International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge (IJSRK), 1(5), pp. 82-92, 2013 Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.

com/ijsrk ISSN: 2322-4541; 2013 IJSRPUB http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsrk-2013-p082-092

Full Length Research Paper Extraction of Trace Amounts Copper (II) Using Octadecyl Silica Membrane Disks Modified Isocyanate-Treated GOs (iGOs)
Ali Moghimi
Department of Chemistry, Varamin branch Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran E- mail: alimoghimi@iauvaramin.ac.ir; Kamran9537@yahoo.com
Received 19 March 2013; Accepted 3 April 2013

Abstract. A number of functionalized graphite oxides were prepared by treatment of graphite oxide (GO) with organic isocyanates. A simple and reproducible method for the rapid extraction and determination of trace amounts of copper (II) ions using octadecyl-bonded silica membrane disks modified by isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOs) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry is presented. The method is based on complex formation on the surface of the ENVI-18 DISKTM disks followed by stripping of the retained species by minimum amounts of appropriate organic solvents. The elution is efficient and quantitative. The effect of potential interfering ions, pH, ligand amount, stripping solvent, and sample flow rate were also investigated. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the break-through volume was found to about 1000mL providing a preconcentration factor of 500. The maximum capacity of the disks was found to be 389 4 g for Cu2+.The limit of detection of the proposed method is 5ng per 1000mL.The method was applied to the extraction and recovery of copper in different water samples. Key words: Copper (II); SPE; Octadecyl slica disks; AAS; isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOS). 1. INTRODUCTION Copper at trace concentrations acts as both a micronutrient and a toxicant in marine and fresh water systems (Groschner et al., 1994). Trace amounts of metals are present in natural biosphere. Presence of some of these metals in very low concentrations and certain oxidation states are necessary. Higher concentrations and other oxidation states might be toxic and dangerous. Unfortunately the deference between these two levels are very small (Leyden et al., 1976a). Direct determination of trace metals especially toxic metal ions such as mercury, tin, lead and metalloids arsenic, antimony and selenium from various samples requires mostly an initial and efficient pre-concentration step (Leyden et al., 1976b). This pre-concentration is required to meet the detection limits as well as to determine the lower concentration levels of the analyte of interest (Jones et al., 1983). This can be performed simply in many ways including liquid and solid phase extraction techniques (Nambiar et al., 1998; Caroli et al., 1991). The application of solid phase extraction technique for pre- concentration of trace metals from different samples results in several advantages such as the minimal waste generation, reduction of sample matrix effects as well as adsorption of the target species on the solid surface in a more stable chemical form(Alexandrova et al., 1993) . The normal and selective solid phase extractors are those derived from the immobilization of the organic compounds on the surface of solid supports which are mainly nano-polyurethane forms (Arpadjan et al., 1997) , filter paper (Leyden et al., 1975) , cellulose (Gennaro et al., 1983) and ion exchange resins (Shamsipur et al., 2005). Silica gel, alumina, magnesia and zirconia are the major inorganic solid matrices used to immobilize the target organic modifiers on their surfaces (Unger et al. 1979) of which silica gel is the most widely used solid support due to the well documented thermal, chemical and mechanical stability properties compared to other organic and inorganic solid supports (Boudreau et al., 1989). The surface of silica gel is characterized by the presence of silanol groups, which are known as weak ion exchangers, causing low interaction, binding and extraction of the target analytes (Kvitek et al., 1982). For this reason, modification of the silica gel surface with certain functional groups has successfully been employed to produce the solid phase with certain selectivity characters (Bruening et al., 1991). Two approaches are known for loading the surface of solid phases with certain organic compounds and these are defined as the chemical immobilization which is based on chemical bond formation between the silica gel surface groups and those of the organic modifier, and the other approach is known as the physical adsorption in which direct adsorption of the organic

