
Introduction
HSUPA
HSDPA
General information
CPICH
Cell Range
Site Area
Conclusion (Tx End, Rx End)
Pathloss CPICH
CPICH Link Budget
Tx End Rx End
Propagation
related
c
UE
UE feeder UE ant
insertion BTS feeder BTS ant CPICH CPICH
L M M G G M
N
E
NF
L L G P L
+ +
+
+ =
0
, ,
, , max_

_ _ _
CPICH
Parameters described
in this chapter
Pathloss CPICH
General information (1/2)
Why additional CPICH calculation should be
performed?

All mobility functions (Cell Selection, Reselection,
Handover) are based on CPICH measurements

CPICH cell range shall be at least as large as
smallest cell range of the traffic channels of
the bearers that are to be supported

Cell range of the CPICH shall not be significantly
higher than the smallest cell range of the traffic
channels of the bearers that are to be supported,
because this is waste of power resulting lower
capacity

CPICH power equals to about 10% overall BTS
signalling power

CPICH range
Pathloss CPICH
General information (2/2)
CPICH Total TX Power equals to percentage CPICH power Ratio
multiplied by NodeB Total TX power. Default value is 10%

Different Interference Margin calculation comparing to Rel99

Chip Rate further used for RX Sensitivity at Antenna Connector
calculation

Ec/(No+Io) instead of Eb/(No+Io) is assumed for calculations.
Default value equals -15 dB

No Fast Fading Margin

Soft Handover Gain equals to 0

CPICH RSCP at cell edge

CPICH
P
ce interferen
M
W
o
c
N
E
fastfading
M
SHO
G
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Pathloss CPICH
Pilot Power Planning Threshold (RSCP)
Pilot power planning threshold is the minimum
outdoor pilot level which is required in order to
achieve the required Coverage Probability

Pilot power planning threshold is based on link
budget calculations and planning margin
definitions
Bit rate
Eb/N0
Location probability Slow fading margin
Indoor/outdoor coverage

Pilot power planning threshold have to be defined
separately for each service and area type
Select the threshold for limiting service

Antenna gain
Antenna line losses
Received pilot power = Pilot transmit power Antenna line losses + Antenna gain
- (Max. Mean pathloss Planning margins)
CPICH EIRP
Pathloss CPICH
Pilot Power Planning Threshold (RSCP)
Agenda
Cell Range
Introduction
Pathloss
Site Area
Channel Model
Propagation Model
Frequency Band
Clutter Type
Deployment Class
General Information
Cell Range
Cell Range is the estimation of the Link
Budget

Cell Range changes with
Bearer
Link (uplink or downlink)

Cell Range allows to determine the limiting
link and get estimation about the number of
required sites in analyzed area
LINK BUDGET
MAX ALLOWED PATH LOSS
CELL RANGE
Cell Range
Frequency Band
Operating
Band
Frequency
Band
Common
Name
UL Freq.
UE transmit
(MHz)
DL Freq.
UE receive
(MHz)
Region
I 2100 IMT 1920-1980 2110-2170 Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, Brazil
II 1900 PCS 1850-1910 1930 - 1990
North America (AT&T, Bell Mobility, Telus, Rogers),
Latin America
III 1800 DCS 1710-1785 1805 - 1880 Europe, Asia, Oceania
IV 1700 AWS 1710-1755
2110 - 2155

USA (T-Mobile), Canada (WIND Mobile, Mobilicity,
Videotron)
V 850 CLR 824-849 869 - 894
Americas (AT&T, Bell Mobility, Telus, Rogers),
Oceania (Telstra, Telecom NZ)
VI 800 830-840 875 - 885 Japan (NTT docomo)
VII 2600 IMT-E 2500-2570 2620 - 2690 Europe (future)
VIII 900 GSM 880-915 925 - 960
Europe, Asia, Oceania (Optus, Vodafone AU,
Vodafone NZ), Venezuela (Digitel GSM)
IX 1700 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9 - 1879.9 Japan (E Mobile, NTT docomo)
X 1700 1710-1770 2110 - 2170
XI 1500 1427.9-1447.9 1475.9 - 1495.9 Japan (Softbank)
XII 700 SMH 698-716 728 - 746 USA (future) (lower SMH blocks A/B/C)
XIII 700 SMH 777-787 746 - 756 USA (future) (upper SMH block C)
XIV 700 SMH 788-798 758 - 768 USA (future) (upper SMH block D)
Cell Range
Clutter Type (1/2)

