Final exam review 2 counting & probability

Problem 1. Steve is taking a multiple-choice test consisting of five questions that each have four answers labelled A, B, C, and D. How many ways can Steve answer all five questions if he does not choose answers with the same letter for any two consecutive questions? Explain your reasoning. 2. How many odd five-digit numbers have all the digits different? Explain how you arrived at your answer. 3. You want to photograph the moon over a lake at night. Your camera allows for time exposures of up to 10 s in half-second increments, and the lens has seven aperture settings, or f/stops. How many different ways could you set the exposure for the photograph? 4. You work in the citys animal-control department and issue pet licences, which have two numbers followed by three letters. a) What is the maximum number of different licences you can create? Explain your reasoning. b) To avoid confusion, you do not use the numbers 1 and 0 or the letters I and O for the licences. Last year, you issued or renewed a total of 130 000 licences. As a rule of thumb, there is a 10% increase in the number of licences each year. Will you have to change your numbering system this year? Explain your answer. 5. Find the number of permutations of all the letters of the word lancers that satisfy each of the following conditions. a) The letters can be in any order. b) The third letter must be n. c) The letters r and s must be adjacent. d) The letters r and s are separated by only one letter. e) The letters r and s must be adjacent while the letters a and n must be separated. 6. You are setting up a system of programming codes for a universal TV remote. Each code will have five digits and cannot include a 0 or repeat any digits. How many codes a) do not contain a 7? b) have 3 as the third digit and 5 as the fifth digit? c) begin with an even number? d) begin and end with an even number? 7. A university has a telephone system in which extension numbers are three digits long with no repeated digits and no 0s. The university has 492 telephones at present and is planning to add another 35 in the near future. a) Should the university change its system? Why or why not? b) The Drama Department uses extensions that begin with 3. How many extensions can the Drama Department have with the current system? 8. You work as a health inspector and must visit each of the 15 restaurants in town once each week. a) In how many different orders can you make these inspections? b) If you were to work 50 weeks a year and use a different order every week, how long would it take you to try all of the different possible orders? 9. You have forgotten the combination to the lock for your locker. The combination consists of 3 different numbers from the set of 30 different numbers on the face of the lock.

a) What is the maximum number of combinations you would have to try to find your combination? b) If it takes 30 s to try each combination, how long it would take, on average, to find the right one? 10. Lisa is planning the seating for the head table at a gala. The eight speakers will all be seated along one side of the table. Richard wants to sit beside Hang, and Lisa knows that Thomas and Lily should not be seated together, as they have just broken up. In how many ways can Lisa make up the seating plan? Explain your reasoning. 11. In how many ways can the eight members of a students council pose in a line for a yearbook photograph if the chair and vice-chair must be side by side? Explain your reasoning. 12. In how many ways can the eight members of a students council pose in a line for a yearbook photograph if the chair and vice-chair must be side by side? Explain your reasoning. 13. How many six-digit odd numbers less than 200 000 can be formed using the digits 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, and 5? Explain your reasoning. 14. In how many ways can a 12-member soccer team share a half-time snack of eight oranges and four apples if each member takes one piece of fruit? Explain your reasoning. 15. Gisela lives in a subdivision where the streets are laid out in a grid pattern. Her school is eight blocks south and six blocks east of her home. How many different direct routes could she take when she bicycles to school if she always stops by her friends house, which is three blocks south and four blocks east of Giselas. Explain your reasoning. 16. There are 10 councillors and 12 planning department staff available to serve on a budget committee for the new city council. If the committee will consist of 3 councillors and either 1 or 2 planning staff, how many different committees could the council choose? 17. A schools athletics department can send 3 track athletes and 2 field athletes to an upcoming meet. The school has 14 track athletes and 10 field athletes who qualify. Use combinations to determine how many different teams could be chosen. 18. Statsvilles baseball club has one pitcher, two catchers, three short-stops, five infielders, and five outfielders. How many different ways could the team fill the starting roster of one pitcher, one catcher, one short-stop, three infielders, and three outfielders? Explain your reasoning. 19. A 15-passenger shuttle bus takes athletes between venues at the Canada Summer Games. If 32 athletes need to get to the track and field stadium, in how many ways can passengers be chosen for a) the buss first trip? b) the buss second trip? 20. A teacher organizing a field trip finds that 50 students have signed up. However, the bus has only 47 seats, so a few students will have to travel by car. The teacher and one other supervisor must go on the bus. Explain two different methods for using combinations to find how many ways the teacher can choose which students go on the bus. Show that both methods produce the same answer. 21. A project team of up to 5 people is being formed from a staff of 15. How many such teams are possible?

