Igniting English

A Technical English course for Mechanical Engineering

Professors

Ana Finol Mara Teresa Len

University of Zulia Faculty of Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering Maracaibo, 2013

INTRODUCTORY UNIT
WHAT TECHNICAL ENGLISH IS ALL ABOUT:
ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES (ESP)
ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all the decisions as to content and method are based on the learners reason for learning, thus, it is focused on the learners needs and interests to influence on their motivation and therefore in the effectiveness of their learning, and aims to meet the needs of particular learners, so teachers have to design courses for various groups of learners. (Excerpted from Hutchinson, T and A. Waters. (1993) English for Specific Purposes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE TECHNICAL ENGLISH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. To read materials written in the English Language in the field of Mechanical Engineering 2. To value the importance of English as an instrument for accessing scientific and technical information. 1

ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES(ESP)vs.GENERAL ENGLISH GENERAL ENGLISH ESP -Elementary and high school English -Development of four skills ( listening comprehension, reading comprehension, speaking and writing) -Conversational English Courses (ESL, EFL) -Language of Science and Technology -Language for Occupational Purposes -Development of one skill: reading Comprehension

READING COMPREHENSION vs. TRANSLATION THE READING PROCESS THE TRANSLATION PROCESS -Reading is a communicative activity -The process of changing speech or where there is an active interaction writing between the reader and a written text another. (Widdowson, 1979). -A translation which reproduces the -The reader perceives a written text in general meaning and intention of the order to understand its content. The original but which does not closely understanding that results is called follow 1985). the grammar, A to style or reading comprehension (Richards, organization of it is known as a free translation. translation a which -Understanding a written text means approximates from it as efficiently as word-for-word from one language into

extracting the required information representation of the original is known possible as a literal translation (Richards, 1985). (Grellet, 1981). MAIN READING STRATEGIES SKIMMING SCANNING GUESSING INTENSIVE READING Quickly running ones eyes over a text to get the gist of it (Grellet, 1981). Quickly going through a text to find a particular piece of information (Grellet, 1981). An opinion reached by deducing (Webster Dictionary, 1981). Reading shorter texts, to extract specific information. This is more an accuracy activity involving reading for detail (Grellet, 1981). 3

READING STRATEGIES
How do you deal with an unknown word in a text? 1._______________________________ 2. _______________________________ 3. _______________________________ There are several ways to approach unknown words we find when we are reading.

GUESSING
GUESSING THROUGH COGNATES Cognates are words that have the same or similar spelling and the same meaning in English and Spanish Examples: mechanic, fluid, reactor, viscosity Occasionally we may also find false cognates which are words that have the same or similar spelling in English and Spanish, but their meaning is different in both. Examples: large, actual, actually Practice. Underline the cognates you find in the following sentence. The materials selected for the manufacturing of TUCAL ice machine are first class, and they are subjected to a rigorous reception exam in order to guarantee high efficiency and minimum maintenance. GUESSING BASED ON BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE Every one of us has some general knowledge about the world in which we live and that background knowledge can help us guess the meaning of an unknown word. Example: A gas turbine is an engine that employs gas flow as the working medium by which heat energy is transformed into mechanical energy. Gas is produced in the engine by the combustion of certain fuels

Now make our own guess. Whats the meaning of heat? _________________________________________________________ The clue you followed was: ___________________________________ Whats the meaning of fuels ? _________________________________________________________ The clue you followed was: ___________________________________ GUESSING BASED ON CONTEXT Using context to understand unfamiliar words If you are learning English as a second/foreign language, meeting unfamiliar words is a regular experience. With proper reading skills, this is not a problem, but an excellent opportunity to rapidly increase your vocabulary. The most important skill for this purpose is your ability to use context the words and sentences which surround an unfamiliar word. There are a number of different techniques for guessing an unfamiliar word's meaning from context: *. Read the sentence/passage and try to guess the meaning of the highlighted word. * Explain what part of the context surrounding the word allowed you to make your guess. The context gives us lot of clues through which we can guess the meaning of an unknown word. a. Definitions: A nuclear reactor which produces more fuel than it consumes is referred to as a breeder reactor. b. Explanations: A four-cycle engine is an internal combustion engine in which the pistons complete four strokes __intake, compression, power and exhaust __ for each complete cycle. c. Examples: Propulsion is the action of propelling an object, e.g. a jet engine is used for the propulsion of an airplane. 5

