EXPERIMENT

VARIABLES (including control experiment)

SAFETY PRECAUTION

Temperature on cell membrane permeability (beetroot)

Caffeine concentration on heart rate (daphnia)

m/v: temperature r/v: intensity of red colour measured by colorimeter (absorbance) c/v: length of time immersion, initial treatment (rinse), pH water volume of water (immersion) size of beetroot part of beetroot used age of beetroot storage time of beetroot source of beetroot (variety) measure absorbance at room temperature m/v: caffeine concentration r/v : heart rate (beat) c/v: temperature pH length of immersion in caffeine size of daphnia age of daphnia genotype of daphnia measure heart rate of daphnia in distilled water m/v: enzyme conc (no of scoops of potato mash) r/v: rate of O2 collected (time taken to collect a fixed volume of oxygen / volume collected in a fixed

Accidentally cut fingers (use cork borer carefully) Stain cloth (lab coat)

LIMITATIONS / WAYS OVERCOMING THEM / IMPROVING RELIABILITY (besides repeat) Colour intensity is subjective (if without colorimeter)

ETHICAL ISSUE / HOW THIS EXP ADDRESS R/V & CONCLUSION Membrane permeability is measured by intensity of red coloured solution, high temp, higher intensity, more permable

(high temp phospholipid gain kinetic energy, vibrate more, cause large gaps, increase permeability , protein denatured leaving large pores)

*if daphnia left too long under microscope , light will increase temperature and this will affect heart rate (temp not constant ) *difficult to count heart beat tap calculator while counting it

*Abundant in nature (no threat to species) *Simple nervous system (lack pain receptors)-invertebrate *Bred for fish food (killed anyway) Higher caffeine conc, faster heart rate Caffeine act as stimulant

Enzyme concentration on rate (potato catalase)

Hydrogen peroxide is corrosive Enzyme irritant to skin

Oxygen dissolve in water (if water displacement method used) No of scoops not represent enzyme conc

Rate of decomposition of H2O2

rate of O2 collected , more scoops , more O2 collected in a certain period /

Temperature on distribution of organism (hatching success brine shrimp)

Mineral deficiency on plant growth

period of time) c/v: temperature pH vol&conc of hydrogen peroxide age / storage time of potato variety of potato measure time taken / volume 02 collected without using enzyme (potato) m/v: temperature r/v: number hatched (HOW?? count number of swimming brine shrimp) c/v: pH initial number of eggs used nutrient content in water light intensity source of brine shrimp eggs (genotype) Count number hatched at room temperature m/v: minerals absent r/v: characteristics of the plant (colour& no of leaves, length of root c/v: concentration of other mineral temperature light intensity pH parent source of the small plant no of plant in each petri dish observe plant growth in petri dish containing all mineral ions

less time taken to collect certain vol of O2 , higher rate more enzyme, more active sites, more freq collision to form complex

*Difficult to count number of eggs hatched (too small & not stay still ) *Difficult to ensure same number of eggs used initially ( no of scoop is subjective)

*Bred to feed fish, will be killed anyway *Abundant in nature, will not threat species *invertebrate (lack of pain) No hatched distribution Higher temperature , More hatched , higher distribution

*Mineral solution may be irritant to skin (wear gloves) *Cover the dish with cling film (avoid entry & culturing pathogenic bacteria)

*Diificult to measure plant growth (ex root, grow too small) *Different deficiency show similar effect on plant (such as yellowing)- hard to tell which cause which

Plant lack nervous system (can`t feel pain) Colour,no of leaves & root length plant growth Green, increase in leaves & root length, positive growth

Temperature on vitamin C content

m/v: temperature r/v: volume fruit juice needed to decolourise DCPIP / volume DCPIP added until no longer decolourise (remain blue) c/v: period of immersion in water bath (or cooking) Vol & conc of DCPIP / vol of fruit juice used method / no of times swirl Source of the juice Measure volume needed at room temperature m/v: any one of the c/v r/v: maximum mass of load before the fiber breaks c/v: temperature humidity period of immersion pH of immersion water length of fiber cross sectional area source of the fiber age of the plant maximum mass to break when m/v absence/ normal condition m/v: (any from c/v) r/v: number of different organism and number of each member c/v: temperature light intensity humidity

DCPIP stain (wear lab coat)