22. The game of euchre uses the 9s, 10s, jacks, queens, kings, and aces from a standard deck of 52 cards. How many 5-card euchre hands have at least 2 black cards? Explain your reasoning. 23. An athletic committee with three members is to be selected from a group of six gymnasts, five weightlifters, and seven sprinters. In how many ways can the committee be selected if it must include at least one weightlifter? Explain your reasoning. 24. The director of a play has found five flute solos, two guitar pieces, and three violin pieces that would work as background music for some of the scenes. There has to be some violin music because it is mentioned in the play. In how many ways can the director choose the three pieces of music for the play? Explain your reasoning. 25. Use a tree diagram to explain why the probability that a family with four children has either all girls or all boys is , assuming that the probability of having a boy equals the probability of having a girl.

26. A stable has 15 horses available for trail rides. Of these horses, 6 are all brown, 5 are mainly white, and the rest are black. If Jasmine selects one at random, what is the probability that this horse will a) be black? b) not be black? c) be either black or brown? 27. Tom is practising archery with a target has three concentric zones: a circular bulls-eye in the centre, an inner ring, and an outer ring. He has an 0.12 probability of hitting the bulls-eye, an 0.37 probability of hitting the inner ring, and an 0.43 probability of hitting the outer ring. On an given shot, what is the probability that Tom a) misses the target? b) hits the target but does not get a bulls-eye? c) hits the inner ring or the bulls-eye? 28. Suppose you randomly draw two marbles, without replacement, from a bag containing six green, four red, and three black marbles. a) Draw a tree diagram to illustrate all possible outcomes of this draw. b) Determine the probability that both marbles are red. c) Determine the probability that you pick at least one green marble. 29. A six-member working group to plan a student common room is to be selected from five teachers and nine students. If the working group is randomly selected, what is the probability that it will include at least two teachers? 30. Len just wrote a multiple-choice test with 15 questions, each having four choices. Len is sure that he got exactly 9 of the first 12 questions correct, but he guessed randomly on the last 3 questions. What is the probability that he will get at least 80% on the test? 31. Leela has five white and six grey huskies in her kennel. If a wilderness expedition chooses a team of six sled dogs at random from Leelas kennel, what is the probability the team will consist of a) all white huskies? b) all grey huskies? c) three of each colour?

32. Six friends go to their favourite restaurant, which has ten entrees on the menu. If the friends are equally likely to pick any of the entrees, what is the probability that at least two of them will order the same one? 33. A survey at a school asked students if they were ill with a cold or the flu during the last month. The results were as follows. None of the students had both a cold and the flu. Cold 32 25 Flu 18 19 Healthy 47 38

Female s Males

Use these results to estimate the probability that a) a randomly selected student had a cold in the last month b) a randomly selected female student was healthy last month c) a randomly selected student who had the flu last month is male d) a randomly selected male student had either a cold or the flu last month 34. To get out of jail free in the board game MONOPOLY, you have to roll doubles with a pair of standard dice. Determine the odds in favour of getting out of jail on your first or second roll. 35. At an athletic event, athletes are tested for steroids using two different tests. The first test has a 93.0% probability of giving accurate results, while the second test is accurate 87.0% of the time. For a sample that does contain steroids, what is the probability that a) neither test shows that steroids are present? b) both tests show that steroids are present? c) at least one of the tests detects the steroids? 36. A test for the presence of E. coli in water detects the bacteria 97% of the time when the bacteria is present, but also gives a false positive 2% of the time, wrongly indicating the presence of E. coli in uninfected water. If 10% of the water samples tested contain E. coli, what is the probability that a test result indicating the presence of the bacteria is accurate? 37. A study on the effects that listening to loud music through headphones had on teenagers hearing found that 12% of those teenagers in the sample who did listen to music in this way showed signs of hearing problems. If 60% of the sample reported that they listened to loud music on headphones regularly, and 85% of the sample were found not to have hearing problems, are the events {having hearing problems} and {listening to loud music on headphones} independent? Explain your reasoning. 38. If a committee of six is to be chosen randomly from nine grade-11 students and seven grade-12 students, what is the probability that the committee will be either all grade-12 students or all grade-11 students? 39. Explain the difference between mutually exclusive events and independent events using an example of each to illustrate your answer. In your explanation, show why probabilities are added for a mutually exclusive set of events and are multiplied for independent events. 40. Of the students at Statsville High School who take both mathematics and English, 83% pass English, 65% pass both mathematics and English, and 5% fail both subjects. What is the probability of passing mathematics and failing English for this group of students? Explain your reasoning.

