Slides 2008

Berner Fachhochschule-Technik und Informatik
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL

Dr. E. Benoist Fall Semester 2010/2011
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL 1
PHP and MySQL

Introduction Basics of MySQL
Create a Table See the content of a DB Tables: Change rows and Insert data Select Information
PhpMyAdmin PHP and MySQL together

PDO mysql
Conclusion
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL 2
PHP and the Data Bases

MySQL syntax Create a new Data Base Set the rights for a DB Create tables Fill information into tables Select information (can sometime be very tricky) Update information PHP MyAdmin A PHP program for managing MySQL BDs Graphical and practical Do not require to log on the machine (only web access) PHP Library for MySQL The old function-oriented library The new object-oriented library
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Introduction 3
MySQL a Data Base for the Web

Open-Source DB Free Present in any Linux distribution Available for fast any OS (Windows, Free-BSD, Mac-OS X,...) The perfect solution for web LAMP architecture (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) is one of the web standards An application (phpMyAdmin) for managing the DB without shell access Perfect integration within PHP.
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Introduction
Basics of MySQL commands

Creation functions (often done within PHP-MyAdmin) Create a new table Set the properties of elds (auto-increment, default value,...) Routine functions (will be used in your programs) Insert an element in a table Select elements out of a table Select elements out of many tables Change the content of a record Delete some records
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL
Creation of a table
Syntax CREATE TABLE table name (denition of the elds) Create a small table CREATE TABLE category ( name VARCHAR( 100 ) NOT NULL , categoryID TINYINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT , PRIMARY KEY ( categoryID ) ); Create a table with two elds a string which length can not exceed 100 A primary key that is a counter
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Create a Table
Create a new table

The table can have elds of the following types: TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT BIGINT that are integers (more or less long) VARCHAR for short strings (smaller than 256 chars) TEXT for texts with a xed length (max 64 kB) DATE date in format YYYY-MM-DD TIMESTAMP contains a unix timestamp TIME format hh:mm:ss DECIMAL number with a point. FLOAT DOUBLE real numbers BLOB Any Binary data (image, sound, long text, . . . ) ...
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Create a Table 7
Create a new table (Cont.)

Other attributes or features NULL or NOT NULL AUTO INCREMENT for counters The table has also properties PRIMARY KEY COMMENT description of the table
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Create a Table
Create other tables

The article and vat tables CREATE TABLE article ( articleID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT , name VARCHAR( 100 ) NOT NULL , vatID TINYINT NOT NULL , categoryID INT NOT NULL , Price DECIMAL NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY ( articleID ) ); CREATE TABLE vat ( vatID TINYINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT , rate DECIMAL NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY ( vatID ) ) COMMENT = The table containing VAT rates;
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Create a Table 9
See the content of a data base

See all tables mysql> show tables; +-------------------+ | Tables_in_example | +-------------------+ | article | | category | | vat | +-------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: See the content of a DB
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See the content of a data base (Cont.)

See all columns of a table
mysql> show columns from vat; +-------+---------------+------+-----+---------+---------------| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra +-------+---------------+------+-----+---------+---------------| vatID | tinyint(4) | | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | rate | decimal(10,2) | | | 0.00 | +-------+---------------+------+-----+---------+---------------2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: See the content of a DB
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Change a Table - ALTER

Remove columns ALTER TABLE t2 DROP COLUMN c, DROP COLUMN d; Add a new column ALTER TABLE article ADD description BLOB NOT NULL ; Change an existing column ALTER TABLE article CHANGE Price price DECIMAL( 10, 2 ) DEFAULT 0 NOT NULL;
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Tables: Change rows and Insert data
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Fill data into a table - INSERT

Syntax INSERT INTO tablename [(list of elds)] VALUES (list of values); all not null elds must be set, other can be just two commas. Insert a row in a table INSERT INTO article ( articleID , name , vatID , categoryID , price , description ) VALUES (, Pencil, 0, 0, 1.50, ); Other possibility INSERT INTO article values (,Mercedes Class E,0,0,100000, The same Mercedes Lady Diana has used );
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Tables: Change rows and Insert data 13
Change the content of one or many rows
UPDATE a table UPDATE article SET description = A very nice black pencil with white stripes WHERE articleID = 1 LIMIT 1 ;
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Tables: Change rows and Insert data
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Select information
Syntax SELECT Field list FROM list of tables [WHERE conditions] [LIMIT limits] Field list can also be a joker (*) Conditions can be combined with boolean connectors (AND, OR, NOT) If we only want to see a part of a list, we can limit it. Select all the rows and columns of a table mysql> select * from vat; +-------+------+ | vatID | rate | +-------+------+ | 1 | 7.00 | | 2 | 7.65 | +-------+------+
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Select Information 15
Select information(Cont.)
Select only some columns mysql> select name, price from article; +------------------+-----------+ | name | price | +------------------+-----------+ | Pencil | 1.70 | | Mercedes Class E | 100000.00 | +------------------+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Select Information
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Select data
Select only some rows mysql> select name, price from article -> where articleID=1; +--------+-------+ | name | price | +--------+-------+ | Pencil | 1.70 | +--------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
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Merge data from dierent tables