d. Synonyms: Dope, any of various viscous materials used on pipe or tubing threads as a lubricant, is used to prevent corrosion. e. Antonyms: The efficiency of gas-turbine cycles can be enhanced by the use of auxiliary equipment such as intercoolers, regenerators and reheaters. These devices are expensive, however and economic considerations usually preclude their use. f. Related Words: The usual fuels used in gas turbines are natural gas and liquids such as kerosene and diesel oil. Coal can be used after conversion to gas in a separate gasifier. GUESSING THROUGH WORD FORMATION One of the ways to guess the meaning of the unfamiliar words you come across when you read is to analyze the way words in English are generally formed. An English word can be divided in three parts: a prefix, a stem and a suffix. Pre- means before, a prefix, therefore, is what comes before the stem. Consider as an example the prefix de- (meaning reduce or reverse) in a word like demagnetize (meaning to deprive of magnetism). A suffix is what is attached to the end of the stem. Consider as an example the suffix er (meaning the person/thing who/that) in producer (the person or thing that produces). Suffixes, on the other hand, change the word from one part of speech to another. For example, -ly added to the adjective tremendous forms the adverb tremendously. The following is a list of the most common suffixes in English corresponding to different categories: NOUNS (*) VERBS (**) ADJECTIVES ADVERBS -ance -ize -able -ly -ence -fy -ible -or -en -less -er -ful -ist -al,ic,ical -ness -ish -ity -ive -ion -ous -ite -ment (*) may be in plural (**) may take s/-es (3rd. person singular) 6

Practice. Read the following sentences and underline all the suffixes you find. 1. For the production of ice blocks, water is frozen in an equipment manufactured with highly anticorrosive aluminium, employing a technology related to the vertical plate freezers. 2. The gas turbine was installed with the major auxiliary systems in a spacious acoustic enclosure. 3. A displacement pump imparts energy by mechanical displacement. 4. The term standards has many implications. To the researcher and to the technical community it may mean fundamental test methodologies and units of measure. 5. The meter is connected to the primary element in substantially the same manner as is the conventional mercury manometer. GUESSING BASED ON VISUAL AIDS

Figure 1

The Contessa is a portable, self-contained ice maker and requires no drain. You can get 12 cubes in 12 mins and in 3 different sizes. Ideal for home, leisure and the office. Will make 1kg ice in 80 mins (in correct conditions); approx 16kg ice per 24hrs. What does Figure 1 refer to?_________________________________
(Adapted from: Pires M.: A Tool Kit to Extract Information from Petroleum Engineering Texts - June 2001)

USING THE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY

What do you use a bilingual dictionary for?
The function of a bilingual dictionary is to translate the meaning of words from Spanish to English and from English to Spanish (these words are listed in alphabetical order). In addition, we can use it: -To -To -To -To know word usage find out how words are spelled find out how words are pronounced know the grammatical function of the word.