41. A survey of 50 female high-school athletes collected the following data. Team Field hockey Volleyball Rugby Both rugby and field hockey Both rugby and volleyball Both field hockey and volleyball All three teams Number of Athletes 23 16 29 8 9 7 6

a) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the above data. b) Determine the probability that a randomly selected athlete from this sample will play either rugby or field hockey. c) What is the probability that a randomly selected athlete will play on only one of the three sports teams? d) Determine the probability that a randomly selected rugby player also plays volleyball. e) Determine the probability that a randomly selected athlete who does not play rugby is on the field-hockey team.

Final exam review 2 counting & probability Answer Section

PROBLEM 1. ANS: Steve has four choices for the first question, but only three choices for each of the remaining questions since he does not choose answers with the same letter twice in a row. From the multiplicative counting principle, there are 4 3 3 3 3 = 324 ways Steve can answer the five questions. PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 4.1 REF: Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving | Communication TOP: Fundamental counting principle

2. ANS: The number must end in 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9, so there are five choices for the last digit. There are only eight choices for the first digit since it cannot be either 0 or the same as the last digit. There are eight choices for the second digit since it cannot be the same as the first or last digits. Similarly, there are seven choices for the third digit and six choices for the fourth digit. Using the multiplicative counting principle, there are 8 8 7 6 5 = 13 440 five-digit odd numbers with no repeated digits. PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 4.1 REF: Communication | Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Fundamental counting principle

3. ANS: There are 20 possible settings for the exposure time and 7 for the aperture. Applying the multiplicative counting principle, you have a total of 20 7 = 140 ways in which you could set the camera. PTS: 1 REF: Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Fundamental counting principle OBJ: Section 4.1

4. ANS: a) There are 10 choices for each of the two numbers and 26 for each of the letters. The total number of licences possible using this system is 10 10 26 26 26 = 1 757 600. b) If 1s, 0s, Is, and Os are not used, the number of possible licences is 8 8 24 24 24 = 884 736. The number of licences you are likely to need is 130 000 110% = 143 000, so you will not have to change the system this year. PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 4.1 REF: Communication | Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Fundamental counting principle

5. ANS: a) 7P7 = 5040 b) 6P6 = 720 c) Treat r and s as a unit. This pair can be arranged in 6P6 ways with the remaining letters. The pair itself can be arranged as rs or sr, so there is a total of 6P6 2 = 1440 arrangements with r and s adjacent.

d) There are ten ways in which a group of three letters can be formed with the letters r and s separated by one of the other five letters. Consider this group as a unit. It can be arranged with the remaining four letters in 5P5 ways. Thus, there are 5P5 10 = 1200 arrangements in which the letters r and s are separated by only one letter. e) First, find the number of arrangements in r and s are adjacent and a and n are also adjacent. As in part c), consider each pair of letters as a unit. The pairs can be arranged with the remaining three letters in 5P5 ways. Each pair can itself be arranged in two ways, so the number of permutations with both r and s adjacent and a and n adjacent is 5! 2 2 = 480. From part c), there are a total of 1440 permutations with r and s adjacent, so the number of these permutations that have a and n separate is 1440 480 = 960. PTS: 1 REF: Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Permutations OBJ: Section 4.2

6. ANS: a) No digit can be either 0 or 7, so there are eight possibilities for the first digit, seven for the second, six for the third, and so on. The number of possible codes would be 8 7 6 5 4 = 6720. b) Since 3 and 5 are already used, there are seven possibilities for the first digit, six for the second digit, and five for the fourth digit. The number of possible codes would be 7 6 5 = 210. c) The first digit can be 2, 4, 6, or 8. There are eight choices left for the second digit, seven for the third digit, and so on. The number of possible codes would be 4 8 7 6 5 = 6720. d) Since both the first and last digit must be even, there are four choices for the first digit and three for the last digit. There are eight choices left for the second digit, seven for the third digit, and six for the fourth digit. The number of possible codes would be 4 3 8 7 6 = 4032. PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 4.2 REF: Applications | Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Fundamental counting principle