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modifier with the active silanol groups takes place (Unger et al., 1979). Selective solid phase extractors and preconcentrators are mainly based on impregnation of the solid surface with certain donor atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds (Mahmoud, 1979; Mahmoud et al. 1997; Tong et al., 1990; Dadler et al., 1987). The most successful selective solid phases for soft metal ions are sulfurcontaining compounds, which are widely used in different analytical fields. Amongst these sulfurcontaining compounds are dithiocarbamate derivatives for selective extraction of Pb(II) (Mahmoud 1999; Mahmoud 1998) and pre-concentration of various cations (Leyden et al., 1976; Moghimi et al., 2009; Tehrani et al., 2005) and 2- mercaptobenzothiazolmodified silica gel for on-line pre-concentration and separation of silver for atomic absorption spectrometric determinations (Moghimi et al., 2009). Ammonium hexa-hydroazepin-1-dithiocarboxylate (HMDC)-loaded on silica gel as solid phase preconcentration column for atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was reported (Alexandrova et al., 1993). Mercaptomodified silica gel phase was used in preconcentration of some trace metals from seawater (Moghimi et al., 2009). Sorption of copper (II) by some sulfur containing complexing agents loaded on various solid supports (Moghimi et al., 2011) was also reported. 2-Amino-1- cyclopentene-1-dithiocaboxylic acid (ACDA) for the extraction of silver(I), Pb(II) and palladium(II) (Moghimi et al., 2005), 2-[2triethoxysilyl-ethylthio] aniline for the selective extraction and separation of palladium from other interfering metal ions (Tehrani et al., 2005) as well as thiosemicarbazide for sorption of different metal ions (Moghimi et al.2011) and thioanilide loaded on silica gel for pre-concentration of palladium(II) from water (Tehrani et al., 2005) are also sulfur contaning silica gel phases. Ion adsorption onto solid chelating nano polymer materials is now considered as one of the most promising techniques for selective concentration, removal and recovery of metal ions from a wide variety of sources. Among different types of polymer adsorbent, polymer fibers have attracted great interest in recent years (Tahaei et al., 2008). This can be related to their structure and characteristics, like high specific surface, small cross-section, uniformity in diameter (in macroscopic scale) and long length of fiber to diameter (Abdouss et al., 2012). Raw acrylic fibers (RAF), due to their chemical and thermal stability, are a good substrate for the modification. The mentioned advantages are mainly attributed to the high adsorption capacities, fast

adsorption equilibrium, high recycling rate and low cost of these polymeric fibers. The use of commercial fiber and introducing functional groups on its structure are of the important methods for producing ion adsorbent fibers. The properties of the fiber can be maintained in this method (Abdouss et al., 2012). In our previous attempts, we modified SPE membrane disks with suitable compounds for selective determination of Pb (Ahmad Panahi et al., 2011; Tuzen et al., 2009).Meanwhile, other investigators have successfully utilized these sorbents for quantitative extraction and monitoring trace amounts of lead (Tahaei et al., 2008). The main goal of the present work is development of a fast, sensitive and efficient way for enrichment and extraction of trace amounts of Pb (II) from aqueous media by means of a surfactant coated C18 modified with ligand Schiff base-chitosan-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes (S-CSMWCNTs)Furan-2-carbaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone (I, shown in Fig. 1). Such a determination has not been reported in the literature. The structure of Schiff base-chitosangrafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes (S-CSMWCNTs) is shown in Fig. 1. The chelated ions were desorbed and determined by FAAS. The modified solid phase could be used at least 50 times with acceptable reproducibility without any change in the composition of the sorbent, S-CS-MWCNTs or SDS. On the other hand, in terms of economy it is much cheaper than those in the market, like C18 SPE minicolumn. The aim of this work was the development of a rapid, efficient and highly sensitive method for selective extraction and concentration of ultra trace amounts of Cu2+ ions from aqueous media using octadecyl silica membrane disks modified by isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOs) and AAS determination. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Reagents All acids were of the highest purity available from Merck and were used as received. Methanol and Chlorofom were of HPLC grade from Merck. Analytical grade nitrate salts of litium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel, cobalt(II), and copper(II) were of the highest purity. Ultra pure organic solvents were obtained from E.Merck, Darmstat, Germany, and High Purity double distilled deionized water was used throughout the experiments. The stock standard solution of Cu2+ was prepared by dissolving 0.1000g of the copper powder in 10mL