Merge two tables Fields must know from which table they come (the same eld can be in the two tables). We can rename a requested eld with the AS keyword. mysql> select article.name, vat.rate, article.price -> from article, vat where article.vatID= vat.vatID; +------------------+------+-----------+ | name | rate | price | +------------------+------+-----------+ | Pencil | 7.00 | 1.70 | | Mercedes Class E | 7.00 | 100000.00 | +------------------+------+-----------+
Merge ...(Cont.)
Merge and compute mysql> select article.name, vat.rate, article.price, -> article.price*(1+vat.rate/100) as priceWithVAT -> from article, vat where article.vatID= vat.vatID; +------------------+------+-----------+--------------+ | name | rate | price | priceWithVAT | +------------------+------+-----------+--------------+ | Pencil | 7.00 | 1.70 | 1.8190 | | Mercedes Class E | 7.00 | 100000.00 | 107000.0000 | +------------------+------+-----------+--------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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Join
INNER JOIN If there is no match, the row is not shown select article.name, vat.rate, article.price from article inner join vat on article.vatID= vat.vatID; LEFT JOIN If there is no match, the second table is replaced by an empty record. select article.name from article left join vat on article.vatID= vat.vatID where vat.rate is null; (gives the list of articles with undened VAT)
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More on SELECT
Result of a select can be put into a temporary table create temporary table valueVAT (select vat.rate, article.name from vat,article where vat.vatID=article.vatID ) ; You can access to the content and then delete this table select * from valueVAT; drop table IF EXISTS valueVAT;
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Select and more options

Order result (DESC or ASC) select name, price from article order by price desc; Group rows mysql> select vatID, count(vatID) > from article GROUP BY vatID; +-------+--------------+ | vatID | count(vatID) | +-------+--------------+ | 1 | 2 | +-------+--------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) SELECT can have a lot of functions an combine all of them
Delete elds
Delete the content of a table respectively to a where clause delete from article where articleID=3;
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Administrate MySQL with a Web interface

phpMyAdmin A PHP program for managing MySQL Data Bases Free available at http://www.phpmyadmin.net Included in most of the Linux distrib Internationalization Management made easy Generate and displays the SQL query corresponding. Create a new Data Base Create a new Table Add or remove a column in a table
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL PhpMyAdmin
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phpMyAdmin
Management of data Select data made easy Update using a visual interface (does not work for BLOBs) A lot of selection boxes containing all the possible values Import / Export of data Can create SQL Dump Can export in a lot of formats: SQL, CSV, LaTeX, CSV for excel, XML With a lot of properties (zipped, gzipped, with delete tables or not, . . . )
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Conclusion MySQL/phpMyAdmin
Not as much powerful as other DBs MySQL does not implement all of SQL It is enough to handle a small web site Very useful and easy to install, congure and manage PHP supports all other DBs Oracle ODBC (MS-SQL server, Access) Postgess DBase ...
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PHP and MySQL
Four Libraries mysql old library mysqli new library pear MDB2 multi-database library and abstraction layer (merge of PEAR DB and Metabase abstraction layer) PDO Object Oriented generic library
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL PHP and MySQL together
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PHP and MySQL (Cont.)

mysql Used from the beginning of the language Compatible with a lot of existing code mysqli New since php5 Contains objects and encapsulation PDO Compatible with almost any Data Base Syntax is the same and is platform independent Not as optimized as the two dedicated routines
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL PHP and MySQL together
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PHP Data Objects - PDO
PDO is a generic connector for any database

Code is (almost) platform independant Support is provided for all major Data Bases servers (MySQL, Oracle, MS SQL Server, Sybase, Informiy, ODBC, PostgreSQL, SQLITE)
PDO is an oject oriented interface

