Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

Quadratic Functions

1. (b), (c), (d), (e) and (h)

1
1
(d) f(x) = 2 (x 3)2 +
2
4
1

= (x 3)2 +
2

2. f(x) = 4x2 8x + 6
When x = 2,
f(2) = 4(2)2 8(2) + 6

= 16 + 16 + 6

= 38

1
Therefore, the minimum value is .
2
1
2
(e) f(x) = [6 (x + 1) ] + 5
3
1

= 2 (x + 1)2 + 5
3
1

= (x + 1)2 + 7
3

Therefore, the maximum value is 7.

3. f(x) = x2 3x + 2
When f(x) = 0,
x2 3x + 2 = 0
(x 1)(x 2) = 0

x 1 = 0 or x 2 = 0

x = 1 or x = 2

(f) The minimum value is 3.

8. (a) f(x) = x2 4x + 2

4. f(x) = 3x2 + 5x 1
When f(x) = 1,
3x2 + 5x 1 = 1
3x2 + 5x 1 1 = 0
3x2 5x + 2 = 0
(3x 2)(x 1) = 0
3x 2 = 0 or x 1 = 0
2

x = or
x = 1
3
5. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

4 2
4 2
= x2 4x + + 2
2
2

= (x 2)2 4 + 2

= (x 2)2 2

Hence, the minimum value is 2.

1 2 1 2

(b) f(x) = 2x2 + 6x 5

= 2(x2 + 3x) 5
3 2
3

= 2 x2 + 3x +
2
2

6. (a) Two different real roots

(b) One real root or two similar real roots
(c) No real roots

3 2 9
=2 x+ 5
2
4

31

3
9
=2x+ 5
2
2
2

3 2 19
= 2 x +
2
2

19
Hence, the minimum value is .
2

(c) f(x) = x2 + 5x

5 2
5
= x2 + 5x +
2
2
2
5
25
= x +
2
4

7. (a) The minimum value is 3.

(b) The maximum value is 4.
(c) The minimum value is 10.

1 2 1 245

1 2 1 2

25
Hence, the minimum value is .
4

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

(d) f(x) = 6x x2

= (x2 6x)

(i) f(x) = (1 4x)(x + 2)

= x + 2 4x2 8x

= 4x2 7x + 2
7

= 4 x2 + x + 2
4
7
7 2
7 2

= 4 x2 + x + + 2
4
8
8
2
7
49

= 4 x + + 2
8
64
2
7
49

= 4 x + + + 2
8
16
2
7
81

= 4 x + +
8
16
81

Hence, the maximum value is .
16

6 2
6 2
= x2 6x +
2
2

= [(x 3)2 9]

= (x 3)2 + 9

Hence, the maximum value is 9.

1 2 1 24

1 2 1 24

(f) f(x) = 4x 2x2

= 2x2 + 4x

= 2(x2 2x)

31

9. (a) f(x) = x2 4

Therefore, the minimum point is (0, 4).
x

2 2
2 2

= 2 x 2x +
2
2

= 2[(x 1)2 1]

= 2(x 1)2 + 2

Hence, the maximum value is 2.

f(x)

1 2 1 24

1 2 1 24

(e) f(x) = 3 4x x2

= x2 4x + 3

= (x2 + 4x) + 3
4 2
4 2

= x2 + 4x + + 3
2
2

= [(x + 2)2 4] + 3

= (x + 2)2 + 4 + 3

= (x + 2)2 + 7

Hence, the maximum value is 7.

12

f (x)
12

(g) f(x) = 10 + 5x 3x

= 3x2 + 5x + 10
5

= 3 x2 x + 10
3
2

5
5 2
5
= 3 x x +
3
6
6

5
25
= 3 x + + 10
6
12

32

f (x)

5 2 145
= 3 x +
6
12

32

145
Hence, the maximum value is .
12

(h) f(x) = (2x 1)(x + 3)

= 2x2 + 5x 3
5

= 2 x2 + x 3
2
5
5 2
5

= 2 x2 + x +
2
4
4
2
5
25

= 2 x + 3
4
16
2
5
25

= 2 x + 3
4
8
2
5
49

= 2 x +
4
8

8
5
1 0

31

f(x)

AB
8
0

f (x)
8

49
Hence, the minimum value is .
8

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(c) f(x) = 8 x2

Therefore, the maximum point is (0, 8).

