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1.1) OVERVIEW: According ancient Greek scripts BIOMETRICS means study of life. Biometrics studies commonly include fingerprint, face, iris, voice, signature, and hand geometry recognition and verification. Many other modalities are in various stages of development and assessment. Among these available biometric traits Finger Print proves to be one of the best traits providing good mismatch ratio and also reliable. The present scenario to operate a bank locker is with locks which are having keys. By this we cant say that we are going to provide good security to our lockers. To provide perfect security and to make our work easier, we are taking the help of two different technologies viz. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS and BIOMETRICS. In this project we are using our fingerprint and password as a key to open bank locker there by avoiding the usage of keys. There by providing security and reliability. 1.2) OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT: This project is related with Embedded system technology. The main objective of this project is,To provide good security to bank lockers by using a unique module called fingerprint module. In which a persons fingerprint is stored and identified .If at all a person has to enter a locker room ,he need to scan his fingerprint in the fingerprint scanner then after verification further he need to enter the desired password ,thus using fingerprint, password we are avoiding the usage of keys and providing good security for our lockers. 1.3) AIM OF THE PROJECT: In this project heart of entire project is microcontroller. Many ancient methodologies have come up like signature face ,iris, voice identification, but all these can be immitated or fabricated . However, a fingerprint is completely unique to an individual and stayed unchanged for lifetime. so our project is a real time project for providing perfect authentication , we can also increase & expand

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security levels by using finger print technology it also consumes low power and flexible application 1.4) ADVANTAGES&DISADVANTAGES: There are many advantages of our project because fingerprint is unique for every person it cannot be immitated or fabricated .It is not same in the case of twins also,the advantages are Sophisticated security No manual errors No false intrusion Need not to carry ant card Others cannot steel the users entry key

DISADVANTAGES It has less memory. If external memory is interface with microcontroller it takes large time to access data base

1.5) THEIESES ORGANISATION: This project FINGERPRINT BASED BANK LOCKER SYSTEM is used for providing safety and security and to avoid the usage of keys. The present scenario to operate a bank locker is with locks which are having keys. By this we cant say that we are going to provide good security to our lockers. To provide perfect security and to make our work easier, we are taking the help of two different technologies viz. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS and BIOMETRICS.

CHAPTER 2
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THEORITICAL CHAPTER
2.1)INTRODUCTION: This project is related with Embedded systems and bometrics technologies. The main objective of this project is,to provide safety for our bank lockers and reliability.It uses fingerprint and password as a key to open the bank locker . When coming to our application the images of the persons who are authorized to enter into the locker room will be stored in the module with a unique id. To prove that the persons are authorized to enter that area they need to scan their images. This scanner is interfaced to 8051 microcontroller. By using this controller we will be controlling the scanning process. After the scanning has been completed the person has to enter the unique id which is given to him to open his locker with the help of a keypad. Immediately the locker will be opened. After the work has been completed if a switch is pressed the locker will be closed again. If an unauthorized person tries to scan his image then an indication will be given by a buzzer which is interfaced to the controller. If an authorized person forgets his id he will be given 3 chances to re-enter the id. This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer,NGE-OP67 module,AT89S52,lcd ,stepper motor,keypad 2.2) AT89S52 MICRO CONTROLLER: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program
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memory to be reprogrammed in-system By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. Features Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag 2.3) FINGERPRINT MODULE: NGE - OP 67 fingerprint verification module. NGE - OP 67 module adopts optic fingerprint sensor, which consists of high-performance DSP and Flash. NGE- OP
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67 is able to conduct fingerprint image processing, template generation, template matching, fingerprint searching, template storage, etc. Proprietary Intellectual Property Optic fingerprint enrollment device, NGE - OP 67 hardware as well as fingerprint algorithm. Wide Application Range of Fingerprints with Different Quality Self-adaptive parameter adjustment mechanism is used in the course of finger Print enrollment. This ensures good image quality for even dry or wet fingers, thus it has wider application range. Low Price The cost of module is greatly reduced by using self-developed optic fingerprint enrollment device. Easy to Use and Expand It is not necessary for user to have professional knowledge in the field of fingerprint verification. User can develop powerful fingerprint verification application systems with the command set provided by NGE - OP 67. Low Power Consumption Sleep/awake control interface makes NGE - OP 67 suitable for occasions that require low power consumption. Different Security Levels User can set different security level according to different application environment.

System Characteristic
NG OP-67 Blue backlight Fingerprint Sensor Module adopts the optic fingerprint sensor, which consists of high-performance DSP and Flash. NG OP-67 is able to conduct fingerprint image processing, template generation, template matching, fingerprint searching, template storage, etc. This finger print can be available with various type of image qualities in case of wet fingers ,dry fingers the quality varies .by using this module that type of finger prints can also be scanned easily and identified.2steps involved are
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1) feature extraction 2) image extraction

2.3.2 Concepts in Fingerprint System

Fingerprint Feature Fingerprint algorithmic means capturing features from fingerprint image, it represents the fingerprint information. The saving, matching and capturing of fingerprint templates are all manipulated through fingerprint features. 1:1 Comparing 2 fingerprint templates, return info: matching or not matching. 1:N Searching Search the matching fingerprint from numbers of fingerprint features. Return info: No matching features or having matching features and returning the matching features Id simultaneity.

System parameter and interface

1. Power supply 5V 2 .Working current 170mA 3. Peak value current 200mA 4. Fingerprint input time 250ms 5. 1:1 matching time 600ms Matching features + matching 6 .1:900 searching time. 2s 7 .Fingerprint capacity Max.. 960 8 .FAR(False Acceptance Rate) 0. 001 % 9 .FRR (False Rejection Rate)1.5 % 10 .Fingerprint template size .. 512bytes 11. Outer interface UART 12.baud rate ..9600bps. 2.4)ULN2003: The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003 and ULN2004Aare high Voltage, high current Darlington arrays each containing seven open collector Darlington pairs with common emitters. Each channel rated at 500mAand can withstand peak
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currents of 600mA.Suppressiondiodesare included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layout. These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including solenoids, relays DC motors; LED displays filament lamps, thermal print heads and high power buffers. The ULN2001A/2002A/2003A and 2004A are supplied in 16 pin plastic DIP packages with a copper lead frame to reduce thermal resistance. They are available also in small outline package (SO-16) as ULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D.

FEATURES OF DRIVER: Seven Darlingtons per package Output currents500mA per driver(600mA peak) Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads Outputs can be paralleled for high currents TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL compatible inputs. Inputs pinned opposite to outputs Simplified layout 2.5) STEPPER MOTOR: A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can be controlled precisely, without any feedback mechanism (see open loop control). Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors (which are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated).

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Stepper motors are constant power devices. As motor speed increases, torque decreases. (most motors exhibit maximum torque when stationary, however the torque of a motor when stationary 'holding torque' defines the ability of the motor to maintain a desired position while under external load). Steppers exhibit more vibration than other motor types, as the discrete step tends to snap the rotor from one position to another (called a detent). The vibration makes stepper motors noisier than DC motors. Generally for opening locks we cannot use dc motor so here we are using stepper motor to open the locker .It produces a step angle of 90 in order to close or to open the locker. 2.6)Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other. 2.7)POWER SUPPLY:

The power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. available. Line lengths Starting with an ac voltage, a steady dc voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac of 8, voltage, then filtering to a dc level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed 16, dc voltage. The regulation is usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit, 20, which takes a dc voltage and provides a somewhat lower dc voltage, which 24, 32 remains the same even if the input dc voltage varies, or the output load and connected to the dc voltage changes. 40 2.8)MAX232: chara cters stand
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ard, in one, two

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The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.

