A Cost Effective Method of Reducing Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in Single-Phase Boost Rectifier

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.Introduction: Because of a large number of high harmonics are injected into power with more and more of the nonlinear semiconductor devices were widely used Harmonic can cause the distortion in current in a power system and worsen the power quality. Rectifier circuit is the biggest harmonic sources. At present,research on the PFC of rectifier devices has an important practical significance, especially based on the average current control single-phase Boost type APFC circuit. PFC is used as a positive method for improving the power quality. Essentially PFC can eliminate harmonic source of rectifier devices, through input current waveform automatically with input voltage waveform of the grid, and get the former waveform as sine waveform and have the same waveform with voltage waveform on phase. PFC is mainly included reactive power factor correction and active power factor correction (short for APFC).Because there is no source power factor correction technique in be used actually has certain limitation, and power factor is not high, only can make the power factor improvement to 0.7 ~ 0.8, and APFC can make the power factor, so close to one currently used more APFC technology. APFC can be converted to the input current power input and utility in phase with the sine wave, so as to improve the power factor of electrical equipment, and to reduce the grid harmonic pollution. Converters operated in discontinuous-conduction- mode (DCM) and in continuous-conductionmode (CCM) are suitable for lighter and higher loads, respectively. A new, constant switching frequency based single-phase rectifier system is proposed, which operates in DCM and in CCM for outputs less than and greater than 50% rated load, respectively, covering a wide range of load variation. The power circuit and the control circuit of the proposed rectifier are easily configurable for DCM and CCM operations. The measured load current is used to select the desired operating mode. The peak device current under DCM is limited to rated device current under CCM without using a device of higher current rating. The input current shaping under

CCM and DCM are based on the comparison of measured input current with linear and nonlinear carriers, respectively. A load current feed forward scheme is presented to improve the system dynamic performance and also to ensure a smooth transition between the two operating modes . Single-Phase diode bridge rectifiers are gradually being replaced by pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifiers to maintain a sinusoidal input current at near unity power factor and to satisfy the necessary harmonic standards . A single-phase, single-switch boost rectifier (Fig. 1) is a wellestablished topology in the field of acdc power conversion to comply with the above harmonic standards. The rectifier system may be operated in the continuous conduction mode (CCM), or in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) . TheCCMis preferred overDCMbecause of continuous input current and low conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). However, it is reported to have high input current distortion at light load . For a particular switching frequency and boost inductance, the amount of current distortion increases as the load decreases . A high valued boost inductor is necessary at light load to limit the input current distortion . This increases the size, weight, and cost of the converter and results in poor system dynamic response. Hence, CCM is preferred at higher loads. The above issues are not seen, when the converter is operated in DCM. However, DCM is always associated with high device current stress and conducted EMI. Therefore, a high current rated device and a costly EMI filter are necessary at higher loads. Thus, DCM is preferred for light loads. The present work deals with a constant output voltage application, where the load current varies over a wide range (10% to 110% of rated load current) and the converter is required to comply with the necessary harmonic standards. It can be seen from the above discussion that neither of the operating modes (CCM and DCM) alone is suitable and economical for the above application. Therefore, the optimum choice is to operate the converter in DCM during light loads and in CCM for higher loads . The load boundary between DCM and CCM operations can be set at a suitable level (say 50%) to limit the peak device current stress under DCM up to the rated device current under CCM without using a higher current rated device. Similarly, the minimum load under CCM, for which the converter is required to comply is 50% rated load. This permits us to use a low valued boost inductor compared to the entire CCM case without any degradation in the performance of the converter. The main challenge associated with such a mixed-mode operation is to realize the two distinct operating modes (DCM and CCM) into a single converter system without introducing any appreciable dynamics during transition between the two operating modes. There

are two possible ways to achieve this. The first method suggests a single-valued boost inductor with constant but two different switching frequencies (a low switching frequency for DCM and a high switching frequency for CCM) for the above operation. The second method requires two different boost inductors (a high valued inductor for CCM and a low valued inductor for DCM) with a constant switching frequency for above application. The first method is simpler than the second method, as it only requires the switching frequency of the converter to be changed. However, the second method requires the physical inductors to be changed. A converter system, using two different switching frequencies (2.56 kHz for DCM and 25.6 kHz for CCM) and a single valued boost inductor has been reported . The use of two different switching frequencies introduces difficulties in designing the EMI filter. The controller works in the principle of voltage mode control without using any input current sensor. A current sensor is however required for over-current protection of the converter. The input current distortion under DCM is high as there is no lowpass filter connected at the input to the converter. The implementation of the above control scheme involves complex mathematic operations, such as multiplications, divisions and square root operations. It also requires the peak value and the zero crossing instants of the input voltage to compute the unit vectors ( and ). These increase the complexity and cost of the controller. Addressing the above-mentioned issues and using two different boost inductors (a high valued inductor for CCM and a low valued inductor for DCM) a new, constant-switching-frequency based rectifier system is proposed in this paper. The power circuit of the proposed converter system can be configured either for CCM or for DCM by performing a simple on-off control of an auxiliary switch. A DCM power topology, with an input side lowpass filter is obtained, when the auxiliary switch is on. Again, a CCM power topology (without any input filter) is realized, when the auxiliary switch is off. A simple, input voltage sensorless, current-mode controller is proposed for the above rectifier system. The controller works in the principle of one-cycle control or the nonlinear carrier control , without using any of the above-mentioned complex mathematical operations. The required gating pulses for the converter switch are generated by comparing the measured input current with one of the two periodic carriers in a modulator. A linear carrier is used under CCM, while a nonlinear carrier is selected under DCM. The measured load current is used to select the desired operating mode (CCM or DCM). A simple load current feedforward scheme is used to improve the dynamic