1 2 1 243

f(x)

(b) f(x) = 3x2 + 5

Therefore, the minimum point is (0, 5).

5 2 25
= 3 x + 10
6
36

31

1 2 1 2 4 + 10

0
4

0
3 
8 1


8 3

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

(d) f(x) = 10 2x2

Therefore, the maximum point is (0, 10).
x

f(x)

AB
5
0

(g) f(x) = (x 3)2 + 5

Therefore, the maximum point is (3, 5).

22

f(x)

20

f (x)

f (x)

0
8


5

2 40 3 5

(3, 5)

10
3 
5

3 AB
5 3 + AB
5

3 + 5 6

22

(e) f(x) = x(x + 2)
= x2 + 2x
= x2 + 2x + 12 12

= (x + 1)2 1

Therefore, the minimum point is (1, 1).
x

f(x)

20

(h) f(x) = x2 + 4x + 5
= x2 + 4x + 22 22 + 5

= (x + 2)2 + 1

Therefore, the minimum point is (2, 1).
x

f(x)

10

f (x)

f (x)
8

10
5

2 0
(1,1)

(f) f(x) = (x 1)(2x + 1)

= 2x2 x 1
x

= 2 x2 1
2
x
1 2
1

= 2 x2 +
2
4
4

1
3

(2, 1)

1 2 1
=2x 1
4
8

1
9
=2x
4
8
2

1
9
Therefore, the minimum point is (, ).
4
8
x

f(x)

2
0

x
1

1 2 1 248

1 2
1
= 2 x 1
4
16

(i) f(x) = 2x2 + 6x 8

= 2(x2 + 3x) 8
3 2
3

= 2 x2 + 3x +
2
2
2
3
9

=2 x+ 8
2
4
2
3
9

=2x+ 8
2
2
2
3
25

= 2 x +
2
2

1 2 1 241

31

31

3
25
Therefore, the minimum point is ( , ).
2
2
f(x)

12

f(x)
12

f(x)
5

2
0
1

1
1
2

1
9
,
4
8

0
8

x
1 2

3 25
)
( ,
2
2

)
3

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

(j) f(x) = (x 4)2

Therefore, the minimum point is (4, 0).
x

f(x)

16

(c) x2 3x 4 . 0
(x 4)(x + 1) . 0

f (x)

f (x)
16

1
0

1 0

The range of values of x is x , 1 or x . 4.

(d) 2x2 + 5x 3 , 0
(2x 1)(x + 3) , 0

x
4 5

(k) f(x) = x + 6x 9

= (x2 6x) 9

= (x2 6x + 32 32) 9

= [(x 3)2 9] 9

= (x 3)2

Therefore, the maximum point is (3, 0).

f (x)

f(x)

(3, 0)

1
The range of values of x is 3 , x , .
2

f (x)

x
4

1 0

The range of values of x is 1 < x < 2.

(f) (2x 1)(x 3) < 4(x 3)

2x2 6x x + 3 < 4x 12
2x2 11x + 15 < 0
(x 3)(2x 5) < 0

10. (a) x(x 2) > 0

(e) (x 3)(x + 2) < 4

x2 x 6 < 4
x2 x 2 < 0
(x 2)(x + 1) < 0

f (x)

0
1

0 1

f (x)

f (x)

x
2

The range of values of x is x < 0 or x > 2.

(b) (x 3)(x 4) < 0

(g)

x
3

The range of values of x is 3 < x < 4.

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5
The range of values of x is < x < 3.
2

x2 + 4

< 2x 1
5
x2 + 4 < 5(2x 1)
x2 + 4 < 10x 5

x2 10x + 9 < 0
(x 1)(x 9) < 0

f (x)

x
5 3

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

4. x(x + 2) > 3
x2 + 2x 3 > 0
(x + 3)(x 1) > 0

f (x)

f (x)

0 1

The range of values of x is 1 < x < 9.

(h)
x(1 4x) , 5x 8

x 4x2 5x + 8 , 0
4x2 4x + 8 , 0
x2 + x 2 . 0
(x + 2)(x 1) . 0

5. f(x) = 2x2 12x + 5

= 2(x2 6x) + 5

= 2[(x 3)2 32] + 5

= 2(x 3)2 18 + 5

= 2(x 3)2 13

\ p = 2, q = 3 , r + 1 = 13

r = 14

The range of values of x is x , 2 or x . 1.