Examine your dictionary. What is the organization of your bilingual dictionary? -It has __________ sections. -Other sections are: _____________________________________________ -Other kind of supplementary information: ____________________________ -Abbreviations : __________________________________________________ DICTIONARY ENTRIES. Read the following information carefully. Chill [ t Il ] n. 1 fro 2 resfriado 3 escalofro vt. 1 helar 2 vt.,vi. enfriar(se), refrigerar(se) LOC to chill somebody to the bone/marrow; helar a alguien hasta los huesos. MEANING Most words have more than one meaning depending on the context in which they are used. The bilingual dictionary indicates this meaning. How many meanings of the word chill are registered in your bilingual dictionary? _____________________________________________________________ USAGE Your bilingual dictionary will indicate the different meanings a word might have depending on the situation in which it is used. (For example LOC.) ______________________________________________________________

DERIVED WORDS Dictionaries usually bring derived words from a root. Consult your dictionary to find derived words from chill. ______________________________________________________________ GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION The grammatical function of a word is generally labeled in terms of the eight traditional parts of speech: noun (n), verb (v), adverb (adv.), adjective (adj.), pronoun (p.), preposition (prep.), conjunction (conj.) and interjection (interj.). PRONUNCIATION The information in brackets after a word entry shows its pronunciation. Dictionaries usually include a guide to understand the symbols used. PRACTICE. 1. Number the following words so as to organize them in alphabetical order. Pressure flow gears grinding mechanical volt valve pump assembly wheel watt pipe

2. Look up the following words and indicate their grammatical function WORDS Rotate Hard Potential Fast Set Weld 3. Noun Meaning? Verb Meaning? X rotar, girar Adjective Meaning? Adverb Meaning?
Derived/ Related word

Look up the words in the first column and write words related to them in meaning. Energy Fluid Heat Electricity Viscosity Energetic, energize

4.

Look up the words in the first column and find their meaning in Spanish according to their grammatical function. MEANING IN SPANISH WORD NOUN VERB ADJECT. ADVERB DERIVED/REL
ATED WORD (In English)

BIT CHANGE CURRENT NUMBER OBJECT SOLID 5. Look up the words in bold face and account for their difference in meaning. . Say what the grammatical category of the word is and translate the whole sentence into Spanish. a. Baseball players usually pitch the ball very fast. (Category ____?) __________________________________________________ b. Pitch is a bituminous material found in natural beds. __________________________________________________ a. We saw the seals at the Seaquarium in Florida. (Category ____?) __________________________________________________ b. Seals are thin strips of metal imprinted with serial numbers. __________________________________________________ a. Carbones del Guasare has a sea terminal in Sta. Cruz de Mara. Its an offshore loading or unloading facility for large deep draft tankers transporting coal. (Category ____?) _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ b. He was dying of a terminal illness. (Category ____?) __________________________________________________ a. I water the plants in my garden every day. (Category ____?) ___________________________________________________ b. There is a lot of water in that pool over there. (Category ____?) __________________________________________________
-Some sections were adapted from: Pires M. : A Tool Kit to Extract Information from Petroleum Engineering Texts - June 2001 -On-line source: dictionary.reference.com/features/howtousedictionary

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RECOGNIZING THE TOPIC AND THE MAIN IDEA WITHIN A TEXT

The words engine and "ingenious" are derived from the same Latin root, "ingenerate", which means "to create". The early English verb engine meant "to contrive". Thus the early "engineers" were the people who contrived (i.e. invented) new things. The history of mechanical engineering can be traced directly to the ancient world, to the designers and inventors of the first mechanisms which were powered by human or animal labour, water or wind energy, or a combination of these. Although many of the mechanisms had a purely peaceful application, such as for flight, irrigation or building, the word "engineer" originally meant "military engineer" because it was derived from the term "engines of war". These were machines such as catapults, floating bridges and assault towers. The invention of the steam engine in the latter part of the 18th century provided a key source of power for the Industrial Revolution and gave enormous impetus to the development of machinery of all types. As a result, a new major classification of engineering dealing with tools and machines, namely mechanical engineering, received formal recognition in 1847. Today's mechanical engineer is heavily involved in the development and use of new materials and technologies, especially in computer aided engineering. A rapidly growing field for mechanical engineers is environmental control, comprising the development of machines and processes that will produce fewer pollutants, as well as the development of new equipment and techniques to reduce or remove existing pollution. Although mechanical engineers may occasionally work alone on a small project, they are more likely to be working on large, multi-disciplinary projects, liaising with specialists from other areas. In almost every sphere of modern life, from the air-conditioned office or home to the modern industrial plant or mode of transport, one sees the work of mechanical engineers who continue to develop and apply new knowledge and technology to improve the quality of life for society as a whole.
FUENTE: Buscador Google. www.ujti.ac.in/dept-mehh.asp

