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'QUALCOMM Incorporated
2QUALCOMM GmbH
5775 Morehouse Drive
Nordostpark 89
San Diego CA 92121 USA
90411 Nuemberg Germany
{andrea, chris, dino, myang, fpica}@qualcomm.com
-
I. INTRODUCTION
In WCDMA, the user equipment (UE) shall regularly search
for a better cell to camp on according to the cell reselection
criteria [1]. This mechanism, based on parameters provided by
the network, is needed to camp on a good quality cell, and
Quantity
(2)
MEASUREMENT QUANTITIES
Description
Source
SsearchRA T
broadcast
Qqualmin
broadcast
Qrxlevmin
broadcast
Pcomp
broadcast
Q4hst1,
broadcast
QofJ&et1,,
broadcast
Treselection
broadcast
Qqutalmeas
measured
Qrxlevmeas
measured
RLA
measured
Squtal
calculated
Srxlev
calculated
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2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
RLA - QoffsetlGsm > Qrxlevmeas(serving cell) + Qhyst1,
(3a)
(3b)
TABLE III.
Scenario
interference)
Network-
Boundary
broadcast
Qsearch_I
broadcast
FDD Qo]fset
broadcast
TABLE II.
GSM TWCDMA CELL RESELECTION PARAMETERS
J Description
Quantity
Source
FDD_Qmin
IV.
SIMULATION PLATFORM
Our simulation platform imports channel measurement data
from a test phone. A standard compliant UE performing
intra-frequency and inter-system cell reselection is emulated
and the output is aligned with the real UE performance.
Only WCDMA channel measurements are imported, while
we assume a constant good coverage with an RLA of -75 dBm
for the GSM system. Moreover, we do not model different GSM
cells. As a consequence, cell reselections within the GSM
system, which may delay G2W reselection, are not modeled
either. The impact on the results should be very limited due to
the larger size of GSM cells in the 900 MHz band and due to the
fact that only a limited portion of the metric route is recorded
outside of WCDMA coverage.
Intra-system cell reselections and bad RF conditions can
potentially delay the completion of the location area and routing
area update procedures. For simplicity, we assume a constant
delay obtained by averaging the values extracted from the field
data.
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2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
TABLE IV.
Comments
-113,--111
Parameter
-115.
Qrx/evmin
LdBm]
SsearchRAT+
-14 [dB]
Qqualmin
Qqzialmin
Qoffset1,+Qhvst1s
3 [dB]
Treselection
I [s]
reselection
FDD_Qmin
Qsearch I
Always measure W
To prioritize WCDMA
FDD_Qoffset
-infinite
To prioritize WCDMA
A. Network-Boundary Scenario
In the network-boundary scenario, the route starts in good
and ends in poor WCDMA coverage, while the GSM coverage
remains strong all the way. Here, "WG -G" denotes the
direction in which WCDMA coverage deteriorates and
"G ->WG" the reverse direction. As indicated in Figure 1, the
WCDMA quality and strength are low in WG - G direction. In
G --WG direction, the WCDMA quality is better because of the
high FDD Qmin settings, which have to be exceeded for 5s
before reselecting to WCDMA. The downside is that the UE
stays in GSM longer (cf. Figure 3). Figure 2 shows that a high
FDD_Qmin is the most effective way to reduce inter-system
reselections and G2W-rejects, thus improving service
availability at the expense of a slight reduction in WCDMA idle
mode coverage. A decrease in Qrxlevmin increases the number
of inter-system cell reselections in G - WG direction because of
fewer G2W-rejects, and decreases the serving cell strength.
Therefore, we recommend Qrxlevmin = -111 dBm and
FDD Qmin = -8 dB. Figure 3 indicates that in WG ->G
direction most reselections are triggered by unsuitability due to
low RSCP. In G - WG direction, W2G reselections (statistically
insignificant) are neither caused by unsuitability nor by
measurement rules but by missing channel measurements.
B. Coverage-Hole Scenario
In the coverage-hole scenario, the route starts and ends in
points with good WCDMA coverage, denoted by A and B,
while crossing an area with poor WCDMA coverage. Here, we
use different channel measurements in A-B and B-4A
directions instead of reversing the time-axis, and results are
provided for both directions. As indicated in Table III, due to the
high interference, Ec/No is low for a given RSCP. Accordingly,
W2G reselections triggered by the measurement rules are more
significant (cf. Figure 6). Because of the relatively high RSCP
levels corresponding to a certain Ec/No (cf. Figure 4), it is
possible to use a low Qrxlevmin setting to effectively reduce
inter-system reselections and G2W-rejects and to increase the
WCDMA idle mode coverage. Therefore, a Qrxlevmin setting
of -115 dBm is recommended. We also recommend a low
setting of FDD_Qmin (-12 dB) to increase the WCDMA idle
1 638
2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
network-boundary scenario
............ .......
.8
....
.......
....