6. (a) f(x) = x2 + 6px + 1 4p2

= (x2 6px) + 1 4p2
6p 2
6p 2

= x2 6px + + 1 4p2
2
2

= [(x 3p)2 9p2] + 1 4p2

= (x 3p)2 + 9p2 + 1 4p2

= (x 3p)2 + 1 + 5p2

The maximum value given is q2 p.
Therefore,
q2 p = 1 + 5p2
5p2 + p + 1 = q2

1 2 1 24

1+7
1. (a) x-coordinate of the maximum part =
2

=4

Therefore, the equation of the axis of symmetry
is x = 4.
(b) f(x) = p (x + q)2

= 5 (x 4)2

(b) x = 3 is symmetrical axis

3p = 3

p = 1

2. f(x) = 2x2 16x + k2 + 2k + 1

= 2(x2 8x) + k2 + 2k + 1
8 2
8 2

= 2 x2 8x + + k2 + 2k + 1
2
2

= 2[(x 4)2 16] + k2 + 2k + 1

= 2(x 4)2 32 + k2 + 2k + 1

= 2(x 4)2 + k2 + 2k 31

x
1

The range of values of x is x < 3 or x > 1.

f (x)

Substitute p = 1 into 5p2 + p + 1 = q2,

5(1)2 + 1 + 1 = q2

q2 = 7

q = AB
7
Hence, p = 1, q = AB
7

1 2 1 24

Given minimum value = 28,

\ k2 + 2k 31 = 28
k2 + 2k 3 = 0
(k + 3)(k 1) = 0

k = 3, 1

7.
4t(t + 1) 3t2 + 12 . 0
4t2 + 4t 3t2 + 12 . 0

t2 + 4t + 12 . 0
(t + 2)(t + 6) . 0
f (x)

3. (a) f(x) = 2(x 3)2 + k

p is the x-coordinate of the minimum point.
Therefore, p = 3.
(b) k is the minimum value of f(x).
Therefore, k = 4.

The range of values of t is t , 6 or t . 2.

(c) The equation of the axis of symmetry is x = 3.

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

1 2
7. f(x) = 2k + 1 x + p
2
Given (1, k) is the maximum point.
Therefore, 2k + 1 = k

k = 1
1

x + p = 0 when x = 1,
2
1
1 + p = 0
2
1

p = 1
2
p = 2

4 + 0
1. x-coordinate of maximum point =
2

= 2

Equation of the axis of symmetry is x = 2

2. Let x be the x-coordinate of A

0 + x = 3

2

x = 6
The coordinates of A are (6, 4).

8. Given (p, 2q) is the minimum point of

y = 2x2 4x + 5
= 2(x2 2x) + 5
= 2(x2 2x + 12 12) + 5
= 2[(x 1)2 1] + 5
= 2(x 1)2 2 + 5
= 2(x 1)2 + 3

3. Let x be the x-coordinate of A

x + 6 = 2

2

x = 4 6

x = 2
The coordinates of A are (2, 0).

2q = 3
3
q =
2
p 1 = 0
p = 1

0+8
4. x-coordinate of A =
2

=4

Let C be the centre of OB,

9. (a) Since (1, 4) is the point on y = x2 2kx + 1,

substitute x = 1, y = 4 into the equation,
4 = 12 2k(1) + 1
2k = 2

k = 1

A
5

(b) y = x2 2(1)x + 1
= x2 + 2x + 1
= (x + 1)2

Minimum value of y is 0.

AC2 = OA2 OC2

= 52 42
= 9
AC = 3

The coordinates of A are (4, 3).

10. f(x) = x2 8x + k 1

= (x2 + 8x) + k 1

= (x2 + 8x + 42 42) + k 1

= [(x + 4)2 16] + k 1

= (x + 4)2 + 16 + k 1

= (x + 4)2 + 15 + k
Since 13 is the maximum value,
then 15 + k = 13

k = 2

0+4
5. x-coordinate of minimum point =
2

=2
x-coordinate of minimum point for the image is 2.
6. (a) y = (x p)2 + q and minimum point is (2, 1)
Hence, p = 2 and q = 1
(b) y = (x 2)2 1
When y = 0,
(x 2)2 1 = 0
(x 2)2 = 1
x 2 = 1

x = 1 + 2
= 1, 3

11. f(x) = 2x2 6x + 7

= 2(x2 3x) + 7
3 2
3

= 2 x2 3x +
2
2
2
3
9

=2 x +7
2
4
2
3
9

=2x +7
2
2
2
3
5

=2x +
2
2

Hence, A is (1, 0) and B is (3, 0).

