Deformation Earthquake In cases where dike deformations estimated using the simplified Newmark sliding block method exceed

the above displacement limits, site-response evaluations may be necessary to revise the free-field dike deformation analyses. Upon written appro val by the Port, one-dimensional site response analyses may be performed to incorporate local site effects in developing site-specific acceleration time-histories at the base of the sliding block ( within motions ) for Newmark analyses. For the OLE and CLE, the firm-ground time-histories provided in Port-Wide Ground Motion Study, Port of Long Beach, California (Ref. 17) should be used as the basis for determining input in the sit eresponse evaluations. For the DE, time-histories will be provided by the Port. Sensitivit y analyses should also be performed on factors affecting the results. The site-spe cific timehistories representing the within motions should then be used in the simplified Newmark sliding block method to revise the dike deformation estimates. If the re vised dike deformations still exceed the acceptable values, more detailed numerical so ilstructure interaction evaluations may be necessary. A full soil-structure interaction numerical analysis for kinematic loading may n ot be required if it can be shown by structural analysis that reduced displacement dem ands estimated by simplified Newmark evaluations incorporating pile pinning effects are structurally acceptable, as discussed in the following publications: Recommended LRFD Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Highway Bridges (Ref. 8) and Seismic Analysis and Design of Pile Supported Wharves (Ref. 11). The geotechnical engineer should provide the structural engineer with level-ground p-y springs for the weak soil layer and soil layers above and below the weak layer using appropriate overburden pressure s for performing a simplified pushover analysis to estimate the OLE, CLE and DE displacement capacities and corresponding pile shear within the weak soil zone. For the pushover analysis, the estimated displacements may be uniformly distributed with in the thickness of the weak soil layer (i.e., zero at and below the bottom of the laye r to the maximum value at and above the top of the weak layer). At some distance above an d below the weak soil layer, see Figure 2-4, the pile should be fixed against rota tion, and also against translation relative to the soil displacement. Between these two po ints (at least 10Dp from the soil layer), lateral soil springs are provided, which allow deformation of the pile relative to the deformed soil profile. The geotechnical engineer sho uld perform pseudo-static slope stability analysis (Section 2.4.2) with the pinning effects of piles arising from pile shear in the weak zone incorporated and estimate the displacem ent demands using simplified Newmark analysis. If the estimated displacement demands are

less than the displacement capacities as defined by the structural engineer, no further analysis for kinematic loading will be necessary.