response of the converter system, which also ensures a smooth transition from one operating mode to the other. The proposed concept has been simulated onMATLAB/SIMULINK platform. A single-phase, single-switch boost rectifier is shown in Fig. 1, where Fig. 1(a) and (b) represent the DCM and the CCM boost rectifier topologies, respectively. A lowpass filter is used in the DCM topology for filtering the switching current harmonics, which is absent in the CCM topology. Further, it can be shown that for the same switching frequency, the value of boost inductor is much lower than . Thus, for the same switching frequency, the DCM topology is not suitable for CCM operation and vice versa. Similarly, it can be shown that the control scheme, suitable for CCM application may not be useful in DCM operation and vice versa. Therefore, a common rectifier system (power circuit topology and control scheme) is required to be developed, which is suitable for both CCM and DCM. Such a rectifier system is developed in this section.

Proposed Power Circuit Topology:

The proposed power circuit topology is shown in Fig. 2, which is originally derived from the DCM topology shown in Fig. 1(a). There are two separate inductors and and a filter capacitor used in the power circuit as shown. The auxiliary switch may be turned on to realize the DCM power topology same as Fig. 1(a). The combination serves the purpose of the input lowpass filter, while the inductor acts as the effective low valued boost inductor. The switch can be turned off, when the CCM topology is to be realized. The filter capacitor remains ineffective in the power circuit, while the series combination of and acts as the effective high valued boost inductor .. It is shown that by simple on-off control of the switch , we can realize two different power topologies [Fig. 1(a) and (b)] using a single converter system, while maintaining a constant switching frequency throughout. Now it is required to understand the various issues associated with turn-on and turn-off instants of the switch and to propose a suitable semiconductor switch for its realization. Let us consider a case, when the converter system is required to be driven into DCM from its original CCM operation. This means that the switch , which was originally off is now required to be closed. When the converter is operated under CCM, the inductors and carry the same instantaneous current , while the filter capacitor does not carry any current. Under this condition can be closed at any instant with zero current switching to drive the converter system into DCM. Now, let us consider the other possibility, i.e., the converter system, which was initially operating under DCM and is required to be driven into CCM. It can be seen from Fig. 1(a) that, under DCM the instantaneous currents carried by the inductors and are different. Nevertheless, it can be shown that the current , through the switch passes through zero twice in a switching cycle. Now, if we try to open at an instant , the difference current will flow momentarily through . This can cause over-voltage across , which can damage the switch. In order to avoid this situation, we propose two anti-parallel thyristors, each conducting during one half cycle of the switching frequency current components, for the realization of as in Fig. 2. Now both turn on and turn off of the thyristors are at zero current (i.e. at ) ensuring a smooth transition from DCM to CCM and vice versa. It should be noted that it is also possible to use a single thyristor and an anti-parallel diode to realize . In that case, the thyristor (Fig. 2) may be replaced by a diode of same polarity. The advantage of this method is

that no isolated gate drive is required to drive the switch . Now, it is required to develop a suitable controller for controlling the proposed power topology, which is suitable for both CCM and DCM operations.

1.1 An Efficient Quasi-Active Power Factor Correction Scheme:

The ac/dc rectifier consisting of a diode bridge rectifier followed by a filter capacitor is simple, economic and robust in construction, but produces a harmonic-rich ac line current with poor power factor. To overcome the problem, passive and active power factor correction (PFC) circuits have been proposed. In general, active circuit methods are more efficient, lighter in weight, and less expensive than passive circuit methods . Recent international regulations governing the harmonic content of the input current drawn by electrical equipment have inspired the development of many new active PFC circuits employing switched mode DC-DC converters. Active PFC, classified by the system configuration, can be categorized into two-stage and singlestage (S2) schemes. A two-stage scheme results in high power factor and fast response output voltage regulation by using two independent controllers and optimized power stages, as shown in