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3
31

1 2 1 24+7
2 4

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

3 5
The minimum point is (, ).
2 2
x

f(x)

Maximum point is (2, 1).

15

10

f (x)

1 0

15

3
(2, 1)

5
3
5
,
2 2

10

The range is 10 < y < 1.

5
The range is < f(x) < 15.
2

15. y = 9 (x 3)2
Maximum point is (3, 9).

12. f(x) = 5 4x 2x2

= 2x2 4x + 5

= 2(x2 + 2x) + 5

= 2(x2 + 2x + 12 12) + 5

= 2[(x + 1)2 1] + 5

= 2(x + 1)2 + 2 + 5

= 2(x + 1)2 + 7

x
y

12

(3, 9)

1 0

6 7

The range is 0 < y < 9.

16.
3x2 , x
2
3x x , 0
x(3x 1) , 0
f (x)

5
x

y
12

1
The range is 0 , x , .
3

1 0

13. y = (x 3)2 4
Minimum point is (3, 4).
y

When f(x) = 1,
2(x + 1)2 + 7 = 1
2(x + 1)2 = 8
(x + 1)2 = 4

x + 1 = 2

x = 2 1
= 3 or 1

3x x2

, 1
2
2
3x x , 2
x2 + 3x 2 , 0
x2 3x + 2 . 0
(x 1)(x 2) . 0

17.

x
1

5 6
(3, 4)

The range is 4 < y < 12.

f (x)

14. y = x2 + 4x 5
= (x2 4x) 5
= (x2 4x + 22 22) 5
= [(x 2)2 4] 5
= (x 2)2 + 4 5
= (x 2)2 1

x
1

The range is x , 1 or x . 2.
7

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

18. Given that x 2y = 1,

\ x = 1 + 2y........................................ 1

(b) Let f(x) = a(x b)2 + c

f(x) = a(x 2)2 + 0
f(x) = a(x 2)2

Substitute 1 into y + 3 > 2xy,

y + 3 > 2(1 + 2y)y

y + 3 > 2y + 4y2
0
> 4y2 + y 3
0
> (4y 3)(y + 1)

Substitute x = 0, f(x) = 3 into the equation,

3 = a(0 2)2
= 4a
3

a =
4

f (y)

22. (a) Given 2x2 3y + 2 = 0

3y = 2x2 + 2
2x2
2

y = + .................1
3
3
Substitute 1 into y , 10,
2x2
2

+ , 10
3
3

2x2 + 2 , 30

2x2 28 , 0

x2 14 , 0
14 )(x ABB
14 ) , 0
(x + ABB

3
The range is 1 < y < .
4
19.
f(x) , 0
5x2 4x 1 , 0
(5x + 1)(x 1) , 0
f (x)

f (x)

1
The range is , x , 1.
5

20.
g(x) . 0
4x2 9 . 0
(2x + 3)(2x 3) . 0

x

14

14 , x , ABB
14 .
The range is ABB

Therefore, a = 2, b = 2 and c = 18

x
3

3
3
The range is x , or x . .
2
2

Hence, the minimum value of 2x2 8x 10 is

18.

23.
5 2x < 0
2x < 5
5

x >
2
5

x >
2

21. (a) Since y = 3x 9x + t . 0 for all values of x and

it does not have root when y = 0.
Then, b2 4ac , 0 for 3x2 9x + t = 0
(9)2 4(3)(t) , 0

81 12t , 0

12t , 81
81

t .
12
27

t .
4
2

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14

(b) 2x2 8x 10 = 2(x2 4x) 10

= 2(x2 4x + 22 22) 10

= 2[(x 2)2 4] 10

= 2(x 2)2 8 10

= 2(x 2)2 18

g(x)

