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The second law of thermodynamics states that spontaneous changes result in disorder or entropy. This dictates whether or not the reaction will take place (spontaneity) at a particular temperatures and the position of equilibrium. It is split into entropy of system and entropy of surroundings, so
e.g.
P 4(s)
5O 2(g)
P 4 O 10(s)
The right hand side has more solids, which have lower entropy compared to the 5 moles of gas on the left hand side, so the entropy of the system decreases, the S system is negative. Each component in the reaction has a standard entropy value, so a numerical value for the S system can be calculated by the following equation:
Ssurroundings
= -
If the temperature increases for an exothermic reaction, Ssurroundings becomes less positive, this in turn will make Stotal less positive. If temperature increases for endothermic reactions, Ssurroundings becomes less negative; this in turn will make Stotal less negative.
If the surroundings are hot, the entropy increase is small because the molecules all have high entropy and are already in chaotic motion.
Solubility
Ionic Compounds
As it dissolves, the lattice structure of an ionic solid breaks down and the ions are separated. This is very endothermic, so you might expect this not to be feasilble. However, due to the highly exothermic nature of hydration (when strong ion-dipole forces form between the cations and the oxygens and between the anions and the + hydrogens). The enthalpy of solution therefore depends on the enthalpies of lattice and hydration, demonstrated by the Hesss law cycle below:
Hhyd(Na++ Cl-)