Fig. 1 (a). The main drawbacks of this scheme are its relatively higher cost and larger size resulted from its complicated power stage topology and control circuits, particularly in low power applications. An S2 scheme combines the PFC cell and the dc/dc power conversion cell into one stage, and typically uses only one controller and shares power switches, as shown in Fig.1 (b). Usually, in the S2 scheme the high power factor is guaranteed by operating the PFC boost cell in discontinuous current mode (DCM), while the fast response output regulation is achieved by the dc/dc cell. Many S2 converters have been reported in the literature in recent years . Although the single-stage scheme is quite attractive in low cost and low power applications due to its simplified power stage and control circuit, major issues, such as low efficiency and difficulty to move to higher power level, and high as well as widerange intermediate dc bus voltage stress. To overcome the disadvantages of the single-stage PFC converter, a new concept of quasiactive PFC has been proposed . In most off-line dc/dc converters, the input current is made up of a series of discontinuous current pluses. It is this discontinuous current that allows the quasiactive PFC to function. The concept is based on using standard dc/dc topologies with minor changes to obtain fast response at a low cost. In this case the main objective is to obtain an input current with a permitted amount of harmonic content as per the regulation at a low cost and high efficiency. The quasiactive PFC circuit shown in Fig.1.2 improves the efficiency of a singlestage converter by preventing the input current from the ac mains from being added to the active switch . As the circuit uses resonance of circuit parameters to achieve PFC, the control of the power factor will be very sensitive to the variation of components values. In this paper a new quasi-active PFC circuit is presented. This PFC circuit is based on adding two auxiliary windings coupled to the transformer of a cascade dc/dc DCM flyback converter. The PFC circuit is placed between the input rectifier and the low-frequency filter capacitor used in conventional power converter. Since the dc/dc converter is operated at high frequency, the auxiliary windings produce high frequency pulsating source such that the input current conduction angle is significantly lengthened and the input current harmonics is reduced. The input inductor can be designed to operate in DCM or CCM. The single-stage PFC circuit has a slightly higher efficiency when it operates in CCM. However, DCM operation gives a lowharmonic content compared to that of the CCM operation. Hence, by properly designing the

converter components, a good trade-off between efficiency and harmonic content can be achieved.

Fig. 1 Functional block diagram of PFC converters: (a) two-stages, (b) single stage.

Fig. 1.2 The quasi-active PFC circuit CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

PROPOSED QUASI-ACTIVE PFC CIRCUIT:

The proposed quasi-active PFC circuit is discussed in this section. As shown in Fig.2.1, the circuit consists of a bridge rectifier, a boost inductor L4, a capacitor C3, an intermediate dc bus capacitor C1, and a discontinuous input current power load, such as DCM flyback converter. Two auxiliary windings L3 & L5 are added to the primary side of the transformer in order to shape the input current and improve the efficiency. In the proposed quasi-active PFC scheme, the dc/dc converter section is not directly involved in the PFC; it simply offers a driving power by applying a series of discontinuous current pulses. The quasi-active PFC network can be considered as one power stage without an active switch.

Fig.2.1. The proposed quasi-active PFC circuit diagram To simplify the analysis, the following assumptions are made: All semiconductors components are ideal. According to this assumption, the primary switch and the rectifiers do not have parasitic capacitances and represent ideal short and open circuits in their on and off states, respectively The power transformer does not have the leakage inductances because of the ideal coupling The values of all capacitors are sufficiently high so that the voltages across them are considered constant. Finally, the input voltage of the converter is considered constant during a switching cycle because the switching frequency is much higher than the line frequency A. Operation stages of the proposed method: In the proposed circuit, properly designing the inductor L4 and the turns ratio n1, n3, and n5 the input inductor current iL4 can be made to operate either in DCM or CCM for a line

current period. Operating in DCM gives low THD and high power factor while in CCM the circuit gives better efficiency and lower power factor. Therefore the design objective is to obtain an input current with a harmonic content which meets the regulations. Cost and efficiency are of primary concern. A typical CCM input inductor current produced by the proposed circuit is shown in Fig. 2.2. It can be seen, that during one half of period of the supply the waveform of the input inductor current iL4 waveform always has two parts, the DCM part and the CCM part. When the instantaneous input voltage vin is less than the capacitor voltage vc3 the inductor current is also low and therefore the input inductor current is in DCM. With the increase of instantaneous input voltage vin vc3 the inductor current increases and becomes continuous. In steady state operation the topology can be divided into three operating stages, as shown in Fig. 2.3. The converter waveforms for both CCM and DCM parts are shown in Fig. 2.4 and Fig. 2.5 respectively. Stage 1(to-t1): At t = to the switch (SW) is off and diode D1 is also off due to VC1 (which is always higher than the rectified input voltage). The inductor L4 absorbs the input energy, and the inductor current iL4 is increased linearly. The current i3 through the winding L3 is equal to (iL4) at this stage. The capacitor C3 gets charged during this stage. At this time, the output diode D2 is forward biased and the stored energy on the transformer primary winding is transferred through the transformer secondary winding to the output load, so the transformer secondary current i2 is decreasing. As L1, L2, L3 and L5 are windings of an ideal transformer, based on Amperes law, it has n1i1+n3i3-iD1n5-i2n2 =0 (1)

Where, n1, n2, n3 and n5 are the no. of turns of the transformers primary, secondary and the two auxiliary windings respectively. Without loss of generality, n2 is assumed to be equal to one. Since i1= im, iL4= i3 and iD1= 0 in this stage i2=n1im+n3iL4 (2)

As it can be seen from (2), the load absorbs energy not only from the magnetizing inductor but also from the input source through the auxiliary winding n3. Therefore,there is a direct power

transfer from the input source to the load during this period. As a result, the efficiency is improved. This stage ends when the secondary current i2 becomes zero at (t = t1).