2.9)CONCLUSION: Micro controller is the heart of total system. The micro controller controls all the devices connected in the project. Micro controller sends pulses to all the devices, which are connected to it. Fingerprint module is used for scanning and identification of fingerprints.It has a capacity to store 960 records. keypad is used for entering the password. LCD displays whether the person is authenticated or unauthenticated person. ULN2003 drives the steppermotor and the motor rotates in clockwise direction(90 degrees) for opening and in anticlockwise for closing the bank locker .

CHAPTER-3 DESIGN ASPECTS

3.1)INTRODUCTION: This project is related with Embedded systems and Fingerprint technologies.The main objective of this project is to provide bank locker which uses fingerprint and password as key to open the locker,instead of carrying keys . Fingerprint authentication is possibly the most sophisticated method of all biometric technologies and has been thoroughly verified through various applications. Fingerprint authentication has particularly proved its high efficiencyThis is the simplest and most reliable project.If a owner looses his bank locker key he had to replace it,in this case there are more chances for robery ,replacing the locker with a new key takes a lot of time ,in order to overcome these difficulties and make
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our own things to be done easier we are going for this fingerprintbased banklocker system Here there is no need to carry cards,no false intrusions,no manual errors,sophisticated security is provided,this project is highly economical microcontroller based arrangement, designed for use in almost all the banks in our country. 3.2)BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT:

Power supply

16X2LCD

AT89S5 2 UC

FingerPrint Scanner

ULN2003A

devi ce

Keypad

Buzz er

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Figure1:BLOCKDIAGRAM

3.2.2)DESCRIPTION This fingerprint based bank locker system we are using finger print to provide security to our banklockers.Here the scanner type is NGE - OP 67. NGE - OP 67 module adopts optic fingerprint sensor, which consists of high-performance DSP and Flash. NGE- OP 67 is able to conduct fingerprint image processing, template generation, template matching, fingerprint searching, template storage, etc.it can store upto 960 records This module can operate in 2 modes they are Master mode and User mode. We will be using Master mode to register the fingerprints which will be stored in the ROM present on the scanner with a unique id. Keypad is used for entering password ,LCD is used for the purpose of display whether it is a authorized person/unauthorized person, here the device is nothing but stepper motor ULN2003E is the driver used here it has 7 i/ps and 7 o/ps its unique feature of this driver.Here uln is used to drive the stepper motor. When this fingerprint module is interfaced to the microcontroller, we will be using it in user mode. In this mode we will be verifying the scanned images with the stored images(finger prints). When coming to our application the images of the persons who are authorized to enter into the locker room will be stored in the module with a unique id. To prove that the persons are authorized to enter that area they need to scan their images.after that they have to enter the password so that the locker will be opened automatically.

3.3)HARDWARE USED:
The modules used for implementing this projects are, 1. POWER SUPPLYUsed for giving 5v power supply.
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2. MICRO CONTROLLERIt is the heart of enttire system.Used for interfacing all these devices which are connected to it.sending pulses to each device in order to control it 3. NGE-OP67 FINGERPRINT MODULE: NG OP-67 Blue backlight Fingerprint Sensor Module adopts the optic fingerprint sensor, which consists of high-performance DSP and Flash. NG OP-67 is able to conduct fingerprint image processing, template generation, template matching, fingerprint searching, template storage, etc. 4. ULN2003It has 7 sets of inputs and outputs .It is used as driver to stepper motor. 5. STEPPER MOTORUsed for opening and closing the bank locker 6 .LCDDisplaying the messages like whether the person is authenticated or unauthenticated enter the password etc.

3.4)MICRO CONTROLLER:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes

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of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. Features Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag 3.4.1)Internal structure:

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Figure2:internal diagram of at89s52

Memory Organization
MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Programand Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.

Program Memory
If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory.

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On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.

Data Memory
The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space.

3.4.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF 89S52:

Figure3:pin diagram of 89s52 Power - Vcc, Vss Reset RST Crystal - XTAL[1,2] External device interfacing EA, ALE, PSEN, WR, RD
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I/O Port P0[7;0], P1[7:0], P2[7:0], P3 P3 is shared with control lines Serial I/O RxD, TxD, external interrupts INT0, INT1 Counter control T0, T1 P0 and P2 are multiplexed with Address and Data bus REGISTERS: In the CPU, registers are used to store information temporarily. That information could be a byte of data to be processed, or an address pointing to the data to be fetched. The vast majority of 8051 registers are 8bit registers. In the 8051 there is only one data type: 8bits. The 8bits of a register are shown in the diagram from the MSB (most significant bit) D7 to the LSB (least significant bit) D0. With an 8-bit data type, any data larger than 8bits must be broken into 8-bit chunks before it is processed. Since there are a large number of registers in the 8051, we will concentrate on some of the widely used general-purpose registers and cover special registers in future chapters. D D D D D D D D 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 The most widely used registers of the 8051 are A (accumulator), B, R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, DPTR (data pointer), and PC (program counter). All of the above registers are 8-bits, except DPTR and the program counter. accumulator, register A, is used for all arithmetic and logic instructions. SFRs (Special Function Registers) Among the registers R0-R7 is part of the 128 bytes of RAM memory. What about registers A, B, PSW, and DPTR? Do they also have addresses? The answer is yes. In the 8051, registers A, B, PSW and DPTR are part of the group of registers commonly referred to as SFR (special function registers). There are many special function registers and they are widely used. The SFR can be The

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The

accessed by the names (which is much easier) or by their addresses. following two points should noted about the SFR addresses.

The Special function registers have addresses between 80H and FFH. These addresses are above 80H, since the addresses 00 to 7FH are addresses of RAM memory inside the 89S52

Not all the address space of 80H to FFH is used by the SFR. The unused locations 80H to FFH are reserved and must not be used by the 8051 programmer.

Symbo

Name

Addres

l s ACC Accumulator 0E0H B B register 0F0H PSW Program status word 0D0H SP Stack pointer 81H DPTR Data pointer 2 bytes DPL Low byte 82H DPH High byte 83H P0 Port0 80H P1 Port1 90H P2 Port2 0A0H P3 Port3 0B0H IP Interrupt priority control 0B8H IE Interrupt enable control 0A8H TMOD Timer/counter mode control 89H TCON Timer/counter control 88H T2CON Timer/counter 2 control 0C8H T2MO Timer/counter mode2 control 0C9H D TH0 Timer/counter 0high byte 8CH TL0 Timer/counter 0 low byte 8AH TH1 Timer/counter 1 high byte 8DH TL1 Timer/counter 1 low byte 8BH TH2 Timer/counter 2 high byte 0CDH TL2 Timer/counter 2 low byte 0CCH RCAP2 T/C 2 capture register high 0CBH H byte RCAP2 T/C 2 capture register low 0CAH L byte SCON Serial control 98H SBUF Serial data buffer 99H PCON Power control 87H Table1: 89S52 Special function register Address
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3.4.3)Design considerations:
Due to insufficiency of the memory we are going for many versions of microcontrollers ,in this case AT89S52 has 8k of flash memory so it is advantageous Design and Efficiency:Microcontrollers are designed for single purpose and focuses on only single application .so this microcontroller is very efficient .