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concentrated nitric acid and diluted to 1000mL with water in a calibrated flask. Working solutions were prepared by appropriate dilution of the stock solution. 2.1.1. Preparation of isocyanate-treated graphite oxides (iGOs) In a typical procedure, graphite oxide (50 mg) was loaded into a 10-mL round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and anhydrous DMF (5 mL)

was then added under nitrogen to create an inhomogeneous suspension. The organic isocyanate (2 mmol) was next added and the mixture was allowed to stir under nitrogen for 24 h. (In the case of solid isocyanates, both the isocyanate and graphite oxide were loaded into the flask prior to adding DMF.) After 24 h the slurry reaction mixture was poured into methylene chloride (50 mL) to coagulate the product. The product was filtered, washed with additional methylene chloride (50 mL), and dried under vacuum.

Table 1: The operational conditions of flame for determination of copper

Table 2: The effect of presence of isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOS) on extraction percent of copper(II)a

a b

Initial samples contained 10g of copper(II) in 100mL of water Values in parentheses are RSDS based on five individual replicate analyses

Table 3: Effect of different eluting solvents on Percentage recovery of copper(II) adsorbed on the disk

Initial samples contained 10 g of each copper in 100 mL water. Values in parentheses are RSDs based on five individual replicate analysis. c Acidified solvents obtained by addition of 0.1 M HCl. d Ammoniacal solvents obtained by addition of 0.1 M NH3
b

2.2. Apparatus Determination of Cu2+ contents in working samples were carried out by a Varian spectra A.200 model atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a high intensity hallow cathode lamp(HI-HCl) according to

the recommendations of the manufacturers. These characteristics are tabulated in (Table 1). Solid phase extractions were carried out by glassy membrane disks, ENVI-18DISKTM 47mm diameter 0.6 mm thickness containing octadecyl silica bonded phase (30 m particles, 70 A pore size) obtained from Supelco in conjunction with a standard Millipore

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47 mm filtration apparatus equipped with a vacuum pump. The pH measurements were carried out by an ATC pH meter (EDT instruments, GP 353). 2.3. Sample extraction Extraction were performed with glassy membrane disks, ENVI-18 DISKTM 47mm diameter 0.6 mm thickness containing octadecyl silica bonded phase (30 m particles, 70 A pore size) from Supelco. The disks were used in conjunctions with a standard Millipore 47mm filtration apparatus connected to water aspirator (Moghimi, 2006). 1) Sample Treatment: The water samples were filtered through 45m nylon filters. Sampling vessels were polyethylene bottles soaked in 1 mol.L-1 HNO3 overnight and rinsed twice with deionized water. The analysis must be done within 2 days of sample collection to limit the risk of interconversion of copper (II).Then; 5mL of methanol was added to a 90mL portion of each before analysis. The surface of the ENVI-18 DISKTM disks is not modified with iGOS and therefore could not retain Cu2+ ions properly. Instead, 10 mg of iGOS was dissolved in an appropriate volume of an organic solvent (5mL) miscible with water. The most suitable solvent under the experimental conditions was acetone. The iGOS solution was added to aqueous solution of Cu2+ and the mixture was stirred gently.

2) Disk cleaning and conditioning: A disk was placed in the apparatus and was washed with 10mL of methanol to remove all contaminants arising from the manufacturing process and the environment. Then, the disk was dried by passing air through it for several minutes. To insure optimal extraction of the analytes of interest, the disk was again washed with 10mL of methanol, immediately followed by 10mL of water, without letting the surface of the disk dry. This step pre-wets the disk surface prior to extraction. Improper performance of this step causes slow flow rate and poor analyte recoveries. It is important to avoid any air contact with the surface of the disk before the addition of the sample. 3) Sample addition: After complete homogenization, accurate volumes of the sample solutions (100mL portions) were transferred to the top reservoir of the disk apparatus. At the same time, the solution was drawn through the disk by applying a mild vacuum. Application of vacuum was continued until the disk was completely dry (about 5 minute). 4) Analyte elution: In order to elute the analyte selectively, exactly 5 mL of acidified solvents 0.1M HCl in methanol was passed through the disk and collected into a 5.0 mL volumetric flask under the extraction funnel. It was found that ultra pure alcoholic organic solvents were the best eluting agents. The concentration of copper(II) in the eluates were then determined by FAAS using an external calibration graph.