Creates a connection object Creates Statements and Results that are objects
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL PHP and MySQL together: PDO
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Create a connection
The rst step is to create a connection to the DB server
Needs an URL for connecting: protocol:host=<hostname>;dbname=<dbname> Arguments are username and password
Close the connection by setting the handler to null <?php $hostname = localhost; $username = username; $password = password; try { $dbh = new PDO(mysql:host=$hostname;dbname=example, $username, $password); echo Connected to database; / close the database connection / $dbh = null; } catch(PDOException $e) { echo $e>getMessage(); } ?>
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL PHP and MySQL together: PDO 30
Execute a SQL query

Execute a SQL Query : $dbh->exec($sql); Value returned = number of aected rows Should be used if no result set is returned (INSERT / UPDATE) try { $dbh = new PDO(mysql:host=$hostname;dbname=animals, $username, $password); / INSERT data / $sql = INSERT INTO article (name, price) VALUES (Journal, 1.9); $count = $dbh>exec($sql); / echo the number of aected rows / echo $count; / close the database connection / $dbh = null; } catch(PDOException $e){ echo $e>getMessage(); }
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Update records
PDO::exec() is used each time no selection is needed / INSERT data / $query=UPDATE animals SET animal name=bruce; $query .= WHERE animal name=troy; $count = $dbh>exec($query); / echo the number of aected rows / echo $count;
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Select queries
SELECT returns a result set Method is PDO::query() Returned statement can be visited like an array (implements the SPL traversible iterator) / The SQL SELECT statement / $sql = SELECT FROM animals; foreach ($dbh>query($sql) as $row) { print $row[animal type] . . $row[animal name] . ; }
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Fetch the result set

There are multiple ways to visit a result set
The SPL traversible iterator (i.e. a foreach on the resultset itself) Fetch the result in arrays or objects
Fetch :
$result = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH ASSOC); : Creates an associative array $result containing one record. If fetch is repeated, moves one record ahead Visit with a while (fetch returns false at the end of the selection)
$sql = SELECT FROM article; / fetch into an PDOStatement object / $stmt = $dbh>query($sql); while ($result = $stmt>fetch(PDO::FETCH ASSOC)){ echo Name = .$result[name]., price=.$result[price]. \n; }
Dierent types of Fetch

Into an associative array: $result = $stmt>fetch(PDO::FETCH ASSOC); ... echo $result[name]; Into a numeric array $result = $stmt>fetch(PDO::FETCH NUM) .. echo $result[1] Into both associative and numeric array $result = $stmt>fetch(PDO::FETCH BOTH) .. echo $result[1]., .$result[name];
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Fetch into Objects

Fetch can create a ad-hoc object, having the columns names as properties $obj = $stmt>fetch(PDO::FETCH OBJ); / Visit the object directly / echo $obj>name. \n; echo $obj>price;
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Fetch Lazy
PDO::FETCH LAZY is odd as it combines PDO::FETCH BOTH and PDO::FETCH OBJ. $obj = $stmt>fetch(PDO::FETCH LAZY); / Visit the object directly / echo $obj>name. \n; echo $obj[1]. \n; echo $obj[price];
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Fetch a record into an object of a given class

PDO::FETCH CLASS instantiates a new instance of the specied class.
The eld names are mapped to properties (variables) within the class called. This saves quite a bit of code and speed is enhanced as the mappings are dealt with internally.
method fetchALL() creates an array containing all the records.
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Fetch a record into an object of a given class (Cont.)

class article{ public $articleID; public $name; public $vatID; public $categoryID; public $price; public $description; public function displayElementLine(){ echo $this>name.,.$this>price. \n; } } ... $stmt = $dbh>query($sql); $obj = $stmt>fetchALL(PDO::FETCH CLASS, article); foreach($obj as $article){ $article>displayElementLine(); }
Fetching into an new Object

We dene the fetch mode of a statement $sql = SELECT FROM article; / fetch into an PDOStatement object / $stmt = $dbh>query($sql); / set the fetch mode with PDO::setFetchMode() / $stmt>setFetchMode(PDO::FETCH INTO, new article); / loop over the PDOStatement directly / foreach($stmt as $article){ $article>displayElementLine(); }
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Error Handling
Default: Errors are Dye statements

Program is interrupted Error is displayed on Screen
We should throw exceptions

Change the error mode such that it sends exceptions, Then catch all axceptions It prevents an attacker to access to internal information.
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Error Handling (Cont.)