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This microcontrollers available for very cheap costs and serves a lot of purposes this at89s52 also acts as a watchdog timer which is used as reset circuit in our pcs. Speed:

Table2:speed characteristics The speed depends upon on the no clock cycles required and that is shown below

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Table3:Absolute Maximum Ratings of AT89S52 3.4.4)BASIC CIRCUIT -THAT MAKES 8051 WORKS.

Figure4: Basic circuit diagram

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3.4.5) Description: EA/VP Pin:The EA on pin 31 is tied high to make the 89s52 executes program fromInternal ROM Reset Circuit RESET is an active High input When RESET is set to High, Microcontroller goes back to the power on state.The 89s52 is reset by holding the RST high for at least two machine cycles and then returning it low. Power-On Reset - Initially charging of capacitor makes RST High - When capacitor charges fully it blows Manual reset -closing the switch momentarily will make RST High.

Port functions:
Port 0(Pin 32-39)-Dual-purpose port- 1. general purpose I/O Port. 2. multiplexed address & data bus Open drain outputs Port 1 (Pin 1-8): Dedicated I/O port Used solely for interfacing to external devices Internal pull-ups Port 2(Pin 21-28): Dual-purpose port- 1. General purpose I/O port. 2. a multiplexed address & data bus. Internal pull-ups Port 3(Pin 10-17):Dual-purpose port- 1. General purpose I/O por 2. pins have alternate purpose related to special features of the 8051 Internal pull-ups

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Why is such an oddball crystal frequency? 11.0592 MHz crystals are often used because it can be divided to give you exact clock rates for most of the common baud rates for the UART, especially for the higher speeds (9600, 19200). Despite the "oddball" value, these crystals are readily available and commonly used

The 89s52 oscillator and clock:

The heart of the 89s52 circuitry that generates the clock pulses by which all the internal all internal operations are synchronized. Pins XTAL1 And XTAL2 is provided for connecting a resonant network to form an oscillator. Typically a quartz crystal and capacitors are employed. The crystal frequency is the basic internal clock frequency of the microcontroller. The manufacturers make 89C51 designs that run at specific minimum and maximum frequencies typically 1 to 16 MHz.

Figure5:crystal oscillator and clock cycle generation By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
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The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.

3.5)POWER SUPPLY:
3.5.1)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND INTRODUCTION:

Figure 6: 5v Power supply circuit, Figure7:12v Power supply circuit Power supply unit consists of following units i) Step down transformer ii) Rectifier unit iii) Input filter
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iv) Regulator unit v) Output filter

3.5.2)DESCRIPTION
STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER The Step down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from230V AC to lower value. This 230 AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped down. The Transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step downthe voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in its secondarycore. The output from the secondary coil is also AC waveform. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is essential. This conversion is achieved by using the Rectifier Circuit/Unit

Bridge rectifier
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at least three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand Please see the Diodes page for more details, including pictures of bridge rectifiers.

Figure8 :circuit diagram of Bridge rectifier and their output signal INPUT FILTER:
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Capacitors are used as filter. The ripples from the DC voltage are removed andpure DC voltage is obtained. And also these capacitors are used to reduce the harmonicsof the input voltage. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. So it allows only AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Thus the output is free from ripples.

Regulator
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').

Figure9:Voltage Regulator Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right Thus this can be successfully reduced here. The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and for high voltage. Further they can also be classified as: i) Positive regulator 1---> input pin 2---> ground pin 3---> output pin It regulates the positive voltage.

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ii) Negative regulator 1---> ground pin 2---> input pin 3---> output pin It regulates the negative voltage. OUTPUT FILTER: The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regulator circuit. Capacitor is most oftenused asas filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It charges duringthe positive half cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the negative half cycle. Soit allows only AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed after theRegulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally.Here we used 0.1F capacitor. The output at this stage is 5V and is given to theMicrocontroller.

3.6) STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH

AT89S52 USING ULN2003: STEPPER MOTOR:

Figure10:Stepper motor BASICS OF STEPPER MOTOR Of all motors, step motor is the easiest to control. It's handling simplicity is really hard to deny - all there is to do is to bring the sequence of rectangle impulses to one input of step controller and direction information to another input. Direction
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information is very simple and comes down to "left" for logical one on that pin and "right" for logical zero. Motor control is also very simple - every impulse makes the motor operating for one step and if there is no impulse the motor won't start. Pause between impulses can be shorter or longer and it defines revolution rate. This rate cannot be infinite because the motor won't be able to "catch up" with all the impulses (documentation on specific motor should contain such information). The picture below represents the scheme for connecting the step motor to microcontroller and appropriate program code follows. The key to driving a stepper is realizing how the motor is constructed. A diagram shows the representation of a 4 coil motor, so named because 4 coils are used to cause the revolution of the drive shaft. Each coil must be energized in the correct order for the motor to spin.

Step angle It is angle through which motor shaft rotates in one step. step angle is different for different motor . selection of motor according to step angle depends on the application , simply if you require small increments in rottion choose motor having smaller step angle. No of steps require to rotate one complete rotation = 360 deg. / step angle in deg Steps/second The relation between RPM and steps per sec,is given by, steps or impulses /sec. =(RPM X Steps/revolution)/60 Pause between impulses can be shorter or longer and it defines revolution rate. This rate cannot be infinite because the motor won't be able to "catch up" with all the impulses (documentation on specific motor should contain such information). So referring to RPM value in datasheet you can calculate steps/sec and from it delay or pause between impulses.
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RPM calculation:One can calculate the exact RPM at which motor will run. We know that motor needs 200 pulses to complete 1 revolution. Means if 200 pulses applied in 1 second motor will complete 1 revolution in 1 second. Now 1 rev. in 1 sec means 60 rev. in 1 minute. That will give us 60 RPM. Now 200 pulses in 1 sec means the PRF is 200 Hz. And delay will be 5 milli second (ms). Now lets see it reverse. * If delay is 10 ms then PRF will be 100 Hz. * So 100 pulses will be given in 1 sec * Motor will complete 1 revolution in 2 second * So the RPM will be 30. In same manner as you change delay the PRF will be changed and it will change RPM\ Unipolar motors A unipolar stepper motor has logically two windings per phase, one for each direction of magnetic field. Since in this arrangement a magnetic pole can be reversed without switching the direction of current, the commutation circuit can be made very simple (e.g. a single transistor) for each winding. Typically, given a phase, one end of each winding is made common: giving three leads per phase and six leads for a typical two phase motor. Often, these two phase commons are internally joined, so the motor has only five leads.

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Fig 11: Unipolar stepper motor coils In this, we are interfacing stepper Motor with One Phase on Sequence. In one phase mode, each successive coil is energized in turn. One phase mode produces smooth rotation and lowest power consumption of three modes. Steps are applied in order from one to four. After step four, the sequenced is repeated to step one. The Stepper Motor is easily interfaced with 8051 and ULN 2003.Darlinton pair with high current rating. User can make Driver Circuit with help of Transistor. But ICs ULN 2003 is best method for ease of design. User can use Pull up and Pull down for enhancing or decaying the value of current. 3.6.1)Internal Diagram of ULN2003 driver:

Fig12: the Darlington pair connection of transistor. Darlington pairs are back to back connection of two transistors with some source resistors. The important point to remember is that the Darlington Pair is made up of two transistors and when they are arranged as shown in the circuit they are used to amplify weak signals. The amount by which the weak signal is amplified is called the GAIN.
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3.6.2)PIN CONNECTIONS OF ULN2003:

Figure13: pin connections of ULN2003 The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003 and ULN2004Aare high Voltage, high current Darlington arrays each containing seven open collector Darlington pairs with common emitters. Each channel rated at 500mAand can withstand peak currents of 600mA.Suppressiondiodesare included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layout. These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including solenoids, relays DC motors; LED displays filament lamps, thermal print heads and high power buffers. The ULN2001A/2002A/2003A and 2004A are supplied in 16 pin plastic DIP packages with a copper lead frame to reduce thermal resistance. They are

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ULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D. Of all motors, step motor is the easiest to control. It's handling simplicity is really hard to deny - all there is to do is to bring the sequence of rectangle impulses to one input of step controller and direction information to another input. Direction information is very simple and comes down to "left" for logical one on that pin and "right" for logical zero. Motor control is also very simple every impulse makes the motor operating for one step and if there is no impulse the motor won't start.Stepper motor would not without the support of any driver here we are using a driver for this purpose i.e ULN2003A .

