INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)

ISSN 0976 6464(Print) ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April, 2013, pp. 324-331 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8896 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

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DESIGN OF CIRCULARLY POLARIZED MICROSTRIP SQUAREPATCH ANTENNA FOR IMPROVED BANDWIDTH AND DIRECTIVE GAIN WITH LOW RETURN LOSS
Sandeep Kumar1, Suresh Sahni2, Ugra Mohan Kumar3, Devendra Singh4 (Assistant Professor, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India,) (M.Tech Scholar, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun,) 3 (M.Tech Scholar, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun,) 4 (Assistant Professor, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun,)
2 1

ABSTRACT This paper presents a circularly polarized microstrip square patch antenna with single feed technique that operates in wireless local area network. Compact circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna with inserted thin slots is proposed to reduce the size and widen the bandwidth. The antenna is operated at 3.55 GHz frequency. The impedance bandwidth (VSWR < 2) is 180 MHz and the directive gain is 5.81 dB. The proposed antenna also provides low return loss (S11=-31.53dB). The proposed structure is designed and simulated by Ansoft HFSS software. The simulated results give significant improvement in terms of directive gain and bandwidth. Keywords: Bandwidth, Directive Gain, VSWR, Radiation pattern, Return loss. I. INTRODUCTION

Designing a circularly polarized microstrip antenna is challenging; it requires combination of design steps. The first step involves designing an antenna to operate at a given frequency. In the second step circular polarization is achieved by either introducing a perturbation segment to a basic single fed microstrip antenna, or by feeding the antenna with dual feeds equal in magnitude but having 90 physical phase shift[6,7]. The shape and the dimensions of the perturbation have to be optimized to ensure that the antenna achieves an axial ratio that is below 3 dB at the desired design frequency. 324

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

Now a days circular polarization is very important in the antenna design industry, it eliminates the importance of antenna orientation in the plane perpendicular to the propagation direction, it gives much more flexibility to the angle between transmitting & receiving antennas, also it enhances weather penetration and mobility. It is used in a bunch of commercial and militarily applications [3, 6]. However it is difficult to build good circularly polarized antenna. In a typical wireless communication system increasing the gain of antennas used for transmission increases the wireless coverage range, decreases errors, increases achievable bit rates and decreases the battery consumption of wireless communication devices. One of the main factors in increasing this gain is matching the polarization of the transmitting and receiving antenna [1, 3]. The microstrip antenna is one of the most commonly used antennas in applications that require circular polarization. This paper is concerned with the design of a circularly polarized microstrip antenna that would operate in the 3.6 GHz range. This range is commonly used by wireless local area devices and wireless personal area devices such as the 802.11 WIFI and the 802.15.4 Zigbee wireless systems [2, 5]. For circular polarization to be generated in microstrip antenna two modes equal in magnitude and 90 out of phase are required. Microstrip antenna on its own doesnt generate circular polarization; subsequently some changes should be done to the patch antenna to be able to generate the circular polarization 2. FEED TECHNIQUES

The most commonly used feeding techniques in circular polarization generation are dual feed and single feed [5, 6, and 7].
2.1 Dual Feed Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna

As 90 phase shift between the fields in the microstrip antenna is a perquisite for having circular polarization, dual feed is an easy way to generate circular polarization in microstrip antenna. The two feed points are chosen perpendicular to each other as shown in Figure1. With the help of external polarizer the microstrip patch antenna is fed by equal in magnitude and orthogonal feed. Dual feed can be carried out using quadrature hybrid, ring hybrid, Wilkinson power divider, T-junction power splitter or two coaxial feeds with physical phase shift 90.