try { $dbh = new PDO(mysql:host=$hostname;dbname=animals, $username, $password); / echo a message saying we have connected / echo Connected to database ; / set the error reporting attribute / $dbh>setAttribute(PDO::ATTR ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE EXCEPTION); ... $dbh = null; } catch(PDOException $e){ echo $e>getMessage(); }
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Prepared Statement
A precompiled SQL statement Accepts 0 or more parameters Usefull for using a query multiple times Usefull for preventing SQL Injection $sql = SELECT FROM article. WHERE articleID = :article id OR name = :name; $stmt = $dbh>prepare($sql); $stmt>bindParam(:article id, $article id, PDO::PARAM INT); $stmt>bindParam(:name, $name, PDO::PARAM STR, 5); $stmt>execute(); $result = $stmt>fetchAll(); foreach($result as $row){ echo $row[articleID]., ; echo $row[name]., ; echo $row[price]. \n; }
Using a prepared statement

$article id = 6; $name = 20 Minuten; $sql = SELECT FROM article WHERE articleID=:article id OR name=:name; $stmt = $dbh>prepare($sql); $stmt>bindParam(:article id, $article id, PDO::PARAM INT); $stmt>bindParam(:name, $name, PDO::PARAM STR, 5); $stmt>execute(); $result = $stmt>fetchAll(); foreach($result as $row){ echo $row[name]. \n; } $article id = 5; $name = 24 Heures; $stmt>execute(); $result = $stmt>fetchAll(); foreach($result as $row){ echo $row[name]. \n; } $article id = 1; $name = Nesquik; $stmt>execute(); $result = $stmt>fetchAll(); foreach($result as $row){ echo $row[name]., ; }
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Transaction
Transactions are used to group requests that must remain together
For eciency reason (do not lock the le too many times) For consistency of database (Group some queries that should remain together)
Examples
Insertion of many records Credit and Debit operations (Bookkeeping) Delivering and stock management ...
Syntax
At the begining of the transaction $dbh->beginTransaction(); At the end of the transaction $dbh->commit(); In order to cancel a transaction (before commit)
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Transaction (Example)
try{ ... $dbh>beginTransaction(); $table = CREATE TABLE animals ( animal id MEDIUMINT(8) NOT NULL AUTO INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, animal type VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, animal name VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL ); $dbh>exec($table); $dbh>exec(INSERT INTO animals (animal type, animal name) VALUES (emu ... $dbh>exec(INSERT INTO animals (animal type, animal name) VALUES (lizar $dbh>commit(); echo Data entered successfully ; } catch(PDOException $e){ $dbh>rollback(); echo $sql . . $e>getMessage(); }
Get the index of the last inserted element

When inserting an element, index may be autoinctemented
Programmer needs a way to access the index Can update other tables Can create cross reference with new records
/ INSERT a new row / $sql = INSERT INTO article (name, price) VALUES (Laptop, 500); $dbh>exec($sql); / display the id of the last INSERT / echo The last inserted element has ID: ; echo $dbh>lastInsertId(). \n;
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Use the Singleton pattern for the connection object

Connection to the DB should be unique
Connection requires a lot of time Number of connections to the DB may be limited
A design Pattern exists for creating only one instance of a class

The singleton design pattern
Ideas:
Make the constructor private Make the clone private Create an instance as class parameter Create a static method getInstance() that creates the instance if it did not exist or returns the existing one.
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The Singleon
class db{ private static $instance = NULL; private function construct() { / maybe set the db name here later / } public static function getInstance() { if (!self::$instance){ self::$instance = new PDO( mysql:host=localhost;dbname=example, root, );; self::$instance> setAttribute(PDO::ATTR ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE EXCEPTION); } return self::$instance; } private function clone(){ } } / end of class /
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Usage
try { / query the database / $result = DB::getInstance()>query(SELECT FROM article); / loop over the results / foreach($result as $row) { print $row[name] . . $row[price] . ; } } catch(PDOException $e) { echo $e>getMessage(); }
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mysql :(The old library)

<?php $db = @mysql connect(localhost,root,toto14); if ($db) { echo Connection OK \n; echo Handle ID= $db\n; } else{ echo Connection could not be established ; echo mysql error(); } mysql close(); ?>
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL PHP and MySQL together: mysql
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Connection to a DB
Establish the connection $db = @mysql connect(localhost,root,toto14); Handle Returned by the connection One can play with more than one connection (multi-server) Is a number Error handling echo mysql error(); Disconnect from the DB mysql close();
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Execute Queries
execute a SQL query: mysql query(sql ,conn) SQL queries are stored in an array and executed require(connDB.php); $querys= array(); $querys[]=insert into article values(0,Milk,1,1,. 10.90,Super milk for the kids);; $querys[]=insert into article values(0,Cafe,1,. 1,10.90,Super cafe for the adults);; foreach($querys as $query){ mysql query($query , $conn); } mysql close($conn);
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL PHP and MySQL together: mysql 53
Fetch result of a select

require once(connDB.php); $query = select from article; $result = mysql query($query , $conn); if($result){ $nbRows = mysql num rows($result); echo $nbRows have been selected by query: $query \n; // arrayType can be : MYSQL ASSOC, MYSQL NUM, MYSQL BOTH while( $row = mysql fetch array($result, MYSQL ASSOC)){ echo implode(,,$row). \n; } } else{ echo mysql error(); } mysql close($conn);
Fetch result of a select (Cont.)