3.6.3)Design Considerations:

Table4:Absolute Maximum Ratings of ULN2003 If the stepper Motor with One Phase on Sequence. In one phase mode, each successive coil is energized in turn. One phase mode produces smooth rotation and lowest power consumption of three modes. Steps are applied in order from one to four. After step four, the sequenced is repeated to step oneUsually these stepper motors are of low cost ,they consume low power

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,they have more applications compared to other motors ,they are very compac and they produce various step angles 3.6.4)Circuit Diagram:

Fig 14: shows the a model of using stepper motors A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can be controlled precisely, without any feedback mechanism (see open loop control). Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors (which are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated). Here a stepper motor is used for controlling the gates. A stepper motor is a widely used device that translates electrical pulses into mechanical movement. They function as their name suggests - they step a little bit at a time. Steppers dont simply respond to a clock signal. They have several windings which need to be energized in the correct sequence before the motors shaft will rotate. Reversing the order of the sequence will cause the motor to rotate the other way The block diagram of stepper motor interfacing is shown below:

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Fig15: Interfacing Stepper motor using ULN2003. Port 2 is given to another ULN2003 chip to drive another stepper motor. These two chips connected to microcontroller through a source in line Called SIL

Figure16:Pin Configuration of ULN2003 3.6.5)DESCRIPTION: ULN2003 is a 16 pin dip. Its connections can be explained as follows: First 4-pins of chip are connected to microcontroller pin at 37-40 pins and second at 21-24 pins. And 8th pin of chip is grounded. A stepper contains 5 terminals, 4 winding wires and a power supply wire. These 4 winding wires are connected to chip and another to supply. in this circuit too the four pins "Controller pin 1",2,3 and 4 will control the motion and direction of the stepper motor according to the step sequence sent by the controller.

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Table5:Modes and selection modes of ULN2003. FEATURES OF DRIVER: Seven Darlingtons per package Output currents500mA per driver(600mA peak) Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads Outputs can be paralleled for high currents TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL compatible inputs. Inputs pinned opposite to outputs Simplified layout Applications Computer-controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems. They are typically digitally controlled as part of an open loop system, and are simpler and more rugged than closed loop servo systems. Industrial applications are in high speed pick and place equipment and multi-axis machine CNC machines often directly driving lead screws or ball screws. In the field of lasers and optics they are frequently used in precision positioning equipment such as linear actuators, linear stages, rotation stages, goniometers, and mirror mounts. Other uses are in packaging machinery, and positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid control
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Commercially, stepper motors are used in floppy disk drives, flatbed scanners, computer printers, plotters and many more device.

3.7)LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(LCD):

Figure 17:2x16 lcd A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other. A program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached to an controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the contollers are 16X1, 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 1 line 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

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Here we are using a 2x16 LCD i.e 2 rows and 16 columns

available. Line lengths of 16, 20, and 40 chara cters stand

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FEATURES: Display construction16 Characters * 2 Lines BacklightLED(B/5.0V) Viewing direction6 oclock Operating temperature Indoor Driving voltage Single power Driving method1/16 duty,1/5 bias Type COB (Chip On Board) Number of data line8-bit parallel 3.7.1) INTERNAL STRUCTURE:

Fig 18: Internal structure of LCD

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LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in batterypoweredelectronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of alight source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in colour or monochrome. The earliest discovery leading to the development of LCD technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888.[1] By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units.

3.7.2 PIN DESCRIPTION:

Figure19:lcd internal connections

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Table6:Pin Description of lcd

LCD COMMANDS DESCRIPTION

RS R/W D7 D6 D5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D4 D3 0 0 0 D2 D1 D0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Function Clear LCD and memory, home cursor Clear and home cursor only Screen action as display character written S=1/0:Shift screen/cursor I/O=1/0:cursor R/L, screen L/R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B D=1/0:Screen on/off C=1/0:Cursor on/off B=1/0:Cursor blink/no blink 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 S/C R/L 0 F 0 0 0 S/C: 1/0:screen/Cursor R/L: Shift one space R/L DL N DL=1/0:8/4 Bits per Character N=1/0; 2/1 Rows of Characters F=1/0;5*10/5*7Dots/Character

1/0 S

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Character address Display data address Current address Character type Character type

Write to character RAM address after this Write to display RAM address after this BF=1/0:busy/Notbusy Write byte to last RAM chosen Read byte from last RAM chosen

3.7.3)Design Considerations:Specifications:
Display Format : 16 characters (W) x 2 lines (H) General Dimensions : 80.0 mm (W) x 36.0 mm (H) x 9.5 mm (T) Character Size : 2.95 mm (W) x 4.35 mm (H) Character Pitch : 3.65 mm (W) x 5.05 mm (H) Viewing Area : 64.0 mm (W) x 13.8 mm (H) Dot Size : 0.55 mm (W) x 0.50 mm (H) Dot Pitch : 0.60 mm (W) x 0.55 mm (H) Display Type : Positive or Negative LC Fluid : STN Yellow-Green Backlight LED : Optional Polarizer Mode : Reflective View Angle : 6 oclock or 12 oclock Controller : S6A0069 orEquivalent Temperature Range : 0oC to 50oC (Operating); -20oC to 70oC (Storage) 3.7.4) Circuit Diagram for LCD interfacing with AT89s52: Fig20: Circuit Diagram for LCD interfacing with AT89s52

A T 8 9 S 5 2

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LCD is used in this project for the purpose of displaying messages. LCD interfacing consists of several parts like AT89C451 microprocessor, 2 16 line LCD are main components needed. AT89C51 is a 40 pin DIP micro processor. LCD is a 2 line 16 pin device, 2 lines means it contains 2 rows to display.To develop a protocol to interface this LCD with 89S52 first we have to understandhow they functions. These displays contain two internal byte-wide registers, one for command and second for characters to be displayed. There are three control signals called R/W, DI/RS and En. Select By making RS/DI signal 0 you can send different commands to display. These commands are used to initialize LCD, to display pattern, to shift cursor or screen etc. AT89S52 can be divided in to 4 ports, and each port consists of 8 pins. All the data lines of LCD are connected with port P1. i.e., data lines D0-D1 are connected to port P1 i.e., to pin numbers 1 to 8 through a SIL, SIL is a few ohms of resistance connected to withstand the large voltages and currents.EN pin is connected with P2.0, DI (RS) is connected with P2.1 and R/W pin is connected with P2.2. i.e., the three pins are connected to the port two. The operation ofLCD depends upon these three pin only. For the pins 18 and 19 a crystal oscillator circuit is connected to generate clock signals to the micro processor to enable its pins. And 20th pin is grounded with oscillator 3.7.5) DESCRIPTION
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Line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again. RS: Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which sould be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high. RW: Line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command Vcc, Vss, VEE : While Vcc and Vss provide +5v and ground, respectively, Vee is used for controlling LCD contrast. D0 - D7:
The 8 - bit data pins, D0 - D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the LCD's internal registers.