LU .12
0
=
C->WO (- - 2.
1 -11
......
.......
-133
*I1
1)
-15
..
-17
6
*.W13>G(1.
.........................
....
........................ ........................
:.....
.......
...
...
-16
-i
-lb
.................
.... .....
1....:
:1,0,. ING>.G..
-14
.111)
.
......................
...............
o -11
....... ..........................
G.'W G-(>WG,
--1 l)+
.9
-10,
.......
~~G.tWG .1
113i)
1...........
*WG- >G (- 12, l1l5......
5
-
22 -120 -118 -116 -114 -112 -110 -108 -106 -104 -102 -100
1 %-tile of RSCP
07r
0.5(-10, 1
G->W(1S (-I 0, -11 )
0 3
....................
:V9.
...
CONCLUSIONS
WG->G (-12, -1 t1)
...............................
02
We have introduced a concept to generate cell reselection
:..-Il) WG->G (-0 W111>G
parameter recommendations that significantly reduces the
0.1
;>lG it G
-.i1i)amount of driving test required otherwise. Then we applied this
WG->G (-12 -113)
WG->G:(-8, -111)
'iG->G (-2. -115i)
approach to different scenarios. Simulations show that the
InIL
126
1.28
13
132
134
1.36
138
1.4
combination of Qrxlevmin = -11 5dBm and FDD_Qmin = -12dB
# of inter-system reselections
works well in the coverage-hole scenario, while
Qrdevmin-- 11IdBm and FDD_Qmin = -8dB performs well in
Figure 2: Number of G2W-rejects versus number of inter-system cell
reselections
both network boundary and entering-a-building scenarios.
If parameters can not be set on a cell basis, the best
compromise would be to apply the most convenient settings
network-boundary scenario
considering the entire RNC area (e.g. figuring out which
1 r --... .
-- .................... ........
scenarios and environments would be the most representative
0.98 [
and strategic for that area).
When load increases, a further tuning of the above settings is
necessary to optimize the performance with higher interference
WG->G (-12,- 15)+
085
0785
levels. Finally, connected mode parameters shall be considered
>
WG-6
-12/-010-8, -1. 1)
ao
for consistency with idle mode parameters.
E 0.7 ..
VII.
...........
......................................................................
a)
D
.......
E:'
REFERENCES
[1] 3GPP TS 25.304, "User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode and
procedures for cells reselection in connected mode"
[2] 3GPP TS 25.133, "Requirements for support of radio resource
management"
1639
06
0.75
...
0.7
0.66
...
0.1
...
2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
covrage-hole sceriario
-lb
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~B8>A (-8.
K I
-16.5 -
-..
-.B--4j-12
-17
11
-12
B-.-A)-.10-,--1.111.
..
-115~~~~~~~~~~~~B>A:(12
-13)-
tWG1S-1 WG
H -8-113
S->V(10
111
LU
B->A12, 113)
c'-17.5
entering-a-boilding scenario
-ii
-15
A4->B (10,1
-18
1)
-18
4->B{-212,-113)
-18,5j
19I)-114.5
-113
-112.5
1 %-tile of 03CP
-113.5
-114
-17
-A->8(1 2, -1 15)
-111.5
I1.12)
Id
1-
-118
--.,
-118
-114
lO06
-102
-104
-100
entering-a-building scenano
0.5
0 18
-120
-111
o>WG3(-12,-111)
0.450.4-
0.35-
0.14-
o- 03co
3~0.25-
c-ri
092
t0
'2 0-08
(- 12-1 1 1
~~~~~~~~B->A
*.
*A.R(J2.113)
WG->WG (-12,-113):
0.15
0.1
0 05 G 'NG
r L
1.1S
A*>->8(-10--111)1.
002
3
2.5
# of inter-system resetectrons
...................
3.5
(.8,
1 1)
1-2
1.3
-V v k-'- , -,
ir
1.35
1.4
reselections
reselections
coverage-hole scenario
entering-a-buildirig scesaris
8(12. -1:15)*
~~~~~~~~A->
A->B
1 .25
(-12; -115
>WG
WG.->Gi21f -jilt
WG->G(8,-11) , W
(-12, -113Yi
0 98
0.98 ............12...1..
56 0.94
..
........
........
....
0.92
A->8-(-8,47 11),4
WG->G (-12,-1I13).
< 0884
E5 0 92
2o 0~9
..
25CD
..
...
5.'
-.. A...-..
*~~~~~~~~~B->A(-12,~-111)
.....113).
*B->A (-8,-.11 1)
0.6
1
0.2
0.3 0.4
0.5 086 0.7
0.8 0.9
iAV2G triggered by orisoitability versos total WN2G triggers
Figure 9: WCDMA idle mode coverage in percent versus W2G triggered
by unsuitability relative to all W2G triggers
06
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.5
WV2i triggered by unsuitatility per total W2Gl triggers
0.4
14
1640
0-1