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Recognizing the topic, the main idea and the general idea. The topic is the single theme or subject discussed in a paragraph/passage. The main idea of a passage is the central thought or message. In contrast to the term topic, which refers to the subject under discussion, the term main idea refers to the point or thought being expressed. The general idea expands on the main idea to give more details. Practice 1. Give a title to the text above _________________________________________________________ 2. - Fill in the following boxes.

THE TOPIC OF THE TEXT IS

THE MAIN IDEA OF HE TEXT IS

THE GENERAL IDEA OF THE TEXT IS

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RECOGNIZING NOUN MODIFIERS

Very often nouns form chains with one ore more words called modifiers. The function of theses modifiers is to describe the noun in more detail. Noun modifiers can be premodifiers (a beautiful girl) or postmodifiers (the girl in the red dress). A noun may be modified by: 1) An adjective Examples: Mechanical tools, chemical reaction, hazardous condition, sharp edge, large vessel, careful driver 2) Another noun In English we can put two nouns together. The first noun is used as an adjective to modify the second noun and is called a noun adjunct. The first noun is almost always singular because it follows the rule for adjectives, which do not have plural forms in English. a. N1 is a kind of N2 (a grammar book is a kind of book) b. N1 is an object of an implied verb (an ice machine is a machine that makes ice) It is important to understand that N2 is the thing and N1 is the kind or type: a grammar book is a book an ice machine is a machine N1 is singular, even if the phrase is plural. My teacher showed me a grammar book in class. In the office there is a new ice machine. Examples: Foundry process, flow meter, cost reduction, energy distribution, pressure valve, exhaust pipe 13

3) An -ing form Examples: Heating system, welding machine, cutting tool, engineering department, cooling tower, braking device 4) An -ed form Examples: Threaded connector, condensed water, automated teller machine (ATM), damaged part, proposed strategy

Practice.
a) Circle the modifiers of the underlined nouns

Before beginning a welding job, it is important to identify the hazards for that particular welding operation. The hazards will depend on the type of welding, the materials (base metals, surface coatings, electrodes) to be welded, and the environmental conditions (outside or in a confined space, for instance). Ask for material safety data sheets (MSDSs) to identify the hazardous materials used in welding and cutting products, and the fumes that may be generated. Eye protection should be used to protect the eyes from bright light, heat, ultraviolet light, and flying sparks. For the best protection, wear face shields or helmets and goggles. To keep particles out of your eyes when removing your face shield, tip your head forward and keep your eyes closed.

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b) Find examples of each noun chain in the sentences provided. Try to find more than one example for the first two patterns.

Many industries are beginning to use robot welders in place of workers on the assembly line. This removes workers from the hazard, but focuses on job elimination rather than workplace improvements. In addition, a number of injured workers can result from careless operation of industrial welding robots.
PATTERN EXAMPLE TRANSLATION

n+n adj + n adj + -ing + n -ed + n

c) Can you think of any examples in English to fit different noun chain patterns? Write them down in the table below PATTERN EXAMPLE TRANSLATION

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Follow-up activity.: Word families

Fill in the table with words related to the ones given Noun Verb ACCELERATE ADDITION BASIC CORROSION CURRENT DIRECT DEVELOPMENT FILL MANAGE OCCASIONAL PRODUCTIVELY REST SOAK TURN WIDE Adjective Adverb