Logic status on control lines:

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0 Access to LCD disabled 1 Access to LCD enabled 0 Writing data to LCD

- 1 Reading data from LCD

RS

0 Instructions 1 Character

3.8)NGE - OP 67 Stand-alone fingerprint module

Figure 21: NGE-OP67fingerprint module

System Feature
NGE - OP 67 fingerprint verification module. NGE - OP 67 module adopts optic fingerprint sensor, which consists of high-performance DSP and Flash. NGE- OP 67 is able to conduct fingerprint image processing, template generation, template matching, fingerprint searching, template storage, etc. Compared with similar products from other suppliers, NGE - OP 67 proudlyboasts of following features:

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Proprietary Intellectual Property Optic fingerprint enrollment device, NGE - OP 67 hardware as well as fingerprint algorithm. Wide Application Range of Fingerprints with Different Quality Self-adaptive parameter adjustment mechanism is used in the course of finger Print enrollment. This ensures good image quality for even dry or wet fingers, thus it has wider application range. Low Price The cost of module is greatly reduced by using self-developed optic fingerprint enrollment device. Immense Improved Algorithm NGE - OP 67 algorithm is specially written according to optic imaging theory. quality fingers due to its excellent correction and tolerance features. Flexible Application User can easily set NGE - OP 67 Module to different working modes depending on complexity of application systems. User can conduct secondary development with high efficiency and reliability. Easy to Use and Expand It is not necessary for user to have professional knowledge in the field of fingerprint verification. User can develop powerful fingerprint verification application systems with the command set provided by NGE - OP 67. Low Power Consumption Sleep/awake control interface makes NGE - OP 67 suitable for occasions that require low power consumption. Different Security Levels User can set different security level according to different application environment. The algorithm is good for de-shaped or low-

3.8.1)FINGER PRINT SENSOR

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Figure22:finger print sensor solid-state fingerprint sensor is an ideal direct-contact fingerprint acquisition device. Designed for embedded devices, this high-performance,low-power, low-cost capacitive sensor is easy to integrateinto Internet appliances such as laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and mobile phones The sensor's ImageSeek function takes several images ofa finger and selects the best image in a fraction of a second while changing the capacitive array bias levels. The NGE-OP67 is the first fingerprint-sensing device to incorporate three modes of communication: universal serial bus (USB), micro-controller unit (MCU), and serial peripheral interface (SPI).This makes the sensor easy to integrate into different types of devices without requiring external interface devices.It also has built-in electronics that simplify the software needed to support the chip.The chip's 256 x 300 array and new thin package provide you with a space saving, costeffective image area that exposes more sensor array to thefingerprint contact area. Conserves Power: The nge-op67 operates at less than 20 microAmps instand-by mode.This reduces processing overhead and saves battery life in mobile devices.The FPS200 has an integrated automatic finger detection (AFD) circuit that sends an interrupt signal to the host microprocessor when a finger is placed on the sensor. AFD eliminates the requirement imposed on the host microprocessor to continually "poll" the fingerprint sensor to determine
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whether a finger is present.This feature allows the host microprocessor to remain in stand-by mode unless a finger is placed on the sensor. It also provides you with high quality fingerprint images From all types of skindry to moistin a wide range of climatic conditions, even hot and humid.This widens the application range of the sensor while dramatically reducing the false acceptance rate (FAR) and FRR 3.8.2) DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:

System Characteristic
NG OP-67 Blue backlight Fingerprint Sensor Module adopts the optic fingerprint sensor, which consists of high-performance DSP and Flash. NG OP-67 is able to conduct fingerprint image processing, template generation, template matching, fingerprint searching, template storage, etc. This finger print can be available with various type of image qualities in case of wet fingers ,dry fingers the quality varies .by using this module that type of finger prints can also be scanned easily and identified.2steps involved are 1) feature extraction 2) image extraction Fingerprint Feature Fingerprint algorithmic means capturing features from fingerprint image, it represents the fingerprint information. The saving, matching and capturing of fingerprint templates are all manipulated through fingerprint features. 1:1 Comparing 2 fingerprint templates, return info: matching or not matching. 1:N Searching Search the matching fingerprint from numbers of fingerprint features. Return info: No matching features or having matching features and returning the matching features Id simultaneity.

System parameter and interface

1. Power supply 5V
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2 .Working current 170mA 3. Peak value current 200mA 4. Fingerprint input time 250ms 5. 1:1 matching time 600ms Matching features + matching fingerprint 6 .1:900 searching time. 2s 7 .Fingerprint capacity Max.. 960 8 .FAR(False Acceptance Rate) 0. 001 % 9 .FRR (False Rejection Rate)1.5 % 10 .Fingerprint template size .. 512bytes 11. Outer interface UART 12.baud rate ..9600bps.

3.8.3)INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig23:block diagram of fingerprint module This consists of a fingerprint sensor through which scanning isdone and ccd module is the nextin this opticql light is totally reflected by using total internal reflection phenomenon This feature allows the host microprocessor to remain in stand-by mode unless a finger is placed on the sensor. It also provides you with high quality fingerprint images From all types of skindry to moistin a wide range of climatic
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conditions, even hot and humid.This widens the application range of the sensor while dramatically reducing the false acceptance rate (FAR) and FRR.DSP processor is used for image aquisitionand ROM is used for the storage of finger prints. 3.8.4)DESCRIPTION:

FIG24: Fingerprint Identification process Step1:Image Acquisition: Real-time image acquisition method is roughly classified into optical and nonoptical. Optical method relies on the total reflection phenomenon on the surface of glass or reinforced plastic where the fingertip is in contact. The sensor normally consists of an optical lens and a CCD module or CMOS image sensor. Ultrasonic wave, heat, and pressure are also utilized to obtain images with the non-optical fingerprint sensors. Non-optical sensors are said to be relatively more suitable for massive production and size reduction such as in the integration with mobile devices. Detailed comparison is found in Table 1.
Optical Non-optical

Measuring Method

light highly-stable performance physical/electrical durability high-quality image

pressure, heat, ultrasonic wave

capacitance,

Strength

low cost with mass production compact size integrated with lowpower application

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Weakness

relatively high cost physical/electrical weakness limit to size-reduction performance sensitive to the outer relatively easy to fool environment(temperature, dryness with a finger trace or fake of a finger) finger entrance, time, and PCsecurity attendance control e-commerceauthentication banking service mobile devices & smart cards PC security

Application

Table7:optical &non optical lens characteristics Step 2. Feature Extraction: There are two main ways to compare an input fingerprint image and registered fingerprint data. One is to compare an image with another image directly. The other is to compare the so-called 'features' extracted from each fingerprint image. The latter is called feature-based/minutia-based matching. Every finger has a unique pattern formed by a flow of embossed lines called ridges and hollow regions between them called valleys. As seen in the Picture 2 below, ridges are represented as dark lines, while valleys are bright. Step 3. Matching: The matching step is classified into 1:1 and 1:N matching according to its purpose and/or the number of reference templates. 1:1 matching is also called personal identification or verification. It is a procedure in which a user claims his/her identity by means of an ID and proves it with a fingerprint. The comparison occurs only once between the input fingerprint image and the selected one from the database following the claim by the user.

