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=
=
n
i
i
x
n
i
X
1
1
=
=
=
m
i
n
j
ij
x
mn
ij
X
1 1
1
(8)
Where m is the number of samples and n is number of
observations in a sample (sample size). The estimator for the
mean process level (centerline is X
.
Since the estimate of the standard deviation of the mean
process levelo is
n
d
R
,
) ( X / R A LCL UCL =
2
(9)
Where
n d
A
2
3
2
=
(10)
Where n is the number of readings,
2
d is Hartleys constant
CUSUM Charts: The cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart
incorporates all the information in a data sequence to highlight
changes in the process average level. The values to be plotted
on the chart are computed by subtracting the overall mean
0
from the data and then accumulating the differences.For a
sample size n 1, denote the average of the j
th
sample x
j
. The
quantity
=
=
i
j
j
x
i
S
1
0
) (
(11)
is plotted against sample number i. CUSUM charts are very
effective in detecting small process shifts, since they combine
information from several samples. CUSUM charts are very
effective with samples of size 1. The CUSUM values can be
computed recursively.
1 0
+ =
i
S
i
x
i
S ) (
(12)
If the process is in-control at the target value
0
, the CUSUM
S
i
should meander randomly in the vicinity of 0. If the process
mean is shifted, an upward or downward trend will develop in
the plot. Visual inspection of changes of slope indicates the
sample number (and consequently the time) of the process
shift. Even when the mean is on target, the CUSUM S
i
may
wander far from the zero line and give the appearance of a
signal of change in the mean. Control limits in the form of a
V-mask were employed when CUSUM charts were first
proposed in order to decide that a statistically significant
change in slope has occurred and the trend of the CUSUM
plots different than that of a random walk. CUSUM plots
generated by a computer became more popular in recent years
and the V-mask has been replaced by upper and lower
confidence limits of one-sided CUSUM charts. One-Sided
CUSUM charts are developed by plotting
=
=
i
j
K
j
x
i
S
1
0
)] ( [
(13)
Where, K is the reference value to detect an increase in the
mean level. If S
i
becomes negative for
1
>
0
, it is reset to
zero. When S
i
exceeds the decision interval H, a statistically
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significant increase in the mean level is declared. Values for K
and H can be computed from the relations:
2
= K
2
d
H = (14)
Given the probabilities of type 1 () and type 2 () errors, the
size of the shift in the mean to be detected (
), and the
standard deviation of the average value of the variable
) (
x
x
, the parameters in above equation are as follows:
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
2
ln d Where
x
= (15)
Moving Range Charts: In a moving-range chart, the range of
two consecutive sample groups of size a are computed and
plotted. For 2 a
) min( ) max( i i MR
t
,
(16)
Where i is the subgroup containing samples from t-a+1
tot.
The computation procedure is as follows:
Selecting the moving range size a. Often 2 a
Obtaining the estimates of MR and
2
/d MR
by using the moving-ranges
t
MR of length a. For a
total of msamples:
+
= +
=
1
1 1
1
a m
t
t
MR
a m
MR
(17)
Computing the control limits with the center line at
MR:
, MR D LCL =
3
MR D UCL =
4
(18)
B. Principal component Analysis
PCA, a multivariate statistical technique extracted the
essential features from time series data of the Phenol
biodegradation process. PCA reduces the dimensionality
without compromising any valuable information of the
dataset. The projection of original data along the selected
principal component dimensions (which are mutually
orthogonal dimensions) produces the score data or
uncorrelated data. PCA decomposition was applied on the
auto-scaled data matrix. . The PCA model can be used to
detect outliers in data, data reconciliation, and deviations from
normal operation condition that indicate excessive variation
from normal target or unusual patterns of variation.
The process data matrix was constructed with each row
represents one measurement and the number of columns m is
equal to the length of the measurement sequence or features.
In the present study, the features considered were temperature,
pH, and RPM and the number of measurements considered
were 180, which resulted in a (1803) data matrix (X). The
covariance matrixC =co:(X)and its Eigen values were
calculated. Its eigenvectors u