Fig. 2.2 Input inductor current IL4 illustrating its conduction modes during half line current period Stage 2 (t1-t2) (current source stage): During this stage the switch SW and both diodes D1, D2 are turned-off. The input current continues to flow through the resonant circuit formed by Vin, L4, L3, C3. The capacitor C3 continues to get charged by Vin at this stage. The current iL4(=i3) slightly decreases when Vc3>Vin (for DCM) and is constant when Vc3=Vin (for CCM part). This stage ends when the switch (SW) is turned-on at t = t2. Stage 3 (At t = t2): This stage can be explained into two parts For the DCM part (where vin < vc3): when the switch is turned on, the bulk capacitor C1 discharges through the transformer primary and hence the primary winding current i1 increases. Once the voltage across C1 drops, diode D1 starts also conducting, then inductors L4, L3 and capacitor C3 release their energy to the primary windings L1 and L5, so more energy is stored in

the primary side windings of the transformer. This means that the transformer magnetizing stored energy is not only from C1 but also from the input. Therefore, C1 is in the discharging mode. Note that because vin is low the current iL4 will decrease to zero (DCM) before the switch is turned off. Once iL4=0 the inductor current i3 continues to supply the energy to the primary winding of the transformer. At t = t4, the switch is off again, and i1 decreases to zero, therefore D1-off and D2 is on. The current i3 reverse its direction again where it equals to iL4 and the switching cycle repeats again.

Fig. 2.3 Equivalent circuits for the three stages of operation of the proposed PFC circuit

Fig. 2.4 Key switching waveforms of the proposed PFC with CCM operation

Fig. 2.5 Key switching waveforms of the proposed PFC with DCM operation Based on Amperes Law n1i1+n3i3-n5iD1-n2i2 = 0 (3) At this stage i2 = 0 and substituting for iD1=i3+iL4 therefore:

Since the magnetizing inductance Lm >> L1, therefore the switch current through the main switch (SW) is approximately isw -i1. From Fig. 5 (stage 3) the switch current is given by: isw =-i1 = iD1+ic = iL4+ i3 + ic (5)

2.1 A New Hybrid Active Power Filter for Harmonic Suppression and Reactive Power Compensation: Harmonic currents generated by power electronicsrelated appliances in industry are causing more and more attention. Harmonics can not only influence the normal work state of electric equipments, but also interfere communication equipments. To improve the power quality, some methods for harmonic suppression have been used in power systems. Active power filters (APF) have been an effective way since they can compensate harmonics dynamically . However, due to the high cost of high-speed and high-power switching devices such as power IGBTs, IGCTs etc, APF can not be widely applied in industry. In order to reduce the cost and capacity of APF, some hybrid active power filters (HAPF), combining passive power filters and active power filters connected in series or parallel, have attracted widespread concernt. In 1990, Fujit.H proposed a typical topology of the shunt hybrid active power filter, combined of passive filters and a small-rated active filter connected in series with each other. The passive filters remove load harmonics, and the active filter plays a role in improving the filtering characteristics of the passive filter. It results in a great reduction of the required rating of the active However, in order to further reduce the capacity of active power filter leading to a practical and economical system. power filter, passive power filters are designed as a high fundamental impendence, there is little fundamental current flowing through active filter, so the structure is only used to suppress harmonic currents of the grid usually. In case that harmonic suppression and high capacity reactive power compensation are both needed, the filter can not satisfy the requirement. The harmonic current detection process, current control for active power filter is another important aspect. Because the reference current of the system is periodic, traditional PIcalgorithm is not suitable Control methods based on neural network or fuzzy controllers are commonly used. However, when they are applied to eliminate the harmonic currents, the method based on neural network is too complex to realize and the method based on fuzzy controllers is difficult to achieve the ideal precision.A method having both high precision and fast dynamicresponsecharacteristic is desired. In this paper, a new type hybrid active power filter,

containing a high capacity passive power filter and an active power filter, is proposed. Prediction method is proposed to detect the harmonics to decrease the delay caused by sampling and calculation, and a recursive integral PI algorithm is proposed to control the harmonic currents in order to improve the control precision and dynamic response characteristic. Simulations and industrial application results have shown that the proposed hybrid active power filter has good performance in both reactive power compensation and harmonic suppression. 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION: The system configuration of the proposed hybrid power filter is shown in Fig.2.6. It consists of an active power filter and passive power filters. In this system, passive power filters are tuned at the 100Hz and 250Hz to suppress part of harmonic currents and improve the power factor. The active power filter generates harmonic currents opposite to the harmonic currents caused by nonlinear loads and improves the performance of passive power filters. The compensating current is injected to the power grid through coupling transformer and capacitor C F. The active power filter shown in the fig.2.6 focuses on suppressing harmonic currents and improving the performance of passive power filters, it is not necessary to compensate reactive power.