Fig. 1: Influence of sample pH and dissolving solvent of iGOS on the percentage recovery of Cu(II). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Evaluation of the role of the ligand Some preliminary experiments were performed for investigation of absence or presence of iGOS on the quantitative extraction of copper(II).It was concluded that the membrane disk itself does not show any tendency for the retention of copper(II), but introduction of 100mL portions of aqueous copper(II) samples containing 10g of copper(II) and 10mg of isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOS) leads to satisfactory its retention(Table 2). The latter case is most probably attributed to the existence of a considerable

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interaction between copper(II) and the isocyanatetreated GOs (iGOS). It should be mentioned that formation of stable complexes between copper(II) and isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOS) at pH=2 is probably

due to an ion pair formation mechanism. However, at pH higher than 2 the retention and percentage recovery of copper(II) are negligible.

Fig. 2: The effect of the flow-rate on extraction percent of Cu(II).

Fig. 3: Influence of eluent type on disk efficiency 3.2. Choice of eluent In order to select the most appropriate eluent for the quantitative stripping of the retained copper(II) on the disks, 5mL of various non organic (each containing 10% V.V-1 methanol) and different organic solvents were tested. The results tabulated in Table2. As can be seen, the best eluting solvents were found to be 5mL of methanol or ethanol, resulting in quantitative elution of copper(II) from the disk. It should be emphasized that presence of methanol in any kind of employed solvents helps to better the contact of eluent with hydrophobic surface of the disk. 3.3. The effect of the pH The pH of the sample solutions were adjusted to different values between 2-9 by addition of hydrochloric acid or a suitable buffer such as sodium acceate-acetic acid or sodium dihydrogen phosphatedisodium hydrogen phosphate, and then solutions passed through the disks. Eventually, the metal ions were stripped by pure methanol or ethanol solutions followed by flame atomic absorption determination of the eluted copper(II).Then, percentage recovery at various pH values was determined (Fig .1). According to the results shown in Fig.1 up to pH 4.0-4.5, complete recoveries are obtained. However, at higher pH values, percentage recovery decreases. This is due to fact that in an acidic solution the protonation of isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOS) occurs and there is a weak tendency for retention between Cu(II) and isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOS), whereas at higher values (pH>5), Cu(II) reacts with hydroxide ions to produce Cu(OH)2. Therefore, sodium acceate-acetic acid buffer with pH=4.5 was used for the preconcentration step. Other solvents used for

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dissolving isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOS) were methanol and ethanol. The influences of these solvents on the recoveries as a function of pH are compared and shown in Fig. 1. Mean while, other organic solvents were not tested because of their

restricted solubility and formation of two phases with aqueous solutions and incompatibility with flame higher pH values (>7) were not tested because of the possibility of the hydrolysis of octadecyl silica in the disks (Moghimi, 2006).

Table 4: Percent recovery of copper from the modified membrane disk in the presence of 0.01 M of different counter anions a

Initial samples contained 10g of copper(II) in 100mL of water.

Table 5: Influence of the iGOS amount on the recovery of Cu(II) ions a

a b

Initial samples contained 10 g of each copper in 100 mL water. Values in parentheses are RSDs based on five individual replicate analysis.