7. ANS: a) The present system allows for 9P3 = 504 extensions, which is not enough to accommodate the planned expansion. The university will need to change its system for extension numbers. b) 8P2 = 56 PTS: 1 REF: Applications | Communication TOP: Permutations OBJ: Section 4.2

8. ANS: a) 15P15 = 15! = 1.307 674 368 1012 b) It would take (1.307 674 368 1012) 50 = 2.615 348 74 1010 years. PTS: 1 REF: Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Permutations OBJ: Section 4.2

9. ANS: a) Since the three numbers are different, the number of lock combinations is 30P3 = 24 360. b) On average, you would try half the combinations before finding the right one. At half a minute each, the average time required would be .

PTS: 1 REF: Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Permutations

OBJ: Section 4.2

10. ANS: The simplest solution is to find the number of seating arrangements in which Richard and Hang are seated together and then subtract those in which Thomas and Lily are also seated together. Consider Richard and Hang as a unit. This pair can be arranged with the other six speakers in 7P7 ways. For each of these ways, Hang could be either on Richards left or his right. Thus, there are 7P7 2 = 10 080 arrangements in which Richard and Hang are seated together. Now also consider Lily and Thomas as a unit. The two pairs can be arranged with the remaining four speakers in 6P6 ways, and the total number of arrangements with each of the pairs together is 6P6 2 2 = 2880. Therefore, the number of seating arrangements in which Richard and Hang are adjacent but Thomas and Lily are not is 10 080 2880 = 7 200. PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 4.2 REF: Communication | Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Permutations

11. ANS: Consider the chair and vice-chair as a unit. This pair can be arranged with the remaining six members in 7P7 = 5040 ways. For each of these ways, the chair could be either on the left or the right of the vice-chair. Therefore, there is a total of 2 5040 = 10 080 ways in which the students council could pose for the photograph. PTS: 1 REF: Applications | Communication TOP: Permutations OBJ: Section 4.2

12. ANS: Use the indirect method by first finding the number of arrangements in which the chair and vice-chair are together. Consider the chair and vice-chair as a unit. This pair can be arranged with the remaining six members in 7P7 = 5040 ways. For each of these ways, the chair could be either on the left or the right of the vice-chair. Therefore, there is a total of 2 5040 = 10 080 ways in which the chair and vice-chair are together. Now, the total number of ways the eight members can line up is 8P8 = 40 320. Thus, the council can pose in 40 320 10 080 = 30 240 ways without the chair and vice-chair side by side. PTS: 1 REF: Applications | Communication TOP: Permutations OBJ: Section 4.2

13. ANS: For odd numbers less than 200 000, the first digit must be 1 and the last digit must be 1, 3, or 5. The middle four digits are permutations of two 2s and the other two odd digits. Thus, the total number of possibilities is . PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 4.3 14. ANS: REF: Communication | Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Permutations with some identical items

Distributing the fruit is equivalent to putting it in an ordered sequence, so the formula for permutations with some identical items can be used. The number of ways the team can share the fruit is PTS: 1 REF: Applications | Communication TOP: Permutations with some identical items OBJ: Section 4.3 .

15. ANS: Consider the two parts of Giselas route separately. The number of direct routes Gisela can take from her home to her friends house is equal to the number of different orders in which she can choose to travel the three blocks east and the four blocks south. Therefore, the formula for permutations with some identical items can be applied. The number of routes between the two houses is . Similarly, the number of routes

from the friends house to the school is . Using the multiplicative counting principle, the different routes from Giselas home to her school via her friends house is 35 21 = 735. PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 4.3 REF: Communication | Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Permutations with some identical items

16. ANS: C(10, 3) C(12, 1) + C(10, 3) C(12, 2) = 120(12) + 120(66) = 9360 There are 9360 different committees the council could choose. PTS: 1 REF: Applications OBJ: Section 5.2 TOP: Applying combinations