Fig.(1) Examples for dual fed CP patches [1, 2, 3]

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

2.2 Single feed circularly larly polarized microstrip antenna

Single fed microstrip antennas are simple, easy to manufacture, low cost and compact in structure as shown in Figure(2 2). . It eliminates the use of complex hybrid polarizer, which is very complicated to be used in antenna array a [17]. ]. Single fed circularly polarized microstrip antennas are considered to be one of the simplest antennas that can produce produce circular polarization[2, 6]. In order to achieve circular polarization using only single feed two degenerate modes should be exited with equal amplitude and 90 difference. Since basic shapes microstrip antenna produce linear polarization there must be some changes in the patch design to produce circular polarization. Perturbation segments are used to split the field into two orthogonal thogonal modes with equal magnitude and 90 phase shift. Therefore the circular polarization requirements are met[3, met 6].

Fig. (2) Single fed patches [1, 2]

3. DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP SQUARE PATCH ANTENNA WITH LINEAR POLARIZATION Design of microstrip patch antenna depends mainly upon three parameters, namely substrate and its dielectric constant, height of the substrate and resonant frequency. In this paper, selected three parameters are: Resonant Frequency (fr) = 3.55 GHz, Dielectric constant (r) = 2.2, Height of the dielectric substrate (h) = 1.57 mm. Fig.(3) represents the designed Microstrip Patch antenna with square patch patch. Designed antenna has linear polarization.

Fig. (3) Microstrip square patch antenna

Fig. (4) Circularly polarized microstrip antenna

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

3.1 Calculation of Width The width of the Microstrip patch antenna is given by equation (1) [1, 2]: c 2 W = (1) 2 f r +1 The calculated width of proposed square patch antenna from equation (1) is W= 32.94 mm, where c is the speed of light. 3.2 Calculation of Effective dielectric constant (eff): 1/ 2 +1 r 1 h (2) reff = r + 1 + 10 2 2 W The calculated effective dielectric constant from equation (2) [1], reff = 2.329. 3.3 Calculation of the Effective length (Leff): c Leff = 2 f eff From above equation the effective length is comes out to be [1, 3], Leff=27.30mm 3.4 Calculation of the Length Extension (L):

(3)

L = 0.412h

( eff + 0.3).(W / h + 0.264) ( eff 0.258).(W / h + 0.8)

(4)

Which comes out to be [1, 2] L =0.8008mm. 3.5 Calculation of the resonant length of patch (L): L = LEFF 2 L This comes out to be 25.698mm. 3.6 Calculation of radiation conductance (G): The radiation conductance for a parallel-plate radiator as [1, 2] W (kh) 2 G= 1 = 3.2944mS. 0 24 3.7 Calculation of input resistance of the patch (R): 1 =151.768Ohms R= 2G

(5)

(6)

(7)

4. DESIGN OF SINGLE FED CIRCULARLY POLARIZED MICROSTRIP SQUARE PATCH ANTENNA

Single feeding techniques are very common with microstrip antennas as they are simple, easy to manufacture, low in cost and compact in structure. Several techniques were used to achieve circular polarization in single fed microstrip antenna. Among these techniques: fractal boundary, square patch with shaped slots , embedding cross slot in

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

metallic patch or the ground plane, staking antennas, annular ring with strip line inside the inner ring , and truncated edges patches. In this paper proposed technique is square patch with shaped slot utilized. this is the type of single fed circularly polarized microstrip antenna. Now, for achieving circular polarization cut a thin slot in square patch with dimensions given below and the structure is shown in above Fig.4. C=L/2.72 [1]=W/2.72=25.702/2.72 =9.449mm D=C/10 [1]=L/27.2=W/27.2=25.702/27.2 =0.9449mm

5. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS: Starting with the values we get from theoretical design, we prepared a model of antenna in Ansoft HFSS. Since the theoretical design is based on closed loop formulas and the software is based on open loop formulas, the resonant frequency of the patch designed with theoretical values shifted to a lower frequency. Therefore to correct the value of frequency to 3.55GHz, we changed the dimensions of the patch and the quarter wave transformer. We iteratively simulate the design to get the resonant dimensions of the patch. The results of the circularly polarized square patch antenna are given below in Table (1): Table (1): Results of circularly polarized microstrip antenna Parameters Frequency f Return Loss VSWR Gain Directivity Bandwidth VSWR < 2 Practical design 3.55Ghz -31.53dB 1.05 5.721dB 5.81dB 180Mhz