Fig.2.6 Topology ofthe proposed hybrid active filter.

2.3 Design and Analysis of Passive Power Filter: The single-phase equivalent circuit of the proposed passive power filter is shown in fig. 2.7

Fig.2 .7 The single-phase equivalent circuit of passive power filters with coupling transformer

L] and C] are tuned at fundamental frequency. V] will be a low voltage, it makes the active power filter realize easily by semiconductor switching device. CH C] and L] are tuned at 100Hz and CF is mainly used to compensate reactive power. The impendence of Lo is so big that the influence of Lo to the passive filters can be neglected. C2 and L2 are tuned at 250Hz to suppress the fifth order harmonic and compensate reactive power. So the values of CH Cj, Lj, C2 and L2 should satisfy the following equations: W0L1=1/w0C1 2w0L1 = cF+c1/2w0(c1. cF) 5w0L2 = 1/5w0C2 wo is fundamental frequency. (1) (2) (3)

The equivalent circuit of active power filter is shown in Fig.2.8.

Fig.2.8 The single-phase equivalent circuits of injecting branch. When the system works, part of the compensating currents generated by APF will flow through fundamental series resonance circuits. If APF produces the fifth order harmonic current, it will mostly flow into the fifth resonance branch, so APF is used to produce the seventh order and higher order harmonics. The equivalent impedance of Lj, C] at 350Hz can be obtained from the following equation (4), and the equivalent impedance of CF at 350Hz can be obtained through the equation (5). Thus, the proportion of the current between C F and the auxiliary winding of the transformer can be calculated by equation (6)

The ratio will increase as the harmonic frequency increases; therefore, mostly harmonic currents produced by active power filter can be injected into power grid. As a result, the proposed active power filter in fig.2.6 can inject plentiful harmonic current and compensate high-capacity reactive power at the same time.

2.4 RECURSIVE INTEGRAL PI CONTROL ALGORITHM APF: The proposed recursive integral PI controller is composed of recursive integral PI and fuzzy control as shown in Fig.2.9, where e stands for the input of the controller, De is for variational rate of e; (x represents the x phase's compensating current; vde and v;e are the de side voltage of PWM inverter and its reference value, respectively, while isx and is! respectively denote the source current and source fundamental current obtained from ip ' iq theory; iREF represents the reference signal.

Fig.2.9.structure of proposed controller

The input of the controller is periodic and its period is 20ms. It is composed of a series of sinusoid whose periods are multiple of 20ms. Adopted is traditional PI algorithm, it will integrate every sampling point. The output ofthe controller is

u and e respectively denote the output and input of the controller; , and K; respectively stand for process gain and integral constant, and K is sample time. Recursive integral PI algorithm is proposed on the basis of the traditional PI algorithm, it integrates e in every period, which is equivalent to n PI controllers work together, thus a fast zero steady-state error adjusting is realized(n is an integer). 2.5. Study of a single-phase series active power filter with hysteresis control:

Active power filters (APF) are promising tools to improve the quality of the electrical energy . Series active power filters are applied meanly to remove distortions from the good quality form of the AC grid voltage . The most widely used power circuit topology of the singlephase filter is the fullbridge shown in Fig.2.10. The operation of APF is based on adding the produced instantaneous value of the voltage UF to the voltage of the grid US (adding means also subtraction of those voltages when required) in order to produce a good sinusoidal waveform of the voltage UL that supplies the load. The filter LF , CF is added to eliminate the high frequency harmonics due to the switching. The transformer ratio of Tr depends on the value of the DC supply (storage) voltage. The control implementations may be of different nature: pulsewidth modulation, predictive control, sliding mode control, etc. . Some implementations maintain a constant switching frequency , and some apply varying switching frequency, e.g. the hysteresis control (which may be limiting the maximum switching frequency). This last method thus improving the electromagnetic compatibility of the APF. The aim of this study is to investigate the operation of the series APF shown in Fig.2.10 when its control is based on hysteresis, both with and without limitation of the maximum switching frequency. allows minimizing the power losses in the switches, simplifying the design of the filter LF , CF , and

Fig.2.10 Power stage of a single-phase full-bridge series active power filter

2.5 OPERATION: The hysteresis operation of this APF is based on the comparing the instantaneous value of a reference sine wave UREF (synthesized in phase with the grid voltage US ) to the load voltage UL . The comparison is performed within the defined hysteresis voltage interval H . If the instantaneous value of the load voltage is lower than that of the reference ( UREF H ), the transistors VS1,VS3 turn on. In case it is higher than the value UREF + H , then the transistors VS2,VS4 turn on. The reference sinusoid is generated by measuring the instantaneous voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) US . If the reference sinusoid value would be kept equal to that of the first harmonic of the US then only a filtering will be performed. When the reference sinusoid has

Fig 2.11. Building blocks and time diagrams illustrating the tracking down of the reference curve at a not limited maximum switching frequency

2.6 Hysteresis control at limited maximum switching frequency: Fig.2.12 illustrates the concept of the implementation of the hysteresis control with an imposed limitation of the maximum switching frequency. The turning on of the power switches is not allowed immediately at reaching the value UREF H for VS1,VS3 and the value UREF + H for VS2,VS4 . The turning on is performed after arriving at the corresponding values and delayed synchronously by the length of a clock signal. The frequency MAX F of that signal will limit the maximum switching frequency of the power switches.