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RECOGNIZING THE RETHORICAL FUNCTION OF A TEXT

The Rhetorical Functions or Macrofunctions (Trimble, 1985) are fundamental categories commonly used in paragraphs and/or texts in English for Science and Technology. Each rhetorical function provides readers with different kinds and amounts of information, therefore, each function can be clearly separated and identified. The macrofunction of a paragraph or text expresses the authors intention: Does he/she want to define? describe? classify? give instructions? narrate? KEY FEATURES/ELEMENTS TO MAIN GOAL IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONS OF:
Recognizing the main functions of the texts Definition Description Physical Function Process Classification Instructions Narration Visual-Verbal Relationship

Exercise 1.- Read the following passages and identify the their macrofunctions. Scottish veterinarian John Boyd Dunlop invented the first air-filled or pneumatic tires in 1888. He attached rubber hoses to wooden wheels and covered the contact patches with thick canvas. The bead wire tire invented by C.K. Welch in 1891 marks an important breakthrough in tire history. That same year, the Michelin brothers patented tires that could be mounted or demounted by hand. In 1904, Firestone and Goodyear Tire Company developed straight sided wire bead tires and almost all the tire manufacturers in the US were following their manufacturing techniques by 1908. Meanwhile in 1913, Britain developed the radial ply method (plies at right angles to the sidewall) which broke from the previous bias ply method which used tire code fabric. However, the radial ply method (crossed under the tread) only came into wide use some 35 years later, in 1948, when it was adopted by Michelin. The code fabric was made from a weave of thick cotton thread. Due to high prices, the stronger silk thread could not be used in manufacturing tire code fabric.

The macrofunction of the text is: ___________________________________ The clues are: __________________________________________________17

Disc Brake Basics The main components of a disc brake are: The brake pads and the caliper, which contains a piston and the rotor, which is mounted to the hub. The disc brake is a lot like the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes have a caliper, which squeezes the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the brake pads squeeze the rotor instead of the wheel, and the force is transmitted hydraulically instead of through a cable. Friction between the pads and the disc slows the disc down.
Source: http://auto.howstuffworks.com/disc-brake1.htm

The macrofunction of the text is: ___________________________________ The clues are: __________________________________________________ How to Change Your Air Filter 1. Open the hood. 2. Locate your air filter, usually found on top of the engine. On cars with carburetors it is in a round piece of metal about the size of a medium pizza; fuel-injected cars have square or rectangular air filter housings that may be off to the side of the engine. 3. Unscrew or unclamp the top to the air filter housing. 4. Lift out the air filter. It should be a round or rectangular filter made of paper or plastic, with a rubber rim. 5. Clean the area with a vacuum cleaner or seal the top of the carburetor. This will keep debris out of the carburetor as you continue to clean the housing. 6. Clean out any dirt or bugs from the inside of the air filter housing with a rag 7. Replace the filter with a new filter. Consult your manual to determine the proper filter for your car. 8. Replace the cover and close the hood.
Source: http://www.ehow.com/how_1560_change-air-filter.html

The macrofunction of the text is: ___________________________________ The clues are: __________________________________________________18

The refrigeration cycle The pressure in the system drops as the water cools and absorbs ammonia vapor. Liquid ammonia flows into the evaporator, begins to evaporate, and cools it. Evaporated ammonia flows back through the tube. It is again absorbed by the water in the generator. Refrigeration continues, usually until the next firing of the kerosene burner. The small restrictor performs two functions, it allows the liquid to enter the evaporator at a controlled level. This protects the evaporator from getting flooded. The restrictor also acts as an expansion valve which greats a pressure differential. A pressure differential is essential to the refrigeration cycle as it causes the liquid ammonia to change its boiling point from a high pressure flash of temperature to a lower pressure flash of temperature. Without this change in pressures the refrigeration would not be performed and the system would simply act as an ammonia container.
http://www.nh3tech.org/absorption.html

The macrofunction of the text is: ___________________________________ The clues are: __________________________________________________