Hence, the quadratic function is

3
f(x) = (x 2)2.
4

3x2 4x . 1
3x2 4x + 1 . 0
(3x 1)(x 1) . 0
f (x)

x
1

1
x , , x . 1
3

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

26. x2 + 5x 10 . 4

5
x 
2

x2 + 5x 10 , 4
x2 + 5x 6 , 0
(x + 6)(x 1) , 0

5
1 1

3
2
x1

5
The range is x > .
2

24. 5 ,
f(x) , 9
5 , 5 3x + x2 , 9
5 , 5 3x + x2
0 , x2 3x
0 , x(x 3)

x
3

1 0

x
4

1 , x , 4
x<0

1 < x < 4

The range is 1 , x , 0 or 3 , x , 4.
x2 + 3x 3 . 3
x2 + 3x . 0
x(x + 3) . 0

f (x)

f (x)

x
1

29. 2x2 + 10x 20 < 8

8 < 2x2 + 10x 20 < 8
8 < 2x2 + 10x 20
0 < 2x2 + 10x 12
0 < x2 + 5x 6
0 < (x + 6)(x 1)

x , 3, x . 0

4 < x < 1

x , 7, x . 2

Use
b2 4ac , 0,
(6)2 4(2)(9 k) , 0

36 72 + 8k , 0

36 + 8k , 0
8k , 36
36

k ,
8
9

k ,
2

3 4

> x2 + 3x 3 . 3
> x2 + 3x 3
,
> x2 + 3x 4
> (x + 4)(x 1)

x
2

28. Given that f(x) = 9 6x + 2x2 does not have real root
when f(x) = k,
\ 9 6x + 2x2 = k
2x2 6x + 9 k = 0

x>3

1 0

27. f(x) = (r + 1)x2 + 2rx + r 3

Given that f(x) does not intersect the x-axis,
therefore
b2 4ac , 0
(2r)2 4(r + 1)(r 3) , 0
4r2 4(r2 2r 3) , 0
4r2 4r2 + 8r + 12 , 0
2r + 3 , 0
3

r ,
2

f (x)

The ranges are 6 < x < 1, x < 7, x > 2.

5 3x + x2 , 9
5 3x + x2 9 , 0
x2 3x 4 , 0
(x 4)(x + 1) , 0

x , 0, x . 3

0 1

6 , x , 1

f (x)

25. 1
1
0
0

f (x)

f (x)

1
x 
3

x2 + 5x 10 . 4
x2 + 5x 14 . 0
(x + 7)(x 2) . 0

, 2x2 + 10x 20 < 8

2x2 + 10x 28 < 0
x2 + 5x 14 < 0
(x + 7)(x 2) < 0

f (x)

f (x)

4  x  1

4 3
x < 3

0 1
6

x>0

0 1

x < 6, x > 1

The range is 4 < x , 3 or 0 , x < 1.

x
7

x
2

7 < x < 2

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

x  6

The equation y = x2 + 2x nx + 16
= x2 + 2x 2x + 16
22 2
22 2
= x + + 16
2
2
= x2 + 16

x1

76

1 2
7  x  2

5 2
= x2 + 5x +
2
2
25
5
= x +
2
4
2
49
5
= x +
2
4

1
1

2
2

1 2 152 2

Substitute x = 4, y = 0 into y = x2 3k,

0 = 42 3k
0 = 16 3k
16
k =
3

49
5
The minimum point is ( , ).
2
4
x
y

13

98

32. (a) y = 2[(3k x)2 + n] 10 has a maximum point

(4, 11).

18

y = 2(3k x)2 2n 10

\ 3k 4 = 0
and
2n 10 = 11
4
2n = 21
k =
3
21

n =
2

y
98

21
4
(b) Substitute k = and n = into
3
2
y = 2[(3k x)2 + n] 10,
21

y = 2 (4 x)2 10
2
= 2(4 x)2 + 21 10
= 2(4 x)2 + 11

18
0
6 1 3

13

5 ,
49

2
4

31. y = x2 + 2x nx + 16
= x2 + (2 n)x + 16
= [x2 (2 n)x] + 16
2n 2
2n
= x2 (2 n)x +
2
2
2
2
2

n
2

n
= x + 16
2
2
2
2

n
2

n 2
= x + + 16
2
2

2 1

31

2 1

24

2 1

ABBB
ABBB
ABBB ABBB

2 4 + 16

(c) y = 2(4 x)2 + 11

The maximum point is (4, 11).