On the contrary, 1:N matching denotes a procedure where the system determines the user's identity by comparing the input fingerprint with the information in the database without asking for the user's claim. A good example of this is AFIS(Automated Fingerprint Identification System) frequently used in criminal investigation

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3.9)MAX232: 3.9.1) INTERNAL STRUCTURE:

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Fig25:Internal diagram of MAX232

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.

3.9.2) PIN DIAGRAM

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Fig 26: MAX 232 Pin Diagram Features: 1. Operates With Single 5-V Power Supply 2. LinBiCMOSE Process Technology 3. Two Drivers and Two Receivers 4.30-V Input Levels 5. Low Supply Current. 8 mA Typical 6. Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Recommendation V.28 7. Designed to be Interchangeable With Maxim MAX232 8. Applications are TIA/EIA-232-F Battery-Powered Systems Terminals, Modems, Computers 9. ESD Protection Exceeds 2000 V Per MIL-STD-883, Method 3015 10. Package Options Include Plastic Small-Outline (D, DW) Packages and Standard Plastic (N) DIPs

3.9.3) DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

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N.o Name Purpose

Signal Voltage

Capacitor Value MAX232

Capacitor Value MAX232A

C1+

+ connector for capacitor capacitor C1

should

stand at least 16V +10V, should least 16V for capacitor should capacitor stand

1F

100nF

V+

output of voltage pump

at 1F to VCC

100nF to VCC

C1-

connector

capacitor C1

stand at least 16V should

1F

100nF

C2+

+ connector for capacitor capacitor C2 connector

stand at least 16V for capacitor should

1F

100nF

C2-

capacitor C2

stand at least 16V -10V, should least 16V RS-232 RS-232 capacitor stand

1F

100nF

V-

output of voltage pump / inverter

at 1F to GND

100nF to GND

7 8 9 10 11 12

T2out R2in R2out T2in T1in R1out

Driver 2 output Receiver 2 input

Receiver 2 output TTL Driver 2 input Driver 1 input TTL TTL

Receiver 1 output TTL

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Receiver 1 input Driver 1 output Ground Power supply

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13 14 15 16

R1in T1out GND VCC

RS-232 RS-232 0V +5V 1F to VCC see above 100nF to VCC see above

TABLE 8:DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF MAX 232

3.9.4)Ciruit diagram

Fig27:circuit diagram

3.9.5)DESCRIPTION:
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A standard serial interface for PC, RS232C, requires negative logic, i.e., logic 1 is -3V to -12V and logic 0 is +3V to +12V. To convert TTL logic, say, TxD and RxD pins of the microcontroller thus need a converter chip. A MAX232 chip has long been using in many microcontrollers boards. It is a dual RS232 receiver / transmitter that meets all RS232 specifications while using only +5V power supply. It has two onboard charge pump voltage converters which generate +10V to -10V power supplies from a single 5V supply. It has four level translators, two of which are RS232 transmitters that convert TTL/CMOS input levels into +9V RS232 outputs. The other two level translators are RS232 receivers that convert RS232 input to 5V. 3.10 CONCLUSION: Microcontroller is the entire heart of the system.here it sends pulses to all components and there by controls all the devices which are interfaed to it.the fingerprint module is another important module which is used image acquisition,template generation,template storage etc,keypad is used for entering the password.uln driver is used to drive the stepper motor.max232 is used is as serial communication interface.buzzer rings incase of user mismatch.

CHAPTER 4
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SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
4.1)INTRODUCTION: The Keil 8052 compiler package includes uVision2 which is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) along with all the utilities you may need to create embedded application programs for the MicroController family. Keil is a cross compiler. So first we have to understand the concept of compilers and cross compilers. After then we shall learn how to work with keil. Concept of compiler: Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors. I.E the programs written in one of the HLL like C will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer). For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform The advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately. Secondly programs produced by compilers run much faster than the same programs executed by an interpreter. However compilers require some time before an executable program emerges. Now as compilers translate source code into object code, which is unique for each type of computer, many compilers are available for the same language. Concept of cross compiler: A cross compiler is similar to the compilers but we write a program for the target processor (like 8051 and its derivatives) on the host processors (like computer of x86) It means being in one environment you are writing a code for another environment is called cross development. And the compiler used for cross development is called cross compiler

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4.2) VARIOUS LOGICS USED: In this Fingerprintbased banklocker systemthe main steps involved are 1)Interfacing lcd to microcontroller 2)Enrolling 3)Identifying 4.2.1 LOGIC 1: The logic that is used to interface the LCD includes LCD initialization, writing data, a delay logic and setting of LCD commands. 4.2.2) LOGIC 2: In this project first of all authenticated person has to scan his finger print Fingerprint authentication has particularly proved its high efficiency and further enhanced the technology in providing security.The logic used is used for enrolling the fingerprint in the finger print module there our fingerprints are stored in the ROM inside it. The finger print module can operate in 2 modes they are Master mode and User mode. We will be using Master mode to register the fingerprints which will be stored in the ROM present on the scanner with a unique id. When this module is interfaced to the microcontroller, we will be using it in user mode. In this mode we will be verifying the scanned images with the stored images. In this logic we are using in module in the master mode. If the enrollment is done successfully then we will get a message enroll success otherwise enroll failed. 4.2.3) LOGIC 3: After enrollment next step is identification . In this mode we will be verifying the scanned images with the stored image.If at all the scanned fingerprint matches

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with the stored image then a message is displayed on the lcd that is Identification success.If a unauthorized person tries to scan his fingerprint then a message will be displayed on the lcd Identification failedthen buzzer will start to ring indicating that a wrong person has entered the room.After identification step a message appears on the lcd enter the password then we need to enter the specified password .After entering the password then the bank locker will be opened after sometime it will be closed . If the password is wrong then a message will be displayed on the lcd wrong password 4.3)LOGIC1: Lcd interfacing 4.3.1) ALGORITHM: The algorithm that shows LOGIC 1 is as shown below. 1. Start 2. Initialize the LCD 3. Clear the display 4. Set LCD address or command 5. Write character to the LCD or string to the LCD 6. Set command byte and data byte. 7. Set some delay using Delay function. 8. For RS low or high enable RS as low and enable write. 9. For EN low generate enable pulse. 10. For EN high pull up enable pulse. 11. For RW high set Read mode. 12. Configure Port 1 to Input port.
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13. Display the data.