5.1 Simulated Results of a Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna The proposed antenna has been designed and simulated using Ansoft HFSS software. Fig. (5) represents the variation of Return Loss with Frequency. Plot shows resonant frequency at 3.55 GHz with minimum -31.53 dB returns loss available at resonant frequency. The bandwidth of the antenna depends on the patch shape, resonant frequency, dielectric constant and the thickness of the substrate [4, 7]. The bandwidth enhancement of a microstrip antenna has been directed towards improving the impedance bandwidth of the antenna element. Impedance bandwidth is usually specified in terms of a return loss. The VSWR of microstrip square patch antenna is shown in Fig. (6).

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

Fig. (5) Return Loss vs. Frequency

Fig. (6) VSWR vs. frequency

Fig. (7) Radiation pattern of circularly polarized microstrip antenna

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

Fig. (8) Directivity of circularly polarized microstrip antenna

6. CONCLUSION A square patch circularly polarized microstrip antenna design has been proposed and successfully implemented. The proposed structure has been simulated by using the Ansoft HFSS software. The square patch circularly polarized antenna provides enhancement in bandwidth, directive gain and return loss (S11 parameters) of -31.53dB 31.53dB is achieved along with broad side radiation n pattern. The circularly polarized microstrip antenna can be used for wireless local area network (WLAN, AN, IEEE 802.11), as well as military applications. REFERENCES: [1]ong ong Hee Park,Design of circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna with wide band characteristics, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, 357-361. 357 [2]R. R. Joseph* and T. Fukusako, CIRCULARLY POLARIZED BROADBAND ANTENNA WITH CIRCULAR SLOT ON CIRCULAR GROUND PLANE , Progress In Electromagnetics ics Research C, Vol. 26, 205-217, 205 2012 . [3]Sandeep Kumar, Design of square patch Microstrip antenna for improved bandwidth and directive gain, , International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications(IJERA) Applications(IJERA), Vol2, Issue-2,MAR,2012 , 433-436. [4]Neeraj Rao,Gain Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement of a Microstrip Antenna using Partial substrate removal in multiple layer dielectric substrate, , PIER proceedings, Suzhou, Ch China, Sept.12-16, 2011. [5]Shing-Lung Lung Steven Yang, Ahmed A. Kishk and Kai-Fong Fong Lee, Frequency Reconfigurable U-Slot Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna, IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 7, 2008. [6] Sameh Khmailia, Hichem Taghouti, Riadh Mehouachi and Abdelkader Mami Mami, Analyze Of A Rectangular Micro-Strip Strip Antenna By The Scattering Bond Graph Approach International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering &Technology (IJECET) Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 194 - 210, Issn Print: 0976- 6464, Issn Online: 0976 6472

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

[7] M. Veereshappa and Dr.S.N Mulgi, Pentagon and Circular Ring Slot Loaded Rectangular Microstrip Monopole Antennas for Quad-Band Operation International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering &Technology (IJECET) Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 151 - 157, Issn Print: 0976- 6464, Issn Online: 0976 6472 [8] Amit Kumar Gupta, R.K. Prasad, Dr. D.K. Srivastava, Design and Development of Dual E-Shaped Microstrippatch Antenna for Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering &Technology (IJECET) Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 34 - 42, Issn Print: 0976- 6464, Issn Online: 0976 6472 [9] Sonia and Satinder Pal, An Effective Approach to Contention Based Bandwidth Request Mechanism in Wimax Networks International Journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET) Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 603 - 620, Issn Print: 0976 6367, Issn Online: 0976 6375 BOOKS: [10] J. Constantine A. Balanis; Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2nd edition. 1997. [11] Garg, R and Ittipiboon, A; Micro strip Antenna Design Handbook, Artech House, 2001.

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