UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNICAL LANGUAGE AREA TECHNICAL LANGUAGE II SECTION Q

April

COMPACTION

2013

HECTOR GARCA HELBERTH MARTNEZ JOEL DAVID MELVIN ZABALA ZAHACHARY SILIS JOSE REQUEMA

200614729 200815240 200819086 200915460 200915460 201213466

Civil Engineering

COMPACTION 2013
INDEX

Content

Page

INDEX..02

OBJECTIVES..03

INTRODUCTION04

COMPACTION05

EQUIPMENT TO BE USED..06

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING..07

CONCLUSIONS..10

RECOMMENDATIONS..11

ANNEXES.12

BIBLIOGRAPHY..13

COMPACTION 2013
OBJECTIVES

GENERAL Know the proctor compaction test.

SPECIFIC

Learn what is the importance of compaction test in the applications of soil mechanics. English skills to apply concepts of our career.

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INTRODUCTION

To measure the degree of compaction or fill material must be set to the dry density of the material. In obtaining the dry density must be taken into account the parameters of the energy used during compaction and also depends on the moisture content during the year. For good compaction is necessary to properly control the amount of water, because if this is too little, there is no lubrication and can reduce the friction between particles, where the water is in excess, the particles may be separated by water.

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COMPACTION

Compaction means any process that increases the volumetric weight of a granular material. In general, you should compact the soil to:

a) Increase shear strength and thus improve stability and the carrying capacity of foundations and pavements. b) Reduce the compressibility and reduce settlements. c) Reducing the void ratio and hence reduce permeability. d) Reduce the potential for expansion, contraction or expansion freezing

To measure the degree of compaction or fill material must be set to the dry density of the material. In obtaining the dry density must be taken into account the parameters of the energy used during compaction and also depends on the moisture content during the year. For good compaction is necessary to properly control the amount of water, because if this is too little, there is no lubrication and can reduce the friction between particles, where the water is in excess, the particles may be separated by water. The above situation shows that it is necessary to determine the amount of water in which to obtain excellent lubrication that allows the highest density possible call "Maximum Density and maximum dry unit weight, "since the amount of water needed to obtain this density receives name "Optimum Moisture. "

You could say that the dry density of soil, produced by compaction, dependent on the moisture it contains, and the amount of force applied to it compact. Compaction of soil is measured and checked by dry soil density, ie the weight of solid particles per unit volume, the density units are kg/m3 or lb/ft3. The comparison of the actual dry density, with maximum dry density is the percentage of compaction.

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The maximum dry density for a soil mass can be achieved by laboratory testing or work through compaction, depends mainly on soil type and varies from a value of 65 lb/ft3 in a pumice sand to about 95 lb/ft3 for heavy clay. The optimum moisture range from four percent for coarse soils, up to 35% for heavy clay. Compacted soil at different moisture contents, you can take the values obtained to a chart in which the ordinates represent the different values of dry density or expressed in kg/m3 lb/ft3 and the abscissa the percentage of moisture. The resulting curve is called the compaction curve and has an ascending branch, reaches a peak and then decreases, the top is the point which corresponds to the "maximum dry density or PUSmx"and the respective humidity is "Humidity Optimal% hopt. "The curve is generally similar to a parabola curve is also called Proctor. In real life, the compaction is performed on materials that will be used to fill in the construction of embankments, but also in projects aimed at improving the mechanical properties of the ground.

Equipment to be used Proctor compaction cylinder 4 to 6 inches, depending on the method described above. Compaction Hammer 10 lb weight and 18 "drop. 2 "sieve, sieve No. 4 and inch sieve Balance of 20 kg capacity and approximation of 1 g or a 35 lb capacity and approach of 0.01 lb Balance of 3 scales of 0.01 g of approximation. Oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 oC to within 5 C metal Jars moisture determination. Spatula for mixing bucket, roller, steel rule 12 " Sample Extractor (optional).