4.3.2) FLOW CHART FOR LOGIC 1:

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Fig 28: Flow Chart of LCD interfacing with microcontroller 4.3.3) SOURCE CODE: The source code that is written to interface the LCD with the microcontroller is as follows. Code for interfacing LCD with 89S52 microcontroller. //=============================================== //LCD PROTOTYPES void Delay(); void lcd_init(); void lcd_clear(); void lcd_cmd(unsigned char); void lcd_char(unsigned char); void lcd_print(unsigned char *); sbit RS #define =P1^6; //ENABLE //DATA0-DATA7 TO P2 LCD P2 //lcd initialisation //clear display //set the lcd address or command //write the character to LCD //write the string to LCD //REGISTER SELECT

//=============================================== sbit EN =P1^7;

//=============================================== unsigned char i; //=============================================== void Delay() { unsigned char j; for(i=0;i<15;i++) for(j=0;j<95;j++); } //=============================================== void lcd_init() { lcd_cmd(0x38);
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lcd_cmd(0x01); lcd_cmd(0x0C); lcd_cmd(0x06); lcd_cmd(0x80); } //=============================================== void lcd_clear(void) { lcd_cmd(0x01); lcd_cmd(0x80); } //=============================================== void lcd_cmd(unsigned char cmd) { Delay(); LCD RS EN EN } //=============================================== void lcd_print(unsigned char *str) { while(*str) { LCD RS EN
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=cmd; =0; =1; =0;

for(i=0;i<100;i++); for(i=0;i<100;i++);

=*str; =1; =1;

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Delay(); EN str++; } } 4.3.4) DESCRIPTION: The logic that is used to interface the LCD with the microcontroller includes LCD initialization initially and then the lcd is to be cleared, then the commands are set to set the address of the display and then a delay function is used to generate some delay. As per the command the display occurs. Configure port 1 as input port. This is the logic that is used to interface the LCD to the microcontroller. Thus the logic that is used to interface the LCD to the microcontroller can be explained. 4.4)LOGIC2: ENROLLMENT 4.4.1) ALGORITHM: STEP1: INITIALIZE THE REGISTERS OF MICROCONTROLLER,LCD, UART STEP2:Assign the switches and buzzer to the ports of microcontroller m1=P3^2,m2=P3^3,m3=P3^4,m4=P3^5,and buzz=P1.7 STEP3:clear the lcd and print finger print based banklocker system, STEP4:clear the LCD and then display put your finger and press 1:ENROLLING 2:IDENTIFYING STEP5:IF SW1=1 then Enrolling and displays Enrolling.. STEP6: fill the SBUF with Fp[i]

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STEP7: IF (Fp[0]==00XEF)&&(Fp[1]==0X01)&&(Fp[9]==0X00) then display Enroll success STEP8: ELSE enroll failed then Buz=1 then after some delay buz=0 STEP 9: GOTO start

4.4.1 FLOW CHART:

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START

Intialize registers Assign

MC

with

M1=P3^2,M2=P3^ 3 M3=P3^4,M4=P3^ 5 Clear the lcd Buz = P1^7;

enrolling Store Fp(i) No

If KEY= 1 key= 1 SBUF

with Yes

If ste p7 Enroll Failed ste p7 Enroll Success

Sto p

Figure 29:flow chart for enrollment 4.4.3)SOURCE CODE: #include <AT89X51.H>

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#include <LCD_8_BIT.H> #include <UART.H> #include <Keypad.H> /**********************************************************/ void Entpass(); **********************************************************/ sbit m1=P3^2; sbit m2=P3^3; sbit m3=P3^4; sbit m4=P3^5; sbit Buz = P1^7; /**********************************************************/ unsigned char fp[20],str[4]; unsigned char Enroll[12] ={0xEF,0X01,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0X01,0X00,0X03,0X10,0X00,0X14}; unsigned char Identify[12] ={0xEF,0X01,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0X01,0X00,0X03,0X11,0X00,0X15}; unsigned char b1=0,b2=0; /**********************************************************/ void Delay1(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int i,k=0; for(i=0;i<itime;i++) for(k=0;k<1000;k++); }
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//A //B //A' //B'

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/**********************************************************/ void main() { unsigned char key,i; Buz=0; m1=0;m2=0;m3=0;m4=0; lcd_init(); uart_init(); lcd_clear(); lcd_print(" Welcome To"); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_print(" BIET College"); Delay1(400); Start: lcd_clear(); lcd_print("Finger Print"); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_print("Bank locker Sys"); Delay1(400); while(1) { lcd_clear(); lcd_print("Put Ur Finger & "); lcd_cmd(0xC0);
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lcd_print("Pres-1:ENR,2:IDT"); key = keypad(); if(key =='1') { lcd_clear(); lcd_print("Enrolling...."); Delay1(100); i=0; while(i<12) { uart_char(Enroll[i]); i++; } RI=0; for(i=0;i<14;i++) { while(!RI); fp[i] = SBUF; RI=0; } if((fp[0]==0xEF)&&(fp[1]==0x01)&&(fp[9]==0x00)) { lcd_clear(); lcd_print("Enroll Success");
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Delay1(400); b1=0; b2=0; b1=fp[11]/10; b2=fp[11]%10; lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_print("Id:"); lcd_cmd(0xC3); lcd_char(b1+0x30); lcd_char(b2+0x30); Delay1(500); goto Start;

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} else { lcd_clear(); lcd_print("Enroll Failed"); Buz=1; Delay1(400); Buz=0; goto Start; } } 4.4.4) DESCRIPTION:

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Intialize the registers of microcontroller ,LCD , UART and Keypad , and then assign the switches to M1=P3.2,M2=P3.3,M3=P3.4,M4=P3.5 respectively and buzzer to P1.7 of microcontroller. There is a unique code for enrolling finger print by using pack commands. First of all clear LCD then it will display a message Finger print bank locker system. After some delay it displays another message Put your finger , Pres-1:ENR,2:IDT. If we press the key1 in the keypad then lcd displays Enrolling, then we need to scan our finger print in the finger print scanner. If the finger print is successfully stored then enroll is success If the enrollment is not done successfully, then lcd will display a message Enroll failed. Then buzzer will change from 1 to 0 state. 4.5 LOGIC 3:IDENTIFICATION 4.4.1 ALGORITHM: STEP0: Start STEP1: After enrollment success, the next step is identification. STEP2: If SW2==1 then Identifyand displaysIdentifying STEP3: Then store SBUF with Fp[i] STEP4: If( Fp[0]==0XEF)&&(Fp[1]==0x01)&&(Fp[9]==0x00) then displays

Identifying success. STEP5: Else displays Identifying Failed then buzzer will ON and goto STEP0. STEP6: If identification is success, lcd displays Enter the password. STEP7: if((str[0]=='1')&&(str[1]=='2')&&(str[2]=='3')&&(str[3]=='4')) then locker will be opened. After some delay locker will be closed. else lcd displays a message Wrong password. STEP8: Stop.

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4.5.2)FLOWCHART:

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F

START

Clear the lcd

If Identifying Store Fp(i) No If key =2 Identification Failed ste p4 Identification Success Enter password yes Check passw ord Locker is opened passw by stepper ord motor
delay

key= 2 SBUF with Yes

No

Wrong password

Locker is closed

igure30:flow chart for identification

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4.5.3 SOURCE CODE: if(key =='2') { lcd_clear(); lcd_print("Identifying...."); i=0; while(i<12) { uart_char(Identify[i]); i++; } i=0; while(i<16) { while(!RI); fp[i] = SBUF; RI=0; i++; } if((fp[0]==0xEF)&&(fp[1]==0x01)&&(fp[9]==0x00)) { lcd_clear(); lcd_print("Identification"); lcd_cmd(0xC0);
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lcd_print("Success");

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Delay1(400); b1=0; b2=0; b1=(fp[11])/10; b2=(fp[11])%10; lcd_cmd(0xC9); lcd_print("Id:"); lcd_cmd(0xCC); lcd_char(b1+0x30); lcd_char(b2+0x30); Delay1(300); lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Enter Password:"); Entpass(); if((str[0]=='1')&&(str[1]=='2')&&(str[2]=='3')&&(str[3]=='4')) { lcd_clear(); lcd_print("Locker opening...."); //======FORWARD======// for(i=0;i<4;i++) { m1=1;m2=1;m3=0;m4=0; Delay1(40);