Figure 2.12. Building blocks and time diagrams illustrating the tracking down of the reference curve at a not limited maximum switching frequenc

CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED CONVERTER 3.1The fundamental principle of APFC: In fact,APFC is meaning that the rectifier voltage which the input alter-current (short for AC) signal is converted direct-current (short for DC) voltage through the bridge diode is changed into the current signal by DC/DC converter and the proper control methods. The current wave which can auto track the DC voltage wave is changed with a sine wave, and get a steady dc output voltage. The fundamental principle frame of APFC is shown in Figure3. 1 .

Fig 3.1. The fundamental principle frame of APFC

Figure 3.1 input by rectifier after rectifying, alternating current will get sinusoidal voltage waveform signal as the input current IC simplifies PFC reference waveform and then by simulation on time-multiplier operations, will get as the result of current waveform reference, and the value of the current value and the actual sampling comparison, then after driving circuit to control signal generated driver circuit DC/DC current output and output voltage.

3.2 The main

circuit topology of APFC:

The main circuit topology is usually brought out with DC/DC converter. The main circuit topology is consisted of buck, boost/buck, flyback and boost circuit. Buck circuit is rarely used as the big noise and the bad filtering. Boost buck circuit has a complexity circuit. Flyback circuit is usually used in low power application. The last one is a simple current control circuit because of the high PF value, the low total harmonic distortion and the high efficiency. The peak current of boost APFC is nearly equal to the input current. The amplitude of the peak voltage of boost APFC is higher than the grid-side voltage.

The advantages of boost APFC are as follows. the continuous input current and easy filtering. Can contain a higher PF in the range of all input voltage output DC voltage than input DC voltage peak.

3.3. The control methods of input current: At present, the strong practicality control method is CCM which is brought out with multiplier. CCM mode is included directly and indirectly control. Directly control methods is consisted of Average Current Mode Control (short for ACMC), Peak Current Mode Control (short for PCMC), lag current control and current tracking control. The advantages of ACMC mode are frequency stability, CCM mode. Low switching current and so on. The four control methods, CCM is most frequently used, especially in the boost APFC. The frame of CCM of boost APFC is shown in Figure 3.2.

Figure 3. 2. The frame of CCM of boost APFC Figure 3.2 APFC circuit average current pressor type control circuit principle diagram the average current control type pressor type of active power factor correction simulation In order to validate the circuit topology average current control type pressor type of active power factor correction effect, based on MATLAB simulation software was founded on the circuit topology simulation, and the simulation results circuit to carry on the detailed analysis and research.

3.4 APFC BASED ON THE CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY AVERAGE CURRENT CONTROL: In order to validate the circuit topology average current control type of active power factor correction effect, based on MATLAB simulation software was founded on the circuit topology simulation, and the simulation results circuit to carry on the detailed analysis and research. In this paper the design of index parameters: the AC voltage source for standard sinusoidal RMS is 220V voltage, frequency f = 50Hz ac inductance, L = 0.5 mH, C = 960, R = 2. Control circuit of the main average current control. Standard sine signal from power signals, modulation signal is for the triangle 5kHz frequency wave, output voltage given value for 400V.

Proposed Circuit:

An ac to dc converter consisting of a line frequencydiode bridge rectifier with a large output filter capacitor is cheap and robust, but demands a harmonic rich ac line current. As a result, the input power factor is poor. Due to problems associated with low power factor and harmonics, harmonic standards and guidelines, which will limit the amount of current distortion allowed into the utility, is introduced. Thus the simple diode rectifiers may not in use. To correct the poor power factor and reduce high harmonic current contents, passive and active circuits can be used. In general, active methods are more efficient, lighter in weight, and less expensive than passive circuit methods. In active power factor correction techniques approach, switched mode power supply (SMPS) technique is used to shape the input current in phase with the input voltage. Basically in this technique power factor correcting cell makes the load behave like a resistor leading to near unity power factor. Fig. 1 shows the circuit diagram of basic active power correction technique. There are different topologies for implementing active power factor correction techniques including the boost converter and the buck converter. For reasons of simplicity and its popularity, the boost converter is used to improve the power factor. In boost circuit, the switching device handles only a portion of the output power and this property can be used to increase the efficiency of the converter. The boost converter may be designed to operate either in the continuous conduction mode (CCM) or in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Compared with the CCM approach, a converter operating in DCM provides a simpler control scheme, which requires only one (voltage) control loop to modulate the on-time, Fig 2. Furthermore, operating a boost converter in discontinuous mode avoids the output diode reverse recovery problem and alleviates the high switching loss in continuous mode operation. One drawback of DCM PFC approach is that its input current waveform is not always purely

sinusoidal. The input current will contain certain distortion due to the modulation of inductor current discharging time. This waveform distortion is found to be a function of the ratio of the peak line voltage to the output voltage of the PFC circuit.

