ENGINEERING PHYSICS

EBE 201

CHAPTER 6 SOUND WAVES

PREPARED BY: Syed Zahurul Islam

NAME OF SCHOOL

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Topic Outlines
TOPIC

6.1 What is Sound? 7.1 Properties of sound waves

7.2 Speed of sound in different media 7.3 Interference of sound 7.4 Beats, Pitch, Octave, Tone, Overtone & harmonics 7.5 Doppler effect

2010 Cosmopoint

Slide 2 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Learning Outcomes
TOPIC

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Analyze sound waves using laws, models.

2010 Cosmopoint

Slide 3 of 28 Topics

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

What is Sound?
TOPIC

Sound is a mechanical wave that results from the back and forth vibration of the particles of the medium through which the sound wave is moving. If a sound wave is moving from left to right through air, then particles of air will be displaced both rightward and leftward as the energy of the sound wave passes through it. The motion of the particles is parallel (and anti-parallel) to the direction of the energy transport.

Slide 4 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

What is Sound?
TOPIC

Slide 5 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

TOPIC

Molecules in the air vibrate about some average position creating the compressions and rarefactions. We call the frequency of sound the pitch.
Slide 6 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Pattern of Sound
TOPIC

Each Sound wave has unique pattern Frequency Wavelength Amplitude

Slide 7 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Sound mediums
A medium is a material that sound, a form of energy, need to transfer Speed of sound
Solid : Fast speed Liquid : Medium speed Gas : Slow Speed
Standard Temperature and Pressure = 3.31 x 102 m/s

TOPIC

Vacuum : No Sound
Slide 8 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Sound mediums

TOPIC

Sound waves require a medium to propagate, generally its air.

Sound waves cannot travel in vacuum.

Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

Slide 9 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

TOPIC

Requirements For Sound...

Source

of vibration

(such as vocal folds) Source of energy (such

as lungs)
A medium (to carry the

vibration, such as air)

A receiver (such as the

human ear)

Graphic from Jay Rose website at http://www.dplay.com/book/sample.html

Slide 10 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Transmission of Sound
TOPIC

Sound travels in waves, leaving point of origin in a spherical pattern (in air) series of compressions and rarefactions Usually depicted as a sine wave One complete vibration cycle, 360 degrees of motion Speed of Sound increases with density of the medium 1100 ft/second in air 4500 ft/sec in water 15,000 ft/sec in steel
Slide 11 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

TOPIC

Slide 12 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Wave Properties

Wavelength

TOPIC

Wavelength, l, is the distance between two consecutive peaks.

Slide 13 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Wave Properties

Amplitude

TOPIC

Amplitude is the height of the wave above or below the equilibrium point.

Slide 14 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Wave Properties

Period

TOPIC

The wave period, P, this the time it take one wave to pass the observer.
Slide 15 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Wave Properties

Frequency

TOPIC

Frequency, f, is the number of waves passing a particular point in one second.

Slide 16 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Examples of Frequency
TOPIC

What is the frequency of the second hand of a clock?

Frequency = 1cycle/60 sec Period = 60 sec

What is the frequency of US Presidential elections?

Frequency = 1 election/4 yrs Period = 4 yrs

Slide 17 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Amplitude of Sound

TOPIC

Volume control Loudness Strength of the wave ( measured in db decibels) Energy of the wave

Slide 18 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Human Hearing
TOPIC

Human range: 20-20,000 Hz Human ear is most sensitive in the 1,000 - 4,000 Hz range. Less sensitive in lower frequencies. HL Scale was developed & normalized to represent human hearing.

Slide 19 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Common Sounds and their Loudness

TOPIC

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Series 3 Series 2 Series 1

Slide 20 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Sound Waves
TOPIC

1. 2. 3. 4.

Sound has both frequency (that we hear directly) and wavelength (demonstrated by simple experiments). The speed of sound is frequency times wavelength. Resonance happens with sound. Sound can be reflected, refracted, and absorbed and also shows evidence of interference and diffraction.

Slide 21 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Speed of Sound
TOPIC

Velocity(v) of a wave= Frequency (f) times the wavelength ( ) V = fl The speed of propagation of sound in dry air at a temperature of 0 C (32 F) is 331.6 m/sec (1088 ft/sec). If the temperature is increased, the speed of sound increases; thus, at 20 C (68 F), the velocity of sound is 344 m/sec (1129 ft/sec)
Slide 22 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

The Doppler effect

TOPIC

Say you were enjoying your favorite band, live in concert. And, they were playing your favorite song. You've listened to this song at home, and know every note. You just love this song!