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m1=0;m2=1;m3=0;m4=0; Delay1(40); m1=0;m2=1;m3=1;m4=0; Delay1(40); m1=0;m2=0;m3=1;m4=0; Delay1(40); m1=0;m2=0;m3=1;m4=1; Delay1(40); m1=0;m2=0;m3=0;m4=1; Delay1(40); m1=1;m2=0;m3=0;m4=1; Delay1(40); m1=1;m2=0;m3=0;m4=0; Delay1(40); } Delay1(500); lcd_clear(); lcd_print("Locker closing...."); //======REVERSE======// for(i=0;i<4;i++) { m1=1;m2=0;m3=0;m4=0; Delay1(40); m1=1;m2=0;m3=0;m4=1;
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Delay1(40);

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m1=0;m2=0;m3=0;m4=1; Delay1(40); m1=0;m2=0;m3=1;m4=1; Delay1(40); m1=0;m2=0;m3=1;m4=0; Delay1(40); m1=0;m2=1;m3=1;m4=0; Delay1(40); m1=0;m2=1;m3=0;m4=0; Delay1(40); m1=1;m2=1;m3=0;m4=0; Delay1(40); } Delay1(50); goto Start; } else { lcd_clear(); lcd_print("Wrong Password"); Delay1(400); goto Start; }
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} else {

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lcd_clear(); lcd_print("Identification"); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_print("Failed"); Buz=1; Delay1(400); Buz=0; goto Start; } } } } /**********************************************************/ void Entpass() { unsigned int loc=0xC0; unsigned char n=0,key=0; while(1) { key=keypad(); lcd_cmd(loc);
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lcd_char(key); Delay1(150); str[n]=key; loc++; n++; if(n>=4) break; } } 4.5.4)DESCRIPTION: After enrollment is done successfully the next step is identification.here in this code we are using key 2 in the keypad for identification. Mean while we need to scan our finger for identification if identification is done successfully the lcd displays a message that identification successotherwise it displays a message identification failed In case of successful identification the next step is entering the password we need to enter the correct password then locker will be opened automatically by the stepper motor and after some delay it will be closed. If we type the wrong password locker will not be opened again we need to do identification her in this logic we are declaring variables m1,m2,m3,m4 and initializing them with various values for producing the step angle in the stepper motor 4.6)CONCLUSION: Our project software program will be simulated by using KEIL SOFTWARE and this program is dumped into micro controller using FLASHMAGIC.The corresponding results can be observed.

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The program will be dumped and the hardware is worked by using the code dumped in the microcontroller.Here the locker will be opened if enter the correct password.We are writing code to perform all these functions.

CHAPTER-5 RESULTS 5.1)Introduction:

The idea behind this project fingerprint based bank locker system is to provide high security to our bank lockers and also providing relaibility i.e no need to carry keys ,no manual errors ,no false intrusion,no need to carry cards,easy transaction etc.Here microcontroller and fingerprint module are the main components of this system .Microcontroller is used for interfacing and controlling all the devices where as finger print module does the operations such as able to conduct fingerprint image processing, template generation, template matching, fingerprint searching, template storage, etc. where entering of password enrollment and identification are done through software coding .

5.2)Schematic diagram of project

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Fig 31:schematic diagram

PHOTOGRAPH OF HARDWARE KIT

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5.3)DESCRIPTION: This circuit consists of a Finger print scanner, an 8051 microcontroller, a uln driver, a lcd,a stepper motor, keypad .Image Registration: Through Serial Communication The main module of this project is finger print scanner. So we are concentrating on Fingerprint scanning. When this module is interfaced to the microcontroller, we will be using it in user mode. In this mode we will be verifying the scanned images with the stored images. id. To prove that the persons are
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authorized to enter that area they need to scan their images.This fingerprint module is connected to port3.0,3.1 .NG OP67 is the finger print scanner we are using her it can store upto 960 records .It has inbuilt DSP and flash ,It provides best quality of scanning. After the scanning has been completed the person has to enter the unique id which is given to him to open his locker with the help of a keypad.Here keypad is used for entering password When coming to our application the images of the persons who are authorized to enter into the locker room will be stored in the module with a unique id. To prove that the persons are authorized to enter that area they need to scan their images. This scanner is interfaced to 8051 microcontroller. By using this controller we will be controlling the scanning process. After the scanning has been completed the person has to enter the unique id which is given to him to open his locker with the help of a keypad. Immediately the locker will be opened. After the work has been completed if a switch is pressed the locker will be closed again. If an unauthorized person tries to scan his image then an indication will be given by a buzzer which is interfaced to the controller. If an authorized person forgets his id he will be given 3 chances to re-enter the id.

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CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION&FUTURE SCOPE TO WORK 6.1 CONCLUSION: In Finger Print Based Bank Locker System we observed practical

implementation finger print technology. Fingerprint authentication has particularly proved its high efficiency and further enhanced the technology in providing security. Even features such as a persons gait, face, or signature may change with passage of time and may be fabricated or imitated. However, a fingerprint is completely unique to an individual and stayed unchanged for lifetime. This exclusivity demonstrates that fingerprint authentication is far more accurate and efficient than any other methods of authentication. , we can also increase & expand security levels by using finger print technology it also consumes low power and flexible application So by this project we successfully avoided the usage of keys instead used fingerprint and password as key to open the locker thus providing safety and high reliability.we increase the no of fingerprints storage by connecting this system to a database. The main advantages of our project are Sophisticated security , No manual errors,Accuracy,No false intrusion,Need not to carry any card ,Others cannot steel the users entry key. 6.2) FUTURE SCOPE TO WORK: GSM modem can be connected to this unit to communicate to security department, in case of unauthorized entry trials. This project efficiency can be increased by connecting it to a database.

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Additional modules can be added with out affecting the remaining modules. This allows the flexibility and easy maintenance of the developed system.

It can be used as E-Voting system if we remove the stepper motor Automatic diving license system No need of manual security if all banks are operated by using fingerprint technology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
www.howstuffworks.com www.biometrics.com www.eceprojects.com www.wikipedia.com www.answers.com www.fingerprintindia.com www.google.com www.atmel.com www.ieeeprojects.com http://www.electro_tech_online.com

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APPENDIX 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

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LCD SPECIFICATIONS:SLCDLLLLllpecifications: Display Format : 16 characters (W) x 2 lines (H) General Dimensions : 80.0 mm (W) x 36.0 mm (H) x 9.5 mm (T) Character Size : 2.95 mm (W) x 4.35 mm (H) Character Pitch : 3.65 mm (W) x 5.05 mm (H) Viewing Area : 64.0 mm (W) x 13.8 mm (H) Dot Size : 0.55 mm (W) x 0.50 mm (H) Dot Pitch : 0.60 mm (W) x 0.55 mm (H) Display Type : Positive or Negative LC Fluid : STN Yellow-Green Backlight LED : Optional Polarizer Mode : Reflective View Angle : 6 oclock or 12 oclock Controller : S6A0069 or Equivalent Temperature Range : 0oC to 50oC (Operating); -20oC to 70oC (Storage) NGE-OP67 fingerprint module specifications: 1. Power supply 5V 2 .Working current 170mA 3. Peak value current 200mA
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4. Fingerprint input time 250ms 5. 1:1 matching time 600ms Matching features + matching fingerprint 6 .1:900 searching time. 2s 7 .Fingerprint capacity Max.. 960 8 .FAR(False Acceptance Rate) 0. 001 %

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