Generally, to reduce the harmonic current contents of DCM boost converter, the duty cycle of the rectifier switch needs to be properly modulated during a rectified line period instead of being kept constant. Recently, a number of duty cycle modulation techniques for the DCM boost rectifier have been introduced to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the input current for singlephase and three-phase systems. Specifically, the approach based on variable switching frequency control was presented and analyzed. However, since the switching frequency directly depends on the input voltage and output power variations, the variable switching frequency method suffers from very wide frequency range which decreases the efficiency and makes the rectifier design and control circuit more complex. To improve the performance of the DCM boost converter at constant switching frequency, harmonic injection methods have been introduced,

which gives high quality input current at the cost of complicating the control circuitry. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new simple, low cost harmonic reduction method, which has the simplicity of voltage follower technique. In the proposed method a periodic signal proportional to the rectified ac line voltage is injected into the control circuit to modulate the duty cycle of the power switch, S, such that the amplitude of third-order harmonic of the line current is reduced and THD is improved. The generation of the injected signal with unity amplitude is simplified by sensing the output voltage of the bridge rectifier Vg (Fig.1). As a result, the additional circuit required to generate and synchronize the second-order harmonic signal, Fig. 2, proposed in is eliminated. Experimental and simulated results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

ANALYSIS OF THiE CURRENT WAVEFORM DISTORTION BOOST RECTIFIER:

The voltage follower (DCM) boost converter is shown in Fig. 3, assuming that the converter operates in DCM with a constant switching frequency, fs. The diode bridge rectifier is used to rectify the ac line voltage, and the semiconductor power switch S, the inductor L, and the output diode Do operate as a boost chopper. The Power switch, S, is operated at high switching frequency and the output voltage is regulated by varying the duty cycle of the switch, S. A capacitor C0 is used to reduce the ripple in the output voltage. The EMI input filter is used to filter out the high frequency components in the input current.

In voltage-follower PFC circuit, the on-time, Ton, is designed to change slowly and is almost constant over an ac line cycle. In general, the input current in constant switching frequency boost converter is composed of a charging component and discharging component, as shown in Fig. 4. Assuming sinusoidal input voltage (Vs=V1sinwt), the peak inductor current, Ipk, is determined as

Where T is the period of a switching cycle, D is the duty cycle. The peak inductor current follows an envelope of the input voltage. At the end of on-time, the inductor current is discharged to the output and is reset by a voltage of VO - Vs, where VO is the output voltage of the boost converter. The discharging time Td, is:

The ac line, in effect, sees an average inductor current waveform due to the presence of the input filter capacitor and the stray line inductance.

Where I1(avg) is the line current, I,, (avg) is the average of inductor current during the on-time, and Id(avg) is the average of inductor current during discharge time.

Using Fourier analysis, Iin can be shown to contain several low-order harmonics. The significant lower-order harmonics are the third, fifth, and the seventh. Among the three lower-order harmonics, the third harmonic component has the largest amplitude and has to be attenuated using PWM. NEWLOW COST INJECTION SIGNAL IMPLEMENTAION: In the proposed circuit as shown in Fig. 6, a signal d(t) proportional to the rectified ac line voltage is injected into the control circuit to modulate the duty cycle of the power switch, S, such that the amplitude of third-order harmonic of the line current is reduced and THD is improved. In this paper, the generation of the injected signal with unity amplitude is simplified by eliminating the additional circuit required to generate the second-order harmonic signal proposed , Fig 2. It also eliminates the need to employ phase detecting and phase-locking circuits to properly synchronize the injected signal with rectifier input current. The proposed harmonic injection technique uses a voltage signal which is proportional to the rectified ac input voltage. As a result, the injected signal is naturally synchronized with the input voltage. Therefore, to modulate the duty cycle of the power switch, we can employ

the output of the diode bridge rectifier of the power stage, which contains a second-order harmonic and higher-order components such as 4th, 6th 8 ,...etc.