17. ANS: The number of different teams that could be chosen is C(14, 3) C(10, 2) = 16 380. PTS: 1 REF: Applications OBJ: Section 5.2 TOP: Applying combinations

18. ANS: There is only one choice for the pitcher. However, the team has C(2, 1) choices for the catcher, C(3, 1) choices for the short-stop, and C(5, 3) choices for both the infielders and the outfielders. Applying the multiplicative counting principle, the total number of choices is C(1, 1) C(2, 1) C(3, 1) C(5, 3) C(5, 3) = 600. PTS: 1 REF: Applications | Communication TOP: Applying combinations 19. ANS: a) C(32, 15) = 565 722 720 b) C(17, 15) = 136 PTS: 1 REF: Applications OBJ: Section 5.2 TOP: Applying combinations OBJ: Section 5.2

20. ANS: Since the teacher and one other supervisor must travel on the bus, there are 45 seats left for students. The number of ways the teacher can choose 45 students to fill these seats is

Alternatively, the teacher could choose the 5 students who will travel by car. The number of ways of choosing these 5 students is

PTS: 1 REF: Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Applying combinations

OBJ: Section 5.2

21. ANS: Since a team must have at least 2 members, this project team can have 2, 3, 4, or 5 members. In each case, these members are being chosen from the whole staff of 15, so the total number of possible teams is 15C2 + 15C3 +15C4 +15C5 = 105 + 455 + 1365 + 3003 = 4928 PTS: 1 REF: Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Applying combinations OBJ: Section 5.3

22. ANS: Direct Method The hand could have 2, 3, 4, or 5 black cards. There are 12 black cards and 12 red cards, so the numbers of combinations for the four cases are as follows. 2 black cards: C(12, 2) C(12, 3) = 14 520 3 black cards: C(12, 3) C(12, 2) = 14 520 4 black cards: C(12, 4) C(12, 1) = 5940 5 black cards: C(12, 5) C(12, 0) = 792 The total number of euchre hands that have at least two black cards is the total of these four cases, 35 772. Indirect Method Find the total number of possible euchre hands and subtract those that have either one black card or all red cards: C(24, 5) C(12, 5) C(12, 0) C(12, 4) C(12, 1) = 35 772 PTS: 1 23. ANS: Direct Method REF: Applications OBJ: Section 5.3 TOP: Applying combinations

The committee could include one, two, or three weightlifters. For each of these cases multiply the number of ways of choosing the weightlifters by the number of ways of choosing the remaining members of the committee. Add up the three cases to find the total number of possible committees: 5C1 13C2 + 5C2 13C1 + 5C3 13C0 = 390 + 130 + 10 = 530 There are 530 ways to choose a committee with at least one weightlifter on it. Indirect Method Find the total number of possible committees and subtract the number that do not include any weightlifters: 18C3 13C3 = 530 PTS: 1 REF: Applications | Communication TOP: Applying combinations OBJ: Section 5.3

24. ANS: Direct Method The director can chose one, two, or three violin pieces. One violin piece: There are C(3, 1) ways to choose the violin piece and C(7, 2) ways to choose the remaining two pieces. So, the number of combinations with one violin piece is C(3, 1) C(7, 2) = 63. Two violin pieces: The number of combinations is C(3, 2) C(7, 1) = 21. Three violin pieces: There is only one possible choice since only three violin pieces are being considered. Therefore, the total number of possible combinations is 63 + 21 + 1 = 85. Indirect Method Find the number of combinations of any three pieces of music and then subtract the number that have no violin pieces. C(10, 3) C(7, 3) = 120 35 = 85 PTS: 1 REF: Applications | Communication TOP: Applying combinations OBJ: Section 5.3

25. ANS: Two of the sixteen branches represent outcomes with either four boys or four girls. Each of the sixteen outcomes is equally likely, so the probability of having all girls or all boys is .

PTS: 1 REF: Applications | Communication TOP: Calculating probability | Tree diagrams 26. ANS: a)

OBJ: Section 6.1

b)

c) PTS: 1 27. ANS: a) b) c) PTS: 1 REF: Applications OBJ: Section 6.1 TOP: Calculating probability REF: Applications OBJ: Section 6.1 TOP: Calculating probability

28. ANS: a)

b)

c) PTS: 1 29. ANS: REF: Applications OBJ: Section 6.3 TOP: Calculating probability

PTS: 1

REF: Applications OBJ: Section 6.3

TOP: Calculating probability

30. ANS: A score of 80% requires getting 12 out of the 15 questions right. If Len answered 9 out of the first 12 questions correctly, he can score 80% only if he guessed all 3 of the remaining questions correctly.