Machine tools may be classified under three main categories: conventional chip-making machine tools, presses, and unconventional machine tools. Conventional chip-making tools shape the workpiece by cutting away the unwanted portion in the form of chips. Presses employ a number of different shaping processes, including shearing, pressing, or drawing (elongating). Unconventional machine tools employ light, electrical, chemical, and sonic energy; superheated gases; and high-energy particle beams to shape the exotic materials and alloys that have been developed to meet the needs of modern technology (Machine Tools," Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 99. 1993-1998 Microsoft Corporation)

The macrofunction of the text is: ___________________________________ The clues are: __________________________________________________

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DEFINITIONS
A definition expresses the nature of a person, a thing, a process, etc.
In a text whose main purpose is to define something, the author may use words, phrases, or statements to give the meaning of a word, key words, or signal words to do so, therefore you need to look for them within the text. Some examples of these words are:

is/are is/are is/are is/are is/are

(verb TO BE/s.present) called known as defined as referred to as

means/mean what this means is consist(s) of refer(s) to involve(s), imply (ies) deals with

Definitions may be classified as: EXPANDED: they take more than one sentence. They may encompass a paragraph, a text or passage. SIMPLE: these are completed in one sentence STRUCTURE OF A SIMPLE DEFINITION Let us consider a simple definition having three main components: the term being defined, the class to which said term belongs and the characteristics that distinguish that term from all the other members of the class. The terms usually found at the beginning of the statement , but sometimes it is found at the end, introduced by expressions such as: is calledT, is known asT, is referred to as T... Hence, we identify two types of definition: formal and semi-formal Formal definitions are represented by the equation: T= C + D Where T = the term being defined C = the class to which the term belongs D = the distinguishing characteristics that differentiate this term from all the other members of the same class Example: A hydrometer is an instrument designed to measure the specific gravity of liquids

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Semi-formal definitions are represented by the equation: T = D , meaning that the class is implicitly stated in the definitions, as opposed to formal definitions in which the class is explicitly stated. Example: Condensation is the transformation of a vapor or gas to a liquid by cooling or an increase in pressure or both simultaneously.

Practice: a.-Underline the TERM being defines in each of the following definitions b. Classify them accordingly and fill in the table with their main components 1. PH is a symbol used in expressing both acidity and alkalinity on a scale whose values run from 0 to 14, 7 representing neutrality. 2. Torque refers to a turning or twisting force 3. The ease with which a liquid is converted into a gaseous state is known as volatility. 4. A servomechanism is an automatic device used for controlling large amounts of power with a small amount of force. 5. Flash point is the temperature at which a given substance will ignite. 6. A control panel is an assembly of indicators and recording instruments for monitoring and controlling a system or process. No. Type TERM CLASS DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS

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RECOGNIZING THE CLUES FOR RETHORICAL TECHNIQUES

The Rhetorical Techniques establish a bond among the items of information found and arranged within a text of English for Science and Technology. The latter allow the reader to identify the microfunctions that are present in EST paragraphs/texts in order to show the cohesion or connection among said items and their connection to the main idea of the passage. They allow us to understand how ideas (secondary ideas) are linked or developed from one sentence to another, from one paragraph to the next. Connective elements provide us with information that helps further understand the main idea such as examples, comparisons, explanations, contrast, addition, cause/effect, etc.