Since y = x2 3k and y = x2 + 2x nx + 16 have the

same axis of symmetry that is x = 0.
2n
then = 0
2

2 n = 0

n = 2

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When y = 0,

2(4 x)2 + 11 = 0

2(4 x)2 = 11
11

(4 x)2 =
2
11

4 x =
2
11

x = 4
2
11
11
= 4 , 4 +
2
2
= 1.655, 6.345

49
The range is , y , 98.
4

When y = 0,
x2 + 16 = 0

x2 = 16
16

x = ABB
= 4
Therefore, B = (4, 0)

The range is 7 < x < 6 or 1 < x < 2.

30. y = x2 + 5x 6

2 1

x
y

10

39

21

5
9

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

(b) Substitute k = 20 into y = 4x2 2kx + 6k,

y = 4x2 40x + 120

(4, 11)
(5, 9)
0

(c) Substitute k = 4 into y = 4x2 2kx + 6k,

y = 4x2 8x + 24
= 4(x2 2x) + 24
= 4[x2 2x + (1)2 (1)2] + 24
= 4[(x 1)2 4]
= 4[(x 1)2 1] + 24
= 4(x 1)2 4 + 24
= 4(x 1)2 + 20

21
(1, 39)

The range is 39 < y < 11.

1 + x = 3
33. (a)
2
x = 6 1
= 5
Therefore, B(5, 0)

1
3
31
1

q 1 = 6
q = 5
(c) The turning point is (3, 6).
34. (a) f(x) = 2x2 + 12x + p

= 2(x2 6x) + p

= 2(x2 6x + 32 32) + p

= 2[(x 3)2 9] + p

= 2(x 3)2 + 18 + p
Given f(x) = a(x + b)2 + 18

By comparison,
a = 2, b = 3, p = 0

(b) The turning point is (3, 18).

35. (a) y = 4x2 2kx + 6k has a minimum value of 20
2k

y = 4 x2 x + 6k
4
k
k 2
k 2

= 4 x2 x + + 6k
2
4
4
k 2 k2

= 4 x + 6k
4
16
2
2
k
k

= 4 x + 6k
4
4

1 2 1 24

31

Hence, the axis of symmetry is x = 1.

36. f(x) = 2x2 + kx 4r

k

= 2 x2 + x 4r
2
k
k 2
k 2

= 2 x2 + x + 4r
2
4
4
2
2
k
k

= 2 x + 4r
4
16
2
2
k
k

= 2 x + 4r
4
8
k
3
x + = 0 when x = k2 ,
4
4
3
k
Therefore, k2 + = 0
4
4
4k2 3 + k = 0
4k2 + k 3 = 0
(4k 3)(k + 1) = 0
3
k = 1 or
2
4
k
4r = k
8
1
When k = 1, 4r = 1
8
1
4r = 1
8
7
=
8
7

r =
32
9

16
3
3
When k = , 4r =
4
4
8
9
3
4r =
128
4
9
3
4r =
128
4

(b) 3 p = 0
p = 3

The equation of the curve after reflection about

the y-axis is y = 4x2 + 40x + 120.

Given minimum value of y = 20.
k2
Therefore, + 6k = 20
4

k2 + 24k = 80
k2 24k + 80 = 0
(k 20)(k 4) = 0

k = 4 or 20

1 2 1 24
2
4
2

9 + 96
=
128
105
=
128
105

r =
512

11

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

f(x)

1. y = 3(2x 1)(x + 1) x(4x 5) + 2

= 3(2x2 + x 1) 4x2 + 5x + 2
= 6x2 + 3x 3 4x2 + 5x + 2
= 2x2 + 8x 1
= 2(x2 + 4x) 1
= 2(x2 + 4x + 22 22) 1
= 2[(x + 2)2 4] 1
= 2(x + 2)2 8 1
= 2(x + 2)2 9

x < 4

The range is 6 , x , 4 or 2 , x , 4.

(b) y = (x 1)(x 5)
= x2 6x + 5

9
x = 2
2

ABB

9
9
= 2 or 2
2
2
= 0.1213 or 4.121
When x = 0, y = 2(2)2 9
= 1
The minimum point is (2, 9).