Dense
Urban

Urban
Rural
It is open area without buildings, water trees etc.
Its area with a highly concentrated building
density.Height of the buildings can be above 40m
Road
Areas found mostly in urban environments with
large buildings (height is below 40m) offices,
shops. Some small vegetation can be included.
It s region outside city areas without large
development: villages, smaller vegetation.
Suburban
It is areas of housing found bordering the
urban areas. Average height is below 15m.
Cell Range
Clutter Type (2/2)
Clutter types:
Dense Urban
Urban
Suburban
Road (Quasi Open)
Rural

Choice of clutter type has impact on:
Propagation path loss model
Shadowing margin i.e. slow fading due to large obstacles
Antenna height
Penetration loss
Environment has big impact on the link budget
calculation

This parameter impact on e.g. Eb/No,
hand-off gain and Tx power increase

Recommended Channel Model in dimensioning
Vehicular A
Pedestrian A

Velocity
120 km/h
50 km/h
30 km/h
3 km/h

Recommended assigment for Rel99 bearers
Macro Cell Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban: Veh. A 50
km/h
Macro Cell Road, Rural: Veh. A 120 km/h
Micro Cell: Ped. 3 km/h

Recommended assigment for HSPA bearers
All clutters: Veh. A 3km/h and Pedestrian 3 km/h

Cell Range
Channel Model
Macro Micro
Vehicular A at 120 km/h X -
Pedestrian A at 50 km/h - X
Pedestrian A at 3 km/h X X
Tab. Possible environments
Path Loss (1/3)
Propagation Model Cost 231

Path Loss (2/3)
/
L(d) = slopelog(d) + intercept
Path Loss (3/3)

One Slope Model
h
BS
= 30 m
h
MS
= 1.5 m
slope = 35.22
intercept from table

Two Slope Model
h
BS
= 30 m
h
MS
= 1.5 m
s from table
intercept from table

Intercept
UMTS 850 UMTS 900 UMTS 1500 UMTS 1700/2000 UMTS 1900 UMTS 2000
UL DL UL DL UL DL UL DL UL DL UL DL
836
MHz
881
MHz
897
MHz
942
MHz
1440
MHz
1488
MHz
1732
MHz
2132
MHz
1880
MHz
1960
MHz
1950
MHz
2140
MHz
DU 128.58 129.18 129.38 129.94 134.76 135.13 138.67 141.73 139.88 140.49 140.42 141.79
U 125.58 126.18 126.38 126.94 131.76 132.13 135.67 138.73 136.88 137.49 137.42 138.79
SU 115.82 116.27 116.43 116.86 120.47 120.74 123.81 126.20 124.76 125.24 125.18 126.24
Ro 102.37 102.75 102.87 103.22 106.00 106.20 108.92 110.79 109.67 110.04 110.00 110.83
Ru 97.37 97.75 97.87 98.22 101.00 101.20 103.92 105.79 104.67 105.04 105.00 105.83
Slope
UMTS 850 UMTS 900 UMTS 1500 UMTS 1700/2000 UMTS 1900 UMTS 2000
UL DL UL DL UL DL UL DL UL DL UL DL
836
MHz
881
MHz
897
MHz
942
MHz
1440
MHz
1488
MHz
1732
MHz
2132
MHz
1880
MHz
1960
MHz
1950
MHz
2140
MHz
d<1km 40.45 40.53 40.56 40.63 41.35 41.30 42.66 43.4 42.95 43.10 43.08 43.41
d1km 35.22 35.22 35.22 35.22 35.22 35.22 35.22 35.22 35.22 35.22 35.22 35.22
Agenda
Site Area
Introduction
Pathloss
Cell Range
Site Area
Site Layout
Omni

2 sectors

3 sectors

6 sectors

( )
2
max
2
3 3
R A
cell
=
( )
2
max
8
3 3
R A
cell
=
( )
2
max
3 2 R A
cell
=
( )
2
max
4
3
R A
cell
=
Cell Area Site-To-Site Distance
max
5 , 1 R D =
max
3 R D =
max
3 R D =
max
2 R D =
Thank you for your attention

Link Budget Calculation Enabling - For Customer

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