Agricultural Wastes 18 (1986) 305-308

Short Communication Effect of Feeding Spent Coffee Grounds on the Feediot Performance and Carcass Quality of Fattening Pigs

A BSTRA CT Twelve fattening pigs of large white Yorkshire breed, divided into three equal groups, were f e d isonitrogenous concentrate mixture containing O, 10 and 15 % spent coffee grounds (SCG)for 70 days. The crude fibre and ether extract content increased while that of nitrogen-free extract decreased with the increase in the level of SCG. The daily live weight gain and the feed conversion efficiency were depressed significantly at a 15% level of SCG. However, the inclusion of SCG in the rations did not have any adverse effect on carcass quality. It was concluded that SCG at 10% can be included in the ration of pigs safely without affecting their health.

Cereal production is not keeping pace with the growing human population in India. Thus, ways have to be sought either to minimize or to eliminate the use of cereals by replacing them with by-products in swine rations. Also, the demand for lean type carcasses has emphasized the greater use of energy diluents in swine rations to produce the desired finish of carcasses. Spent coffee grounds (SCG) as livestock feed has been evaluated in vitro (Sikka et al., 1985a) and the possibility of its replacing grains and rice bran in growing-pig rations has been examined (Balogun & Koch, 1975; Sikka et al.,1985b). In the present investigation an attempt was made to incorporate SCG in fattening-pig rations with a view to producing leaner carcasses. Weaners of the Large White Yorkshire (LWY) breed of pigs were maintained on a standard grower ration until they attained an average
305 Agricultural Wastes 0141-4607/86/$03.50 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, England, 1986. Printed in Great Britain

306

S. S. Sikka, J. S. Chawla

TABLE I Ingredients of Experimental Rations

Ingredients C Et E2

Maize Rice bran Spent coffee grounds Groundnut cake Fish meal Mineral mixture" Rovimix-K (g)

30 52 -12 4 2 |5

30 42 10 12 4 2 15

30 37 15 12 4 2 15

24% calcium, 9% phosphorus, 30% sodium chloride, 0'5% iron, 0.5% potassium iodide, 0.8% copper, 0.12% manganese and 0.15% cobalt.

weight of about 52 kg. Twelve pigs were divided into three groups in such a way that their average weight among the groups was similar. While making up the experimental groups the limitations of sex and littermates were considered. The animals were housed in individual pens on concrete flooring. A control ration (C) containing conventional feed ingredients was formulated. Two experimental rations, E1 and E2, containing 10% and 15% SCG, respectively, were formulated by replacing rice bran (w/w) from the control diet (Table 1) and analyzed for proximate principles (AOAC, 1975). These rations were then randomly alotted to three experimental groups, i.e. C, E 1 and E2, and fed ad lib to the pigs in individual pens for 70 days. After the completion of the feeding trial, two pigs of comparable body weight from each treatment were kept off feed for a period of 24 h and then slaughtered (USDA, 1970). After splitting the carcass longitudinally the right side was used to make the conventional carcass quality measurements. The data were analyzed statistically (Snedecor & Cochran, 1968).
TABLE 2

Chemical Composition of Experimental Rations and SCG (% Dry Matter Basis)

Ingredients SCG C E1 Ez

Crude protein Crude fibre Ether extract Total ash Nitrogen-free extract

12.55 44-37 15-57 3.68 23-83

15-82 14.80 5-83 10.27 53"28

15-36 16.71 7-23 9.44 51'26

15.38 19.05 8.29 10.14 47.14

Spent coffee grounds for fattening pigs

TABLE 3

307

Feedlot Performance of Pigs Fed Different Levels of SCG C Average initial weight (kg) Average final weight (kg) Average total gain (kg) Average daily gain (g) Average daily feed intake (g) Feed conversion ratio 52-0 2-41 77"5 _+2.06 25.5 a +0-65 364.4 ~ +9-25 2.50 6.88 a __+0.18 E1 52-25 3.04 77.75 _+2.69 25.50 a _+0.65 364-4 a +9.25 2'53 6.95 ~ __+0.18 Ez 52.0 + 2.74 73.75 _+2.46 21.75 b +0-86 310.8 b +2.18 2.53 8.10 b +0.31