Types of arrays MYSQL ASSOC keys are eld names MYSQL NUM keys are numbers MYSQL BOTH keys are both numbers and eld names fetch a single row until no more is accessible while( $row = mysql fetch array($result, MYSQL ASSOC))
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Fetch a row into an object

Creates an object whose member variables are elds if($result){ $nbRows = mysql num rows($result); echo $nbRows have been selected by query: $query \n; while( $obj = mysql fetch object($result)){ echo {$obj>name}, => CHF {$obj>price} \n; } }
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Insert data into a table

$query = insert into article values(0,Milk UHT, . 1,1,7.90,Super milk for kids); $result= mysql query($query , $conn); if(!$result){ echo mysql error; } $newID = mysql insert id(); $query2 = update article set price=5.5. where articleID=$newID; $result2= mysql query($query2 , $conn); if(!$result2){ die(Could not execute $query2 .mysql error()); } $aectedRows = mysql aected rows($conn); echo number of aected rows:$aectedRows \n;
Insert and Update

Insert Create a new record in the table ID automatically generated (with auto increment) We need to access this counter: $newID = mysql insert id(); Update Useful to change the tables Programmer want to know if it worked Indication: the number of aected rows: mysql affected rows($conn)
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Manipulate the Data Base itself

require once(connDB.php); $res = mysql list dbs($conn); for($i=0;$i < mysql num rows($res);$i++){ $dataBase= mysql tablename($res,$i); $result=0; $query = show tables from $dataBase; $result = mysql query($query , $conn); if($result){ $nbTables = mysql num rows($result); echo $dataBasehas $nbTables tables \n; while( $row = mysql fetch array($result, MYSQL ASSOC)){ echo implode(,,$row). \n; } } } mysql close($conn);
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Conclusion I
mysql Library Uses no objects, Based and handles that can be passed as parameters to functions PDO Generic Access to any database Most of the code is plattform independant Must sometime be adapted
Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Conclusion
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Conclusion II
DB are the center of our work Do not require a programmer to write HTML they are used to access DBs forms and dbs are the two pillars of web programming a lot of other nesses to be discovered SQL : a semester course of 2 hours a week PHP supports all data bases A standard web architecture is LAMP: Linux Apache MySQL PHP
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Resources
Pear Documentation http://pear.php.net
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Hochgeladen von

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Berner Fachhochschule-Technik und Informatik

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL 1

PHP and MySQL

PhpMyAdmin PHP and MySQL together

PHP and the Data Bases

MySQL a Data Base for the Web

Basics of MySQL commands

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL

Create a new table

Create a new table (Cont.)

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Create a Table

Create other tables

See the content of a data base

See the content of a data base (Cont.)

Change a Table - ALTER

Fill data into a table - INSERT

Change the content of one or many rows

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Select Information

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Select Information

Merge data from dierent tables

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Select Information

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Select Information

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Select Information

Select and more options

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Basics of MySQL: Select Information

Administrate MySQL with a Web interface

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL PhpMyAdmin

PHP and MySQL

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL PHP and MySQL together

PHP and MySQL (Cont.)

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL PHP and MySQL together

PHP Data Objects - PDO

PDO is a generic connector for any database

PDO is an oject oriented interface

Execute a SQL query

Fetch the result set

Dierent types of Fetch

Fetch into Objects

Fetch a record into an object of a given class

method fetchALL() creates an array containing all the records.

Fetch a record into an object of a given class (Cont.)

Fetching into an new Object

Default: Errors are Dye statements

We should throw exceptions

Error Handling (Cont.)

Using a prepared statement

Get the index of the last inserted element

Use the Singleton pattern for the connection object

A design Pattern exists for creating only one instance of a class

mysql :(The old library)

Fetch result of a select

Fetch result of a select (Cont.)

Fetch a row into an object

Insert data into a table

Insert and Update

Manipulate the Data Base itself

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Conclusion

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Conclusion

Pear Documentation http://pear.php.net

Web Programming 5) PHP and MySQL Conclusion

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