*Excessive swirling of flask containing colourless DCPIP will oxidize it back to blue form resulting more DCPIP needed and conc vit C is thought to be lower (than it should be) swirl slowly / maintain swirling at same no of times *Hard to judge end point especially in highly coloured juice need reference colour *Cross sectional area not the same throughout the length of fibre (find average cross sectional area) *Mass added has wide range, max mass could lie anywhere within range (use newton meter more accurate)

conc of vit C in fruit juice vol of DCPIP needed

(inversely vol of juice needed to decolourise DCPIP (conc of vit C in fruit juice is determined by using standard curve ) Greater vit C conc , more volume of DCPIP needed (to remain blue) , BUT less vol of fruit juice needed (to decolourise DCPIP) Plant lack nervous system, less ethical issue Tensile strength max mass before fibre break The greater the mass the stronger the fiber

Tensile strength

*Pathogenic bacteria in the immersion fluid (wear gloves) *Load fall on food upon fibre break (put cushion underneath)

Abiotic factor on distribution (field trip)

Wild animals Poisoned by plants

Only 1 study made (use quadrats- fixed area, easy to count thus easy to repeat,)

Breathing rate (bubble in capillary)

nutrient in soil water availability pH oxygen availability m/v: temperature r/v: rate of oxygen uptake (time taken for bubble to move a fixed distance / distance moved by bubble in a fixed time) c/v: mass of organism size and age of organism number of organism measure oxygen uptake at room temperature

*Stain by the fluid (lab coat) *KOH is corrosive (wear gloves)

Bubble movement too slow (use larger mass of organism / organism that breath faster to get significant result) *Carbon dioxide also released which will affect pressure use KOH to absorb CO2 *Second tube balances out the effect of changes in temperature and pressure

Breathing rate distance moved by bubble (inversely

time taken for bubble to move) Greater distance moved (or less time taken) , higher breathing rate Oxygen taken in , reduce pressure inside tube, atm pressure pushes liquid along the tube until pressure inside equal to atm , CO2 released absorbed by KOH Plant lack nervous system , can`t feel pain Area of clear zone antimicrobial effects Larger area of clear zone , stronger antimicrobial effect

Antimicrobial property (plant extract)

m/v: source of extract r/v: area of clear zone c/v: temperature incubation period of incubation size of disc method of preparing extract mass of plant use part of plant used strain of bacteria use discs dipped in distilled water

*Ethanol is flammable (avoid exposure to naked flame) *Infection by pathogenic bacteria (incubate <370C , not sealed dish completety , use less harmful strain of bacteria) *Extract from plant maybe irritant to skin (wear gloves)

*Area of clear zone is irregular shape (diameter varies) find average diameter *Bacteria not distributed evenly in the first place (hard to ensure it is evenly distributed) inoculate randomly , swirl dish *Contamination of other bacteria in petri dish (affect clear zone) use aseptic technique ex sterilized

discs

Effectiveness of antibiotic

Habituation (snails / sea slug)

m/v : (any of the c/v) r/v: (same as above) c/v: (same as above) type of antibiotic volume n conc of antibiotics m/v: time / number of taps r/v: time taken to re-extend stalk/gills c/v: method of tapping (damp cotton buds , strength ) temperature humidity variety of organism

(same as above)

(same as above)

(same as above)

Infected by pathogen carried by snail (wear gloves)

*impossible to give exactly the same tapping force / use same dampness of cotton buds *sometimes refuse to response (can`t control their response) *May respond differently due to the different environment in which it is tested (let it to acclimatized first) *Difficult to determine when a snail has fully reemerged

*Not invertebrate less ethical issue *Not harmed in any way *Returned to the wild afterwards Time taken to return to original position reflect habituation Less time taken showing habituation is taking place Repeated stimulation, Ca2+ channel less responsive, less influx of Ca2+ , less NT released into synapse, AP not set up, no impulse to eye, not retract, less response *Unethical to use animals for experiment *Involve deprive rats of food lead to starvation Number of mistakes made reflect learning Less mistakes show higher learning capacity

Abiotic factor on learning ability (rats)

m/v: any from c/v r/v: number of mistakes made in maze c/v: food given (nutrient) type of toys age of rats size of rats sex of rats variety of rats

number of mistakes not directly points to learning capacity (learning is subjective)

learning ability in rats without m/v