Therefore Len has only about a 1.6% chance of getting 80% on the test. PTS: 1 REF: Applications OBJ: Section 6.3 TOP: Calculating probability

31. ANS: a) The probability is 0 since there are only 5 white huskies available.

b) Since there are 11 dogs altogether, the team can be chosen in ways. However, there are only 6 grey huskies, so there is only one way of picking an all grey team. The probability of randomly selecting this team from the 11 dogs is

c) PTS: 1 REF: Applications OBJ: Section 6.3 TOP: Calculating probability

32. ANS: This question is similar to the birthday problem in Example 3 on p.323 of the student textbook. If none of the friends pick the same entree, there are event is ways to select their meals. The probability of this

Therefore, the probability that at least two will order the same entree is 1 0.1512 = 0.8488, or about 84.9%. PTS: 1 33. ANS: REF: Applications OBJ: Section 6.3 TOP: Calculating probability

a) b) Using the conditional probability formula, :

c) Restricting the sample space to only those who had the flu, d) Restricting the sample space to only males,

PTS: 1 34. ANS:

REF: Applications OBJ: Section 6.4

TOP: Dependent events

The probability of rolling doubles on the first roll is roll is .

. The probability of not rolling doubles on the first

Therefore, the probability of rolling doubles on the second roll is

The probability of rolling doubles on the first roll or the second roll is . Thus, the odds in favour of getting out of jail on either the first or second try are 11:25.

PTS: 1 35. ANS:

REF: Applications OBJ: Section 6.4

TOP: Dependent and independent events

a) b)

c) PTS: 1 REF: Applications | Communication TOP: Dependent and independent events OBJ: Section 6.4

36. ANS: If 10% of the water samples contain E. coli and the test is 97% effective, then

However, 90% of the samples do not contain E. coli and these samples will test positive 2% of the time, so

The overall probability of a positive test result is 0.097 + 0.018 = 0.115.

Therefore, the conditional probability formula gives The probability is 84% that a positive test result is accurate. PTS: 1 REF: Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Dependent and independent events OBJ: Section 6.4

37. ANS: If events A and B are independent, . Since P(hearing problems) = 0.15 and P(listening to loud music on headphones) = 0.60, then

However, the observed probability of having hearing problems and listening to loud music on headphones is 0.12, which is significantly higher than 0.09. Therefore, these two events cannot be independent if the survey results are accurate. PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 6.4 38. ANS: REF: Communication | Thinking/Inquiry/Problem Solving TOP: Dependent and independent events

PTS: 1

REF: Applications OBJ: Section 6.5

TOP: Mutually exclusive events

39. ANS: Answers may vary. Students should make the key point that mutually exclusive events cannot occur at the same time, while some independent events can. The probability of an independent event is not affected by the occurrence of other events. PTS: 1 REF: Communication TOP: Mutually exclusive events OBJ: Section 6.5

40. ANS: The 83% of students who pass English include the 65% who pass both English and mathematics. So, 85% 65% = 18% pass English but fail mathematics. The four possibilitiespass both, pass English only, pass mathematics only, and fail bothare mutually exclusive, so the percents for these categories must add to 100. Therefore, the probability of passing mathematics and failing English for this group of students is 100% (65% + 18% + 5%) = 12%. PTS: 1 REF: Applications | Communication TOP: Mutually exclusive events 41. ANS: a) OBJ: Section 6.5

b) Only 6 athletes do not play either field hockey or rugby. Therefore, the probability of selecting an athlete who plays either sport is = 0.88. c) From the Venn diagram, 38 athletes play on only one of the three sports teams. Therefore, P(only one team) = , or 0.76.

d) Venn Diagram Method The Venn diagram above shows that 9 volleyball players also play on the rugby team. Therefore, . Conditional Probability Method

e) Venn Diagram Method The Venn diagram above shows that 15 out of the 21 athletes not on the rugby team play field hockey. Therefore,

Conditional Probability Method

PTS: 1 REF: Applications | Communication TOP: Mutually exclusive events

OBJ: Section 6.5