Contents

Preface v Acknowledgments vii Contributors xi

Characteristics and Availability of Commercially Important Wood Timber Resources and Uses 12 Species Descriptions 13 U.S. Wood Species 13 Imported Woods 117 References 134 Structure of Wood Bark, Wood, Branches, and Cambium 21 Sapwood and Heartwood 22 Growth Rings 22 Wood Cells 23 Chemical Composition 23 Species Identification 24 References 24 Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood Appearance 31 Moisture Content 35 Shrinkage 37 Weight, Density, and Specific Gravity 311 Working Qualities 315 Decay Resistance 315 Thermal Properties 315 Electrical Properties 321 Coefficient of Friction 322 Nuclear Radiation 323 References 323 Mechanical Properties of Wood Orthotropic Nature of Wood 41 Elastic Properties 42 Strength Properties 43 Vibration Properties 425 Mechanical Properties of Clear Straight-Grained Wood 426 Natural Characteristics Affecting Mechanical Properties 427 Effects of Manufacturing and Service Environments 434 References 444

Commercial Lumber Hardwood Lumber 51 Softwood Lumber 57 Purchase of Lumber 512 Commonly Used Lumber Abbreviations 518 References 520 Lumber Stress Grades and Design Properties Responsibilities and Standards for Stress Grading 62 Visually Graded Structural Lumber 63 Machine-Graded Structural Lumber 67 Adjustment of Properties for Design Use 611 References 614 Fastenings Nails 72 Spikes 78 Staples 78 Drift Bolts 79 Wood Screws 79 Lag Screws 711 Bolts 714 Connector Joints 718 Multiple-Fastener Joints 724 Metal Plate Connectors 725 Fastener Head Embedment 726 References 727 Structural Analysis Equations Deformation Equations 81 Stress Equations 84 Stability Equations 88 References 811 Adhesive Bonding of Wood Materials Adhesion to Wood 91 Surface Properties of Wood Adherends 92 Physical Properties of Wood Adherends 96 Adhesives 99 Bonding Process 915 Bonded Joints 918 Testing and Performance 920 References 923

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Wood-Based Composites and Panel Products Scope 102 Types of Conventional Composite Materials 103 Adhesive Considerations 103 Additives 104 General Manufacturing Issues 104 Standards for WoodBased Panels 104 Plywood 106 Particle and Fiber Composites 1013 WoodNonwood Composites 1024 References 1030 Glued Structural Members Structural Composite Lumber 111 Glulam 113 Glued Members With Lumber and Panels 1112 Structural Sandwich Construction 1116 References 1121 Drying and Control of Moisture Content and Dimensional Changes Determination of Moisture Content 121 Recommended Moisture Content 123 Drying of Wood 125 Moisture Control During Transit and Storage 1214 Dimensional Changes in Wood 1215 Design Factors Affecting Dimensional Change 1218 Wood Care and Installation During Construction 1218 References 1220 Biodeterioration of Wood Fungus Damage and Control 131 Bacteria 138 Insect Damage and Control 138 Marine Borer Damage and Control 1313 References 1315 Wood Preservation Wood Preservatives 142 Preservative Effectiveness 1412 Effect of Species on Penetration 1412 Preparation of Timber for Treatment 1417 Application of Preservatives 1419 Handling and Seasoning of Timber After Treatment 1424 Quality Assurance for Treated Wood 1425 References 1426

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Finishing of Wood Factors Affecting Finish Performance 151 Control of Water or Moisture in Wood 159 Types of Exterior Wood Finishes 1514 Application of Wood Finishes 1519 Finish Failure or Discoloration 1524 Finishing of Interior Wood 1530 Finishes for Items Used for Food 1532 Wood Cleaners and Brighteners 1533 Paint Strippers 1533 Lead-Based Paint 1535 References 1536 Use of Wood In Building and Bridges Light-Frame Buildings 161 Post-Frame and Pole Buildings 164 Log Buildings 166 Heavy Timber Buildings 166 Timber Bridges 169 Considerations for Wood Buildings 1610 References 1614 Fire Safety Fire Safety Design and Evaluation 171 Fire Performance Characteristics of Wood 176 Flame-Retardant Treatments 1712 References 1713 Round Timbers and Ties Standards and Specifications 181 Material Requirements 181 Availability 182 Form 183 Weight and Volume 185 Durability 186 Strength Properties 187 References 188 Specialty Treatments Plasticizing Wood 191 Modified Woods 194 Paper-Based Plastic Laminates 1912 References 1914 Glossary G1 Index I1

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