3.4. Effect amount of counter anion In order to investigate the effect of counter ion on the recovery Cu2+ ions by the modified disks, different counter anions were tested Table 4, it is immediately obvious that the nature of the counter anion strongly influences the retention of copper ions by the disk. The results revealed that the isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOS) behaves as a neutral ionophore in the pH range 4.0-4.5 (Bingye et al., 2012) so that the copper ions are retained as ion pair complexes by the membrane disks. As seen, acetate ion is the most efficient counter anion for the SPE of Cu(II) ions. The influence of the concentration of sodium acetate ion on copper recovery was investigated, and the results are shown in Table 4. As seen, the percent recovery of Cu2+ increased with the acetate concentration until a reagent concentration of about 0.1 M is reached, beyond which the recovery remained quantitative. Moreover, acetate ion acts as a suitable buffering agent, while it effectively contributes to the ions- pair formation; thus, in the SPE experiments, there was no need for the addition of any buffer solution.

3.5. The influence of flow-rate One of the most important parameters affecting solid phase extraction is the speed of the process. Hence, the effect of flow-rates on extraction efficiencies was investigated. It was found that in the range of 10-100 mL.min-1, the retention of Cu(II) was not considerably affected by the sample solutions flow-rates and leads to reproducible and satisfactory results (Fig. 2). Thus, the flow-rate was maintained at 89mL.min-1 throughout the experiment. 3.6. Quantity of the iGOS The optimum amount of iGOS for the quantitative extraction of Cu(II) was also investigated by adding various amounts of it to solution(between 2-20 mg). The results are listed in Table 5. The experimental results revealed that the extraction of Cu(II) was quantitative using a sample solution containing more than 10 mg iGOS. Hence, subsequent extractions were performed with 15mg of iGOS.

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3.7. Disk efficiency Undoubtedly, one of the major parameters affecting in the SPE determinations is the efficiency of the used membrane disks. However, to the best of our knowledge this case has not been discussed elsewhere in similar reports. Under the optimum experimental

conditions, it was found out that each ENV-18 DISKTM disk could perform at least 14 replicate analyses if organic eluting solvents are used. On the other hand, acidic, eluents practically decrease the number of time a disk could be used to 10replicates. These observations are represented in Fig. 3.

Table 6: Separation of copper from binary mixtures a

a b

Initial samples contained 10g Cu2+ and different amounts of various ions in 100 mL water (0.1 M acetate ion). Values in parentheses are RSDs based on five individual replicate analysis.

3.8. Analytical Performance When solutions of 10g copper in 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 2500 and 3000mL solutions under optimal experimental conditions were passed through the disks, the Cu(II) was quantitatively retained in all cases. Thus, the breakthrough volume for the method must be greater than 2500mL, providing a concentration factor of >500. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method for the determination of Cu(II) was studied under the optimal experimental conditions. The LOD based on 3 of the blank is 5 ng per 1000mL. The capacity of modified disks (5mg iGOS) was determined by passing 50mL portions of sample solutions containing 8mg of copper and 0.1M sodium acceate-acetic acid buffer with pH 4.0-4.5, followed by the determination of the retained metal ions in the eluting solution using AAS. The maximal capacity of the disk obtained from three replicate measurements was 3894g of Cu2+ on the disk. In order to investigate the selective separation and determination of Cu2+ ions from its binary mixtures with various metal ions, an aliquot of aqueous solutions (50mL) containing 10g Cu2+ and mg amounts of other cations was taken and the recommended procedure was followed. The results are summarized in Table 6. The results show that the

copper(II) ions in binary mixtures are retained almost completely by the modified disk, even in the presence of up to about 100mg of various ions. Meanwhile, retention of other cations by the disk is very low and they can be separated effectively from the Cu2+ ion. Its is interesting to note that, in other experiments, we found that in the presence of high enough concentrations NH2OH.HCl as a suitable reducing agent (> 0.5M)48.no retention of the resulting single charge Cu+ ion can occur by the modified membrane disk. 3.9. Analysis of water samples To assess the applicability of the method to real samples, it was applied to the extraction and determination of copper from different water samples. Tap water (Tehran, taken after 10 min operation of the tap),rain water (Tehran, 20January, 2013), Snow water (varamin , 12 February, 2013)and Sea water(taken from Caspian sea, near the MahmoudAbad shore) samples were analyzed (Table 7). As can be seen from Table 4 the added copper ions can be quantitatively recovered from the water samples used.