COMMON CLUES OR CONNECTORS Comparison: as, similar to, , similar to the same, like, in comparison, alike, as, equal to, similarly, equally, compared to, both, -er than/ more than/ less than/ asas. Contrast, in spite of this, whereas, while, on the other hand, in contrast, but, : however, nevertheless, yet, on the contrary, although, despite that, instead of, as opposed to, etc. Time sequence: previous, preceding, earlier, former, before, before that, up to now, until, until then, in the beginning, long ago, during, simultaneous, at present, today, now, when, at the same time, meanwhile, later, then, afterwards, since (then), by the time, once, etc. Time order: first, second, finally, next, during, before, after, at last, etc. Listing: one, two, first(ly), second(ly), in the first place, in the second place, to begin, to start with another, then, next, afterwards, lastly, finally, etc. Space order: inside, outside, at the top, at the bottom, between, in, into, on, onto, inner, outer, out, up, down, etc. Causality and result /cause and effect: thus, for this reason, in order to, therefore, consequently, because, because of, due to, as a result, consequently, for this reason, so that, hence, etc. Exemplification: such as, for example, for instance, e.g., as an example, like, exemplified by, shown by, etc. Explanation: that is, i.e. /that is to say, in other words, namely, it means, to explain this, which, ( ), ,, -- etc. Definition: is, is defined as, deals with, refers to, is referred to as, is called, is known as, is concerned with, etc, Addition: and, or, furthermore, in addition, besides, too, also, another, etc. 22

RETHORICAL TECHNIQUES IN THE EST PARAGRAPHS

TEXT 1.- FUEL CELL

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i.e. it produces electricity from an external supply of fuel and oxygen as opposed to the limited internal energy storage capacity of a battery. Additionally, the electrodes within a battery react and change as a battery is charged or discharged, whereas a fuel cell's electrodes are catalytic and relatively stable. Typical reactants used in a fuel cell are hydrogen on the anode side and oxygen on the cathode side (a hydrogen cell). Usually, reactants flow in and reaction products flow out. Virtually continuous long-term operation is feasible as long as these flows are maintained. Fuel cells are often considered to be very attractive in modern applications because of their high efficiency and ideally emission-free use, in contrast to currently more common fuels such as methane or natural gas that generate carbon dioxide. The only by-product of a fuel cell operating on pure hydrogen is water vapor. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell)

Toyota FCHV fuel cell vehicle

Hydrogen fuel cell. The actual fuel cell stack is the layered cubic structure in the centre of the image.

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Practice.. Locate the microfunctions mentioned below in the FUEL CELL text 1.Defintion .- ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Cause & Effect relationship Cause Fuel cells are often considered to be very attractive in modern applications Effect their high efficiency and ideally emission-free use Clue/ Connector Because of

3. Explanation _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4 Comparison & Contrast Items being compared or contrasted: ________________________________________ Basis of comparison/contrast:______________________________________________ Clues you followed;______________________________________________________ Items being compared or contrasted: ________________________________________ Basis of comparison/contrast:______________________________________________ Clues you followed;______________________________________________________

5 Exemplification __ ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 6 Space Order _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

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J. Batista

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF ABSTRACTS

1. BASED ON YOUR BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE FILL IN THE FOLLOWING BOXES:

An abstract is ...

That offers the reader the following advantages:

* * * * * * * * * *

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2. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS GIVEN IN THE BOX TO HAVE A COMPLETE DEFINITION OF ABSTRACTS AND THEIR MAIN CHARACTERISTICS (WORDS MIGHT BE REPEATED).

BOX ABSTRACT

It is a written ______________ of a research. It provides us with a brief, precise and proper _____________ allowing searching, identifying and selecting more relevant information in a shorter ________. Abstracts have three important _____________: Extension, type and organization. __________: it refers to the number of words of an abstract, The abstract _______ depends on the publisher, commonly it varies between 100 and 250 words. __________ : there are two ______of abstracts indicative and informative. The_______ abstract is used in documentary investigations. It shows an outline of contents in a general form. It explains neither the methodological details nor the results, The ________ abstract is used in experimental investigations. It includes specific information on methodology results. Thus it is widely used in scientific disciplines, sciences of health and social sciences. ______________: The most common has 3 or 4 semantic moves, which include: Purpose or objective of the research Brief description of the method(s) used Synopsis of the results Conclusions

Summary Informative Indicative Types Organization Information Time Extension Characteristi cs

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3. MATCH THE FOLLOWING TERMS WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING DEFINITIONS: (Use arrows)

TERMS PURPOSE

DEFINITIONS Describes the procedures, or tools used to obtain the results. Summarizes the results stating their importance. States the goal(s) to be achieved by the research. Contains an objective and clear description of experimental findings.