4. y = a(x 2)2 + 1
Substitute x = 0, y = 9 into the equation,
9 = a(2)2 + 1
8 = 4a
a = 2
Therefore, the quadratic function is
f(x) = 2(x 2)2 + 1.

y
0 0.1213
1

5. x2 + (1 + k)x k2 + 1 = 0

For quadratic equation to have real roots,

b2 4ac > 0
2
(1 + k) 4(1)(1 k2) > 0
1 + 2k + k2 4 + 4k2 > 0
5k2 + 2k 3 > 0
(5k 3)(k + 1) > 0

(2, 9)

2. 5 , Area of rectangle ABCD , 21

5 , (x + 3)(x 1)
, 21

f(k)

5 , (x + 3)(x 1)
5 , x2 + 2x 3
0 , x2 + 2x 8
0 , (x + 4)(x 2)

1
f(x)

k
3

3
The range of values of k is k < 1 or k > .
5

x
2

x , 4, x > 2

(x + 3)(x 1) , 21
x2 + 2x 3 , 21
x2 + 2x 24 , 0
(x 4)(x + 6) , 0

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1+5
3. (a) p =
2
= 3

ABB
ABB
ABB

6 < x < 4

9
x + 2 =
2

4.121

x>2

6 4

When y = 0, 2(x + 2)2 9 = 0

9
(x + 2)2 =
2

6 , x , 4

Since a = 2 . 0, therefore the minimum value of

y is 9.

12

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

6. y = x2 + 7x 8 2k

Substitute 2 into 1,
q2
q + 6 = 0
48
q2

q + = 0
8
8q + q2 = 0
q(8 + q) = 0

q = 0 or q = 8

For y to be positive for all real values of x, there is

no roots for y = 0.

1 2

Therefore, b2 4ac , 0
72 4(1)(8 2k) , 0

49 + 32 + 8k , 0
8k , 81
81

k ,
8
Alternative
y = x2 + 7x 8 2k
7 2
7 2
= x2 + 7x + 8 2k
2
2
7 2 49
= x + 8 2k
2
4

02
When q = 0, p =
48

=0
(8)2
When q = 8, p =
48
64
=
48
4
=
3

1 2 1 2

For y to be positive for all real values of x,

49
8 2k . 0
4
49
2k . + 8
4
81
2k .
4
81

k ,
8

4
Therefore, the values of p = and q = 8.
3
3
8. (2 3k)x2 + x + k = 0
4

3
b2 4ac = 12 4(2 3k) k
4

= 1 6k + 9k2

= 9k2 6k + 1

= (3k 1)2

7. Substitute x = 6, y = 0 into y = px2 + qx,

0 = p(6)2 + q(6)

0 = 36p + 6q

q + 6p = 0.......................... 1

Since (3k 1)2 > 0 for all values of k,

3
therefore, (2 3k)x2 + x + k = 0 has real roots for
4
all values of k.

y = px2 + qx
q
= p x2 +
px

1
3

1 2 1 24

q 2
q2
= p x +
2p
4p2

31

9. f(x) = 3(x2 + 2mx + m2 + n)

= 3[(x + m)2 + n]

= 3(x + m)2 + 3n
The minimum point is (m, 3n)

q
q 2
q

= p x2 +
p x + 2p 2p

Compare to A(t, 3t2),

\ m = t and 3n = 3t2
m = t
n = t2

q 2 q2
= p x +
2p
4p
q2
= 12
4p
q2 = 48p
q2

p = ........................................................... 2
48

1 2

10. (a) y = px2 + 8x + 10 p

When the graph does not intercept the x-axis,
there are no roots for px2 + 8x + 10 p = 0.
Therefore,
b2 4ac , 0
2
8 4p(10 p) , 0

64 40p + 4p2 , 0
p2 10p + 16 , 0
(p 2)(p 8) , 0
2

Hence, r = 2 and t = 8

13

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

(b) When p = 2,
y = 2x2 + 8x + 8
= 2(x2 + 4x) + 8
= 2(x2 + 4x + 22 22) + 8
= 2[(x + 2)2 4] + 8
= 2(x + 2)2 8 + 8
= 2(x + 2)2

Therefore, the minimum point is (2, 0).
When x = 0,

(c) f(x) = 24x 4x2 20

When x = 0, f(x) = 20

When f(x) = 0, 4(x 3)2 + 16 = 0

4(x 3)2 = 16

(x 3)2 = 4

x 3 = 2

x = 2 + 3
= 2 + 3 or 2 + 3
= 1 or 5

y = 8

When y = 0, 2(x + 2)2 = 0

x = 2
When p = 8,
y = 8x2 + 8x + 2
= 8(x2 + x) + 2
1 2
1 2
= 8 x2 + x + + 2
2
2
1 2 1
= 8 x + + 2
2
4
1 2
= 8 x + 2 + 2
2
1 2
= 8 x +
2

y
(3, 16)