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4. CONCLUSION The proposed solid phase extraction procedure based on octadecyl silica membrane disks modified with isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOS) sub-unit is simple, highly sensitive, selective, reproducible and rapid, when compared with the previously reported SPE methods (Groschner et al., 1994; Tuzen et al., 2007; Tuzen et al., 2008a; Tuzen et al., 2008b; Duran et al., 2009; Narin et al., 2003; Ozcan et al., 2010). Results presented in this work demonstrate well the tremendous possibilities offered by the solid phase extraction of trace amounts of Pb(II) in water samples using Octadecyl Silica membrane disks modified by isocyanate-treated GOs (iGOS) and its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The method developed was simple, reliable, and precise for determining Pb(II) in water.The methode can be successfully applied to the separation and determination of Pb(II) in binary mixtures. Acknowledgements The authour wish to thank the Chemistery Department of Varamin branch Islamic Azad University for financial support. REFERENCES Abdouss M, Mousavi shoushtari A (2012). Fabrication of Chelating Diethylenetriaminated Pan Micro- and Nano-Fibers for Heavy Metal Removal. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 18 (1): 27-34. Ahmad Panahi H, Abdouss M, Ghiabi F, Moniri E, Mousavi Shoushtari A )2011(Modification and characterization of poly (ethylene terephthalate)-grafted-acrylic acid/acryl amide fiber for removal of lead from human plasma and environmental samples. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 124 (6): 52365246. Alexandrova A, Arpadjan S (1993). Column solid phase extraction as preconcentration method for trace element determination in oxalic acid by atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission. Spectrometry Analyst 118: 1309-1314. Arpadjan S, Vuchkova L, Kostadinova E (1997) Sorption of Arsenic, Bismuth, Mercury, Antimony, Selenium and Tinon Dithiocarbamate Loaded Polyurethane Foam as a Preconcentration Method for Their Determination in Water Samples by Simultaneous Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption. Spectrometry Analyst, 122: 243-249.

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Moghimi Extraction of Trace Amounts Copper (II) Using Octadecyl Silica Membrane Disks Modified Isocyanate-Treated GOs (iGOs)

Tuzen M, Soylak M, (2005). Mercury Contamination in Mushroom Samples from Tokat-Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 74: 968-972. Tuzen M, Karaman I, Citak D, Soylak M (2009). Mercury(II) and Methyl Mercury Determinations in Water and Fish Samples by Using Solid Phase Extraction and Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Combination, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47: 1648-1652. Tuzen M, Karaman I, Citak D, Soylak M, (2009). Mercury(II) and Methyl Mercury Speciation on Streptococcus Pyogenes Loaded Dowex Optipore SD-2. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 169: 345-350. Tuzen M, Ozlem Saygi K, Usta C, Soylak M (2008a). Pseudomonas aeruginosa immobilized

multiwalled carbon nanotubes as biosorbent for heavy metal ions. Bioresource Technology, 99(6): 1563-1570. Tuzen M, Saygi KO, Soylak M (2008b). Solid phase extraction of heavy metal ions in environmental samples on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152(2): 632639. Tuzen M, Soylak M (2007). Multiwalled carbon nanotubes for speciation of chromium in environmental samples Journal of Hazardous Materials, 147, (1-2): 219-225. Unger K (1979) Comparison of an ordered mesoporous aluminosilicate, silica, alumina, titania and zirconia in normal-phase highperformance liquid chromatography Porous Silica, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

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International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge (IJSRK), 1(5), pp. 82-92, 2013

Associate Professor Dr Ali Moghimi obtained his first degree from Analytical Chemistry Ph.D., Faculty of Science, Science and Research branch,Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran science in 2005. Currently, Dr Moghimi serves head department of chemistry, Varamin (Pishva) Branch Islamic Azad University. He has published numerous refereed articles in professional journals. Dr Moghimi field of expertises are solid phase extraction, separation and chromatography. Dr Moghimi also has conducted numerous consultancies and research works at national and international level. He has published over 150 refereed articles in professional journals/proceedings and currently sits as the Editorial Board Member for 8 International journals.

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