METHODOLOG Y RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS

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4. CHECK THE FOLLOWING ABSTRACTS TO IDENTIFY THE MOVES YOU FIND

Objective: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Brief description of the method(s) used: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Synopsis of the results: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Conclusions: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

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Reading Abstracts:Practice Reading and analyzing the following abstracts

1. FEDSM2003 4th ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference July 2003, Honolulu, Hawaii USA Acoustic and Hydrodynamic Response of an Annular Cascade to Inflow Disturbances in Swirling Flows Basman Elhadidi. University of Notre Dame Hafiz M. Atassi, University of Notre Dame Abstract A model is developed for the interaction of high frequency inflow disturbances with an annular cascade in swirling flows. The computational domain is decomposed into inner and outer subdomains. The outer subdomain scales with the radius of the duct R and the high frequency approximation is used to simplify the governing equations. The inner subdomain scales with the blade chord c << R, and the mean flow variation due to the blade geometry has significant effects on the solution. The numerical results show that for swirling mean flows, as the rotor-stator spacing increases the unsteady blade pressure and the level of acoustic radiation are first reduced. However, further increasing the spacing to more than 2-3 chord lengths produces no significant change. The spanwise variation of the swirl angle (blade twist) has significant effects on the spanwise unsteady lift distribution and propagating acoustic pressure. Spanwise modulation of the incident gust reduces the unsteady lift considerably. 2. Generalized Numerical Framework for Cavitation in Inducers Ashvin Hosangadi Combustion Research and Flow Technology, Inc Vineet AhujaCombustion Research and Flow Technology, Inc. Ronald J. Ungewitter: Combustion Research and Flow Technology, Inc. Abstract In this paper we present a capability to predict pump performance in cavitating flow regimes. Simulations of cavitating flowfields in a single-stage inducer type pump have been carried out. The pump used in this paper is the Simplex inducer geometry that has been extensively tested at NASA Marshall. We follow our turbomachinery simulations up with an extension of our cavitation model to cryogenic flow regimes, where temperature effects begin to play a significant role. Our framework encompasses an acoustically accurate, compressible multiphase model that has been previously validated. The model is implemented within a multi-element unstructured framework that permits efficient grids with locally high resolution near the cavitating zones and in the tip gap region. The pump simulations were performed at a fixed flow rate with different Net Suction Specific Speeds (NSS). The computational analysis indicates a strong correlation between performance loss and the extent of cavitation blockage, and accurately identifies the critical NSS number where breakdown occurs. Predictions of head loss compare well with experimental data. The cryogenic simulations were performed with liquid nitrogen flowing over a cylindrical headform. These simulations capture the essential features of cryogenic cavities such as saturation pressure depression close to the leading edge, and frothy nature of cavitating zones. 29

STRUCTURE OF A SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE

Abstract (*)

Introduction Background Information Problem Statement Design or Method Environment Sample Resources Data Collection Results Conclusions Recommendations Acknowledgments References (*)What is an abstract? An abstract is a short summary of your completed research. If done well, it makes the reader want to learn more about your research. These are the basic components of an abstract in any discipline: 1) Motivation/problem statement: Why do we care about the problem? What practical, scientific, theoretical or artistic gap is your research filling? 2) Methods/procedure/approach: What did you actually do to get your results? (e.g. analyzed 3 novels, completed a series of 5 oil paintings, interviewed 17 students) 3) Results/findings/product: As a result of completing the above procedure, what did you learn/invent/create? 4) Conclusion/implications: What are the larger implications of your findings, especially for the problem/gap identified in step 1?
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