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PROCEDURE FOR TESTING Must take a sample for moisture content 24 hours before the test to be reasonably possible to know the initial moisture content. The following procedure is to test the compaction type: 4-inch mold with material passing sieve No. 4. 1. Should be dried in air or in an oven at 60 oC, a representative sample containing about 50 pounds of material

2. It takes three kilograms (nominal weight) of soil, powdered sufficiently to pass through sieve No. 4. 3. Mix the amount of water needed for increased moisture, the sample thoroughly kneading to form a mixture evenly moist (undo all lumps).

Note: Make sure not to make this initial mixture too wet. Experience shows that this initial mixture should be about the first point of the compaction curve. 4. Divide mixture into five equal parts wet so.

5. Weigh the mold of compaction in the balance of 20 kg, without the collar. After weighing joining the collar and place the pan on a firm support.

6. Place a portion of the wet mixture in pan, leveling the surface by hand or with the compaction hammer. 7. Compaction hammer is placed in the mold and then rises on the handle until the ram reaches the top of the guide, then released, allowing it to fall freely onto the sample, without requiring any additional impetus by hand (free fall).

8. Repeat the above process to systematically cover the entire surface of the sample, until all five layers of 25 strokes each Note: Each compacted layer should be an inch or so and the whole compacted sample, should extend inch into the extension ring minimum. The weight of the sample needed for this purpose is determined by trial and will vary with different soils.
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COMPACTION 2013

9. The ring is removed and the rule of 12 ", trim the sample to make up the edges of the compaction mold. Checking leveling with the rule. 10. It removes all excess material has been left out of the mold so it is clean. Weighed in the balance of 20 kg. 11. This weight is called Gross Weight Wet (PBH) is removed all the soil contained in the mold and take two samples for moisture content (10 to 25 g each) from the center of the material removed from the mold. For the calculations use the average value, if it is a very remote data than expected, we must discard one of them.

12. Is added 60 cm3 to 120 cm3 sandy soils to sandy silt and clay with water and mix thoroughly the next portion of material. It ensures that the spacing between the percentage of moisture at each point is approximately 2 to 3 percent.

13. Repeat steps 3 to 11 at each point of the trial, until the weight of the compacted sample shows a decrease in relation to the increase in moisture content, then we say that the "Proctor" and down and suspending the test . 14. Place in the oven the samples to determine moisture content and return the next day to find the actual average moisture content of each test

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Dry unit weight curve versus relative humidity

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CONCLUSIONS

If the common compaction test at a given time, no produces the same densities than those in the work by the team construction, this because a team can light densities. Low and conversely a heavier higher density, for these cases can be modified experimental laboratory procedure varying the number of layers, height of fall and the number of hits per layer to produce an equivalent density.

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COMPACTION 2013
RECOMMENDATIONS

Is advisable to have the proper protective equipment to now the main test compaction to prevent accidents. Need to perform this procedure in the best way possible and with the utmost care, due to the great importance of this trial in the construction of roads and landfills.

The project was important to strengthen knowledge in English as wellas learning new vocabulary related to race that one studies.

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COMPACTION 2013
ANNEXES

Table I. Parameters for testing Parameters for the compaction test

Feature Gross Wet Weight

Acronym

Title Weight + weight of the cylinder material Wet gross weight - Weight of cylinder

Formula

PBH

PM + Tare (kg) PBH Tare (kg) (PNHx2.205)x30 (lb/pie3) (PUH/(%H+100))x100 pmh + jar

Wet Net Weight PNH Wet Unit Weight

PUH

Weight per unit volume of wet Weight per unit of dry volume

Dry Unit Weight PUS Gross Wet Weight Dry Gross Weight Difference dry net weight Humidity Percent Average moisture content

pbh

Wet sample weight + jar Weight of dry sample + jar (after the oven)

pbs Dif pns

pms + jar

Wet gross weight - gross weight dry pbh pbs Jar dry-gross weight pbs jar

%H

Relationship of soil moisture on dry weight (Dif / pns)x100

%Hprom

Average

(%H1 + %H2) / 2

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COMPACTION 2013
BIBLIOGRAPHY

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES SOIL AND MEASUREMENT METHODS Juan Carlos Hernndez Canales

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