Figures in the rows with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. A n increase in b o t h the c r u d e fibre a n d e t h e r e x t r a c t a n d a d e c r e a s e in n i t r o g e n - f r e e e x t r a c t in E 1 a n d E 2 r a t i o n s ( T a b l e 2) are a t t r i b u t e d to the higher fibre c o n t e n t o f S C G ( B a l o g u n & K o c h , 1975; S i k k a et al., 1985a) t h a n the b r a n w h i c h it r e p l a c e d in the c o n t r o l (C) diet. B o d y weight gain in the C a n d E 1 g r o u p s was significantly ( P < 0-05) m o r e t h a n in the E 2 g r o u p ( T a b l e 3). H o w e v e r , the a v e r a g e daily d r y m a t t e r c o n s u m p t i o n in b o t h the E1 a n d E 2 g r o u p s was c o m p a r a t i v e l y m o r e t h a n t h a t o f the c o n t r o l (C) g r o u p . This significantly ( P < 0.05) l o w e r e d the feed c o n v e r s i o n r a t i o o f the pigs in the E 2 g r o u p b e l o w t h a t in the o t h e r g r o u p s ( T a b l e 3). T h e p o o r feedlot p e r f o r m a n c e o f the pigs
TABLE 4

Influence of SCG on the Carcass Quality of Pigs

A ttribute C E1 E2

Dressing percentage Carcass length (cm) Average back fat thickness (cm) Loin-eye muscle area (cm 2) Lean cuts (%) GI tract

68.97 +0-72 65.00 ___ 2.00 2.46 +0.21 29.75 + 1.75 59-65 -I-3.21 10.96 +0-35

68.18 + 1.51 70-00 3-50 2.37 +0.14 26.50 + 1.10 60-15 + 1.38 11.84 +0.48

66.57 +0.82 70.00 + 1.00 2.32 -t-0-24 26.25 + 1.75 63.32 +0.82 12-84 +0.52

308

s. s. Sikka, J. S. Chawla

can be attributed to the higher fibre content, which might have reduced the digestion of energy-yielding nutrients of the diets (Henry & Etienne, 1969; Balogun & Koch, 1975; Sikka et al., 1985b) because of the faster rate of passage through the alimentary tract (Kass et al., 1980) rather than any toxic principle (Balogun & Koch, 1975; Sikka et al., 1985a, b) in SCG. The decreasing trends in hot dressing percentage (because o f increased rate of alimentary tract passage due to the higher fibre content (Coey & Robinson, 1954; Sharda et al., 1975)), back fat thickness and loin-eye muscle area, and the increasing trends observed in carcass length, per cent lean cuts because of energy restriction, and the rate o f passage, were statistically comparable (Table 4).

REFERENCES AOAC (1975). Official methods of analysis (llth edn). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC. Balogun, T. F. & Koch, B. A. (1975). Coffee grounds replacing sorghum grains in pig rations. Trop. Agric., 52, 243. Coey, W. E. & Robinson, K. L. (1954). Some effects of dietary crude fibre on live weight gains and carcass quality of pigs. J. Agrie. Sci., 45, 41. Henry, Y. & Etienne, M. (1969). Effects nutritionals de rincorporation de cellulose purifi+e dans le regime du porc en croissance finition. 1. Influence sur d'utilisation digestive des nutriments, Annals Zootech., 18, 337-57. Kass, M. L., Van Soest, P. J., Pond, W. G., Lewis, B. & McDowell, R. E. (1980). Utilization of dietary fibre from alfalfa by growing swine. I. Apparent digestibility of diet components in specific segments in gastro-intestinal tract. J. Anim. Sci., 50, 175-91. Sharda, D. P., Singh, P., Sagar, V. & Pradhan, K. (1975). Effects of feeding lucerne meal in the diet on the performance and carcass quality of growing pigs. Haryana Agric. Univ. J. Res., 4, 345. Sikka, S. S., Bakshi, M. P. S. & Ichhponani, J. S. (1985a). Evaluation in vitro of spent coffee grounds as a livestock feed. Agric. Wastes, 13, 315. Sikka, S. S., Chawla, J. S. & Ichhponani, J. S. (1985b). Effect of feeding ground spent coffee on the growth and carcass quality of pigs. Indian J. Anita. Nutr.,2(1), 49-52. Snedecor, G. W. & Cochran, W. G. (1968). Statistical Methods (6th edn). Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Bombay. US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (1970). Slaughtering, cutting and processing of pork on the farm. Farmers' Bulletin No. 2138. S. S. Sikka & J. S. Chawla Department o f Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India (Received 31 October 1985; revised version accepted 22 May 1986)