1 2 1 24

31

Substitute x = 3, y = 5 into the equation,

5 = |p(3 3)2 + q|
5 = |q|
q = 5

1
Therefore, the minimum point is ( , 0).
2
When x = 0, y = 2
1 2
When y = 0, 0 = 8 x +
2
1

x =
2

Substitute x = 4, y = 0 into the equation,

0 = |p(4 3)2 5|
p 5 = 0
p = 5
Therefore, p = 5, q = 5 or p = 5, q = 5.

(b) When x = 3, y = 5
For p = 5, q = 5,
When x = 6, y = |5(6 3)2 5|
= |40|
= 40

p=8
8

Based on the graph, the range of values of y is

40 < y < 0.

1 0

For p = 5, q = 5,
When x = 6, y = |5(6 3)2 + 5|
= |40|
= 40

11. (a) f(x) = 24x 4x2 + r

= 4x2 + 24x + r

= 4(x2 6x) + r

= 4(x2 6x + 32 32) + r

= 4[(x 3)2 9] + r

= 4(x 3)2 + 36 + r

Therefore, the range of values of y is

40 < y < 0.
13. (a) y = 2(x 3)2 + 2k

= x2 + 2x + px 8

= x2 + (2 + p)x 8

= [x2 (2 + p)x] 8
2+p 2
2+p

= x2 (2 + p)x +
2
2
2
2
2+p
2+p

= x 8
2
2
2 + p 2 (2 + p)2

= x + 8
4
2

Compare to f(x) = p(x q)2 + 16
Therefore, p = 4, q = 3 and 36 + r = 16

r = 20
(b) The turning point is (3, 16).

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12. (a) y = |p(x 3)2 + q|

p=2

20

14

31

2 1

2 1

24

248

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

Since the x-coordinate of the maximum point for

both the graphs are same,
2+p
= 3
therefore,
2

p = 4

15. Since

x2 + 1 . 0,
x2 + 3x + 2
therefore
. 0
x2 + 1
2

x + 3x + 2 . 0
(x + 1)(x + 2) . 0
f(x)

y = x2 + 2x + px 8 becomes
y = x2 + 2x + 4x 8
y = x2 + 6x 8

When y = 0,
x2 + 6x 8 = 0

x2 6x + 8 = 0
(x 2)(x 4) = 0

x = 2 or 4

Hence, x , 2, x > 1.
4
16. < x
1 3x

4
0
< x +
1 3x
x(1 3x) + 4
0
<
1 3x
x 3x2 + 4
0
<
1 3x
3x2 + x + 4
0
<
1 3x
(3x + 4)(x + 1)
0
<
1 3x

Hence, A(2, 0) and B(4, 0).

Substitute x = 2, y = 0 into y = 2(x 3)2 + 2k,
0 = 2(2 3)2 + 2k
2k = 2

k = 1
Hence, k = 1 and p = 4.
(b) For y = 2(x 3)2 + 2k

= 2(x 3)2 + 2(1)

= 2(x 3)2 + 2

Maximum value of the curve is 2.

For 3x + 4 > 0,
4
> 3x
4

x <
3
For x + 1 > 0,

x > 1

For y = x + 2x + px 8

= x2 + 2x + 4x 8

= x2 + 6x 8
2

When x = 3,
y = 9 + 18 8
= 1

Maximum value of the curve is 1.

For 1 3x .
3x .

x ,

14. Since 3x2 > 0 for all values of x,

3x2
therefore < 0
(2x 1)(x + 4)
(2x 1)(x + 4) < 0

0,
1
1

3
1
x<
3
x  1

4
x
3

f(x)

0 1

1
4
Therefore, the range is 1 < x , , x > .
3
3

1
Hence, 4 < x < .
2

15

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 3

17.
y2 9 = x

x = y2 9

When x = 0,
y2 = 9
y = 3

y
4
3

When y = 0,
x = 9

When x = 7,

7 = y2 9

y2 = 16

y = 4

x
7

3
4

The range of values of y is 4 < y < 4.

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16