Guess what: if you got up and started walking around, you won't hear the same thing that you were hearing when you were sitting still! That's right! The sounds of your favorite song won't be right anymore! And, the faster you move, the more "screwed up" the song becomes!

Slide 23 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

The Doppler effect

TOPIC

This is what the Doppler Effect is all about. When a sound is played, the precise sound that is actually heard depends on if you are moving or not. In fact, if you want to hear precisely the sound that is being played, you must stand still. As soon as you move, the sound you hear and the sound that's played will no longer be the same thing!

Slide 24 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

The Doppler effect

TOPIC

The shift in frequency caused by motion is called the Doppler effect. It occurs when a sound source is moving at speeds less than the speed of sound.

Slide 25 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Resonance of Sound
TOPIC

Any oscillating object has a natural frequency, which is the frequency an oscillating object tends to settle into if it is not disturbed.

The phenomenon in which a relatively small, repeatedly applied force causes the amplitude of an oscillating system to become very large is called resonance
Slide 26 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Interference of Sound
TOPIC

Constructive interference The displacement of the disturbance of 2 waves are the same (Similar sounds Frequency are the same or multiple.

Destructive interference The displacement of the disturbance of 2 waves are the different (Unlike sounds) Frequency are the different or not a direct multiple.
Slide 27 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Interference of Sound
TOPIC

Constructive interference The displacement of the disturbance of 2 waves are the same (Similar sounds Frequency are the same or multiple.

Slide 28 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Interference of Sound
TOPIC

Destructive interference The displacement of the disturbance of 2 waves are the different (Unlike sounds) Frequency are the different or not a direct multiple.

Slide 29 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Interference of Sound

Destructive interference The displacement of the disturbance of 2 waves are the different (Unlike sounds) Frequency are the different or not a direct multiple.

TOPIC

Slide 30 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Interference of Sound

Destructive interference The displacement of the disturbance of 2 waves are the different (Unlike sounds) Frequency are the different or not a direct multiple.

TOPIC

Slide 31 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Interference of Sound

Destructive interference The displacement of the disturbance of 2 waves are the different (Unlike sounds) Frequency are the different or not a direct multiple.

TOPIC

Slide 32 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Interference of Sound

Destructive interference The displacement of the disturbance of 2 waves are the different (Unlike sounds) Frequency are the different or not a direct multiple.

TOPIC

Slide 33 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Interference of Sound

Destructive interference The displacement of the disturbance of 2 waves are the different (Unlike sounds) Frequency are the different or not a direct multiple.

TOPIC

Slide 34 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Interference of Sound

Destructive interference The displacement of the disturbance of 2 waves are the different (Unlike sounds) Frequency are the different or not a direct multiple.

TOPIC

Slide 35 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Beats

The pulse, or pattern of regular accents, of a musical piece can be broken into individual pulses, or

TOPIC

beats

a fractional symbol in which the numerator specifies the number of beats per bar, and the denominator specifies the relative note value assigned to one beat
Slide 36 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

The speed of sound

TOPIC

The speed of sound in air is 343 m/s (660 miles per hour) at one atmosphere of pressure and room temperature (21C). An object is subsonic when it is moving slower than sound.

Slide 37 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Sound, Perception, and Music

TOPIC

A single frequency by itself does not have much meaning. The meaning comes from patterns in many frequencies together.

A sonogram is a special kind of graph that shows how loud sound is at different frequencies. Every persons sonogram is different, even when saying the same word.
Slide 38 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

Music
TOPIC

The pitch of a sound is how high or low we hear its frequency. Though pitch and frequency usually mean the same thing, the way we hear a pitch can be affected by the sounds we heard before and after. Rhythm is a regular time pattern in a sound. Music is a combination of sound and rhythm that we find pleasant. Most of the music you listen to is created from a pattern of frequencies called a musical scale.

Slide 39 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

TOPIC

Consonance, dissonance, and beats

Harmony is the study of how sounds work together to create effects desired by the composer. When we hear more than one frequency of sound and the combination sounds good, we call it consonance. When the combination sounds bad or unsettling, we call it dissonance.

Slide 40 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

TOPIC

Consonance, dissonance, and beats

Consonance and dissonance are related to beats. When frequencies are far enough apart that there are no beats, we get consonance. When frequencies are too close together, we hear beats that are the cause of dissonance. Beats occur when two frequencies are close, but not exactly the same.

Slide 41 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

TOPIC

Slide 42 of 28

CHAPTER NO: 6 ; SOUND WAVES

REFERENCES
TOPIC

1. 1www.cpo.com/home

Slide 43 of 28