Therefore the injected signal can be expressed as:

Where 0 < m < 1 is the modulation index, and M is the input frequency. A filter capacitor, Cin, is placed between the bridge rectifier and the boost inductor L, in order to reduce the high frequency ripple of the injected signal. Cin can also reduce the peak inductor current as well as the power switch peak current due the DCM operation. Therefore, using the modulated duty cycle, which optimizes the time-on of the power switch, and the capacitor Cin, the switching loss of the power switch, can be reduced. It is Possible to get the optimal values of modulation index m and the capacitor Cin , which make the total harmonic distortion THD as small as possible for a given values of input and output voltages. The optimal values of m and Ci, that result in a THD of less than 400 are found out through the simulation and later implemented in the experimental converter. The modulation of the duty ratio during a line cycle can be expressed as: Dmod (t) = D[1 + d(t)] Where Dmod is the modulated duty cycle, and D is duty cycle in the absence of the modulation,with the modified duty cycle Dmod defined in the average input current in the presence of the signal injection can be described as

Where [d(t)]2 term is neglected, since it is much smaller than the unity. Since the third-order harmonic is the dominant harmonic with constant switching frequency PWM control, the input current can be approximately expresses as

Where I, and I3 are constant values. Substituting for D with the modified duty cycle Dmod , and by setting n=2 for the second-order harmonic, since it has the highest magnitude, the input current can be rewritten as

Furthermore, if we consider the fifth-order harmonic in input current, the term [mI3 sin(5ay)] can reduce the amplitude of this harmonic component by small amount of (-m13). Therefore, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the input current with the modulated duty cycle is given by

Obviously THD with injection is much smaller than THD I3 without injection.

CHAPTER 4 SIMULATION RESULTS MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows solving many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar non-interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.

The MATLAB system consists of six main parts: (a) Development Environment This is the set of tools and facilities that help to use MATLAB functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and Command Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path.

(b) The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix Eigen values, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms. (c)The MATLAB Language This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both "programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and "programming in the large" to create large and complex application programs. (d) Graphics MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on MATLAB applications. (e)The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)

This is a library that allows writing in C and FORTRAN programs that interact with MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files. (f) MATLAB Documentation MATLAB provides extensive documentation, in both printed and online format, to help to learn about and use all of its features. It covers all the primary MATLAB features at a high level, including many examples. The MATLAB online help provides task-oriented and reference information about MATLAB features. MATLAB documentation is also available in printed form and in PDF format.

(g) Mat lab tools (i) Three phase source block

The Three-Phase Source block implements a balanced three-phase voltage source with internal R-L impedance. The three voltage sources are connected in Y with a neutral connection that can be internally ground. (ii) VI measurement block The Three-Phase V-I Measurement block is used to measure three-phase voltages and currents in a circuit. When connected in series with three-phase elements, it returns the three phase-toground or phase-to-phase voltages and the three line currents

(iii) Scope Display signals generated during a simulation. The Scope block displays its input with respect to simulation time. The Scope block can have multiple axes (one per port); all axes have a common time range with independent y-axes. The Scope allows you to adjust the amount of time and the range of input values displayed. You can move and resize the Scope window and you can modify the Scope's parameter values during the simulation

(iv). Three-Phase Series RLC Load The Three-Phase Series RLC Load block implements a three-phase balanced load as a series combination of RLC elements. At the specified frequency, the load exhibits constant impedance. The active and reactive powers absorbed by the load are proportional to the square of the applied voltage.

Three-Phase Series RLC Load

(v) Three-Phase Breaker block The Three-Phase Breaker block implements a three-phase circuit breaker where the opening and closing times can be controlled either from an external Simulink signal or from an internal control signal.

Three-Phase Breaker block

(vi) Gain block

Gain block

The Gain block multiplies the input by a constant value (gain). The input and the gain can each be a scalar, vector, or matrix.

V o lta g A n d C u rre n t P f Discrete, Ts = 5e-007 s. In p u t C u rre n t a + -v m k powergui

D5

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a a

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2 g D

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m S m k m k

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S cope4 a a

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Fig.4.1 voltage and current power factor output

Fig.4.2 input current wave form

Fig 4.3 output voltage wave form

Fig 4.5 total harmonic distortion wave form

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION Active power factor correction circuit is analyzed and studied in this paper. The simulation model is built in MATLAB. The results show that the grids-side input current wave is changed with a sine wave, has the same phase with the grid-side input voltage wave. In some way , the power factor is improved. In addition, the structure of this circuit is very simply, easy to bring out and widely used in the big power Occasion.

REFERENCES [1] Wang Zhaoan,Yang Jun,Liu Jinjun,Wang Yue,harmonics suppression and reactive power compensation , the Second Edition , [M] , China Machine Press (CMP),2009. [2] Athab , H.S. , Lu, D.D.-C. , An efficient quasi-active power factor correction scheme Power ElectronicsIEEE Transactions on Volume:25 ,pp 1103-1109,2010. [3] Chen Zhe, Boost APFC device design[J], Electrical Technology, 1:pp 45-50,2010. [4] Qi Lei , Xi ZiqiangXin Zhanqiang, Huang Wencong, Research on single phase APFC with method of hysteresis control[J] , Editorial Department of Hubei University of Technology, 25(1): pp 52-54, 2010. [5] Jovanovic,M.M.,Jang, Y..State-of-the-art, single-phase, active powerfactor- correction techniques for high-power applications - an overview. Industrial Electronics.IEEE Transactions on Volume: 52 , pp :701 - 708 ,2005. [6] Lin Fei , Du Xin. The MATLAB simulation of power electronics application technology[